Water quality analysis of Bhadravathi taluk using GIS a ... · Water quality analysis of...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 4, 2012

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on March 2012 Published on May 2012 2443

Water quality analysis of Bhadravathi taluk using GIS – a case study Rajkumar V. Raikar

1, Sneha, M. K

2

1- Professor and Dean, K. L. E. S. College of Engineering and Technology,

Belgaum – 590008, Karnataka

2- M.Tech Scholar, KLE Society's College of Engineering & Technology

Udyambag, Belgaum 590-008, Karnataka

[email protected]

doi: 10.6088/ijes.00202030125

ABSTRACT

The paper presents a case study on the water quality analysis carried out at the Bhadravathi

Taluk, Karnataka, India. Twelve physico-chemical parameters were considered in the

analysis. Geographic information system (GIS) is used to represent the spatial distribution of

the parameters and raster maps were created. The analysis was carried for pre-monsoon and

post-monsoon seasons. The water quality index indicated that most of the sampling locations

come under good category indicating the suitability of water for human use. Due to the

industrialization and agricultural disposal some of the sampling locations became unfit.

Keywords: Water quality, spatial distribution, GIS, raster maps.

1. Introduction

Water is one of the most essential natural resources for eco-sustainability and is likely to

become critical scarce in the coming decades due to increasing demand, rapid growth of

urban populations, development of agriculture and industrial activities especially in semi-arid

regions(Hajalilou,B., and Khaleghi,F., 2009). Variations in availability of water in time,

quantity and quality can cause significant fluctuations in the economy of a country. Hence,

the conservation, optimum utilization and management of this resource for the betterment of

the economic status of the country become paramount (Singh, P. K., Singh, U. C., and

Suyash Kumar., 2009). The definition of water quality is very much depending on the desired

use of water. Therefore, different uses require different criteria of water quality as well as

standard methods for reporting and comparing results of water analysis (Khodapanah,L.,

Sulaiman,W.N.A., and Khodapanah, N., 2009). On the other hand, GIS is very helpful tool

for developing solutions for water resources problems to assess in water quality, determining

water availability and understanding the natural environment on a local and / or regional scale.

From GIS, spatial distribution mapping for various pollutants can be done. The resulting

information is very useful for policy makers to take remedial measures (Swarna Latha, P.,

and Nageswara Rao, K., 2010).

Bhadra River passes through the Bhadravathi town, Shivamogga District of Karnataka State

in India. The source of water for Bhadravathi town and industries is from this river. It is an

industrial town having two major factories that cover a large part of the city, namely, the

Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant and the Mysore Paper Mills Limited, both being situated

on the left bank of the Bhadra river.

Water quality analysis of Bhadravathi taluk using GIS – a case study

Rajkumar V. Raikar, Sneha, M. K

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.4, 2012 2444

The topography of the town is in such a way that the sewage generated from the town is

joining the river at different locations. Due to the industrialization and urbanization, industrial

waste and sewage discharge has been increased considerably into the river. The problems of

water quality have become more important than the quantity. Therefore, the present study

focuses on the water quality analysis of Bhadravathi taluk using GIS. In addition, water

quality index is used to identify the suitability of water samples from various sampling

locations for human utility.

2. Materials and method

This section presents the methodology used in the study.

2.1. Geo database

Total 17 sampling stations were selected in Bhadravathi town along Bhadra River as shown

in Figure 1. The water samples were collected by grab and composite sampling method

during pre and post-monsoon season of the year 2010-2011 and GPS survey was done. These

sampling stations were amongst the open wells, bore wells and from surface water, which are

being extensively used for drinking and other domestic, industrial and agriculture purposes.

Table 1 gives the details of the sampling locations. Samples were analyzed for different

parameters as per the standard methods (APHA, 1985).

Table 1: Sampling locations, latitude and longitude and type of source

Sl.

No. Location Latitude Longitude

Type of the

source

1 Dam water Timlapur 13o 48 37.2 75

o 41 59.5 SW

2 Sunnadahalli 13o 49 21.9 75

o 43 4.0 SW

3 Bypasss Road Ganpathi Temple OW 13o 48 59.7 75

o 41 55.4 OW

4 D.G.Halli 1 13o 48 39 75

o 41 59.2 SW

5 D.G.Halli 2 13o48 38.38 75

o 42 1.55 SW

6 Ujjainipura 13o 48 36.6 75

o 42 3.6 SW

7 Ujjainipura OW 13o 48 35.9 75

o 42 6 OW

8 Ujjainipura Main Road BW 13o 48 51.6 75

o 42 5.1 BW

9 Old Bridge 13o 50 45.5 75

o 42 11.5 SW

10 New bridge 13o 50 40.9 75

o 41 48.8 SW

11 Haladamma Temple OW 13o 50 58.9 75

o 41 58.6 OW

12 Haladamma Temple BW 13o 50 58.2 75

o 42 0.5 BW

13 Laxmi Narasimha Temple OW 13o 50 54.5 75

o 42 02.2 OW

14 Veerashaiva Sabha Bhavan BW 13o 51 2.8 75

o 42 8.8 BW

15 Hindhu Mahasaba Temple BW 13o 51 8.2 75

o 42 46.5 BW

16 Hindhu Mahasaba Temple OW 13o 51 7.4 75

o 42 46 OW

17 MGMcomplex BW Santhe Maidana 13o 51 7 75

o 42 29.7 BW

Note: SW = Surface Water, OW = Open Well, BW = Bore Well.

2.2. Concept of IDW interpolation method

The sampling locations were captured as latitude / longitude data in Degree, Minutes,

Seconds (DMS) format. The data was converted to decimal degrees (LongDD and LatDD)

for all the sampling locations. Sorting these in Excel format file, it was exported as text file

structure. Thus converted text file structure was used for the analysis. The Spatial Analyst




Tool in the GIS software was employed for interpretation of data. The results were stored as

Raster files upon analysis.

2.3. Development of water quality index

Water Quality Index (WQI) is calculated using Weighted Arithmetic Index method (Sarkar,

B. C., Mahanta, B. N., K. S., Paul, P. R., and Singh, G.,2006) as

WQI =

n

n n

n

n nn WWq11

/ where,

)(

)(100

in

in

nVS

VVq

, Wn = unit weight of n

th parameter

(=k/Sn), Vi = except in certain parameters like pH and DO, Vn = observed value, Sn = standard

desirable value of nth

parameter, k = proportionality constant and n = number of parameters.

Figure 1: Location map of study area

Calculation of quality rating for pH and DO (Vi 0)

)0.75.8(

)0.7(100

pH

pH

Vq and

)6.140.5(

)6.14(100

DO

DO

Vq




Quality rating scale, qn for each parameter is assigned by dividing its concentration in water

sample by its respective BIS standard values (Maiti, S. K.,2001) and the result is multiplied

by 100. The suitability of WQI values for human consumption is rated as given in Table 2.

Table 2: Water Quality Index

WQI 0-50 50-100 100 and above

Rates Very Good Good Unfit

3. Results and discussion

The average values of the various physico-chemical parameters of water samples collected

during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2010-11 are presented in the Figures 2 and 3,

respectively in the form of bar charts.

Figure 2: Average values of the various physico-chemical parameters of water samples

collected during pre-monsoon season




Figure 3: Average values of the various physico-chemical parameters of water samples

collected during post-monsoon season

3.1. pH

The analysis of the water samples collected from the study area indicated that the average

value of pH ranges from 6.7 to 8.03 in both surface water and groundwater in the pre-

monsoon season and from 7.1 to 8.75 in the post-monsoon season. The Interpolated Distance

Weighted (IDW) maps presented in Figures 4(a) and 5(a) shows the spatial distribution of pH

in the Bhadravathi taluk during pre- and post-monsoon season, respectively.

3.2. Total Alkalinity (TA)

The spatial distribution of total alkalinity total alkalinity during pre- and post-monsoon

seasons in the Bhadravathi taluk are shown IDW maps presented in Figures 4(b) and 5(b),

respectively. In the present study, the total alkalinity of the water samples ranges from 56.67

mg/l to 730.00 mg/l in both surface water and groundwater in the pre-monsoon season while

it varies from 26.67 mg/l to 673.00 mg/l in the post-monsoon season. About 53% of water

samples have total alkalinity greater than the desired limit.

3.3. Total Hardness (TH)

The present study indicated that the total hardness of the water samples ranges from 66.67

mg/l to 951.66 mg/l in both surface water and groundwater respectively in the pre-monsoon




season, while from 36.67 mg/l to 864.00 mg/l in the post-monsoon season. During pre- and

post-monsoon seasons about 47% and 53% of the samples show the values exceeding the

desirable limit. However, there is a drastic increase in total hardness from post-monsoon

season to pre-monsoon season, which could be due to the influence of sewage and the waste

flowing from the industries at various points. The impact of wastes and effluents from

various industries are clearly noticed in groundwater samples. In spite of heavy rainfall and

dilution factors, excessive hardness is noticed in the Bhadravathi town area. IDW maps

illustrated in Figures 4(c) and 5(c) show the spatial distribution of total alkalinity in the

Bhadravathi taluk during pre- and post-monsoon seasons.

3.4. Calcium (Ca)

The water samples collected from the study zone indicated the magnitude of calcium ranging

from 20.93 mg/l to 248.53 mg/l respectively in both surface water and groundwater during

pre-monsoon season and from 9.33 mg/l to 236.80 mg/l in the post-monsoon season. In

general, about 32% of the sampling locations indicated calcium content greater than the

desirable limit. However, no excess calcium is found in any of the surface water samples.

IDW maps of calcium during pre- and post-monsoon seasons are presented in Figures 4(d)

and 5(d), respectively.

3.5. Magnesium (Mg)

Figures 4(e) and 5(e) shows the spatial distribution of magnesium during pre- and post-

monsoon season through IDW maps of the study area. The value of magnesium in the water

samples ranges from 3.44 mg/l to 79.76 mg/l in both surface water and groundwater,

respectively in the pre-monsoon season and from 3.2 mg/l to 82.48 mg/l in the post-monsoon

season. During pre-monsoon season 63% of the samples and during post-monsoon 53% of

the samples were beyond the desirable limit.

3.6. Chloride (Cl)

From the analysis of the water samples, it was found that the chloride in the water samples

ranges from 4.96 mg/l to 213.33 mg/l in both surface water and groundwater during pre-

monsoon season and from 2.97 mg/l to 257.00 mg/l in the post-monsoon season, respectively.

The results show that there is a gradual increase of chloride concentration in the surface water

from upstream to downstream indicating the influence of wastes joining at various locations

both during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. In the present study, it is noticed that

chloride concentration is well within the permissible limits. The IDW maps presented in

Figures 4(f) and 5(f) show the spatial distribution of chloride in the Bhadravathi taluk during

pre- and post-monsoon seasons.

3.7. Fluoride (F)

The concentration of fluoride in the water samples ranges from 0.16 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l both in

surface water and groundwater during pre-monsoon season and from 0.1 mg/l to 0.4 mg/l in

the post-monsoon season, respectively. In the present study, it is noticed that the fluoride

concentration is bare minimum in surface water and in ground water is little higher. This

could be attributed to the presence of source rocks, which are in close contact with the media.

IDW maps presented in Figures 4(g) and 5(g) shows the spatial distribution of fluoride in the

study area during pre- and post-monsoon seasons.




3.8. Iron (Fe)

Figures 4(h) and 5(h) present the spatial distribution of iron in the Bhadravathi Taluk during

pre- and post-monsoon seasons through IDW maps. In the study area, iron content ranges

from 0.13 mg/l to 0.67 mg/l in both surface water and groundwater during pre-monsoon

season and vary from 0.1 mg/l to 0.47 mg/l during post-monsoon season, respectively. In the

pre-monsoon season, 32% of the samples while were crossing the desirable limit. On the

other hand, about 11% of the samples were crossing the desirable limit in the post-monsoon

season. Due to the existence of Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant the iron content is in higher

concentration and also due to the presence of laterite rich rocks in the catchments. It is also

expected that soil erosion is high in this area due to which there is an enrichment of iron in

surface water.

3.9. Sodium (Na)

In the study area, sodium content in the water samples ranged from 36.67 mg/l to 183.33 mg/l

in both surface water and groundwater in the pre-monsoon season and from 23.67 mg/l to

213.00 mg/l in the post-monsoon seasons, respectively. In the Bhadra river water samples,

the sodium concentration is found to be very high compared to all other ions. It is mainly due

to the existence of Mysore Paper Mills factory. IDW maps shown in Figures 4(i) and 5(i)

present the spatial distribution of sodium in the Bhadravathi taluk during pre- and post-

monsoon seasons.

3.10. Potassium (K)

In the present study area, potassium is found to vary from 1.67 mg/l to 63.33 mg/l in both

surface water and groundwater during pre-monsoon season and from 1.33 mg/l to 37.00 mg/l

during post-monsoon seasons, respectively. It is also important to note that large quantities of

fertilizers are used for agriculture purpose, which could be the reason to have enhanced

potassium content. In normal case, less quantity of potassium is expected in groundwater due

to its resistance to weathering conditions. Therefore, the high concentration in the

groundwater indicates excessive agriculture activities prevailing in the area. The IDW maps

presented in Figures 4(j) and 5(j) shows the spatial distribution of potassium in the

Bhadravathi taluk during pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively.

3.11. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Figures 4(k) and 5(k) shows the spatial distribution of TDS in the Bhadravathi taluk during

pre- and post-monsoon season in the form of IDW maps for the study area. It was found that

the TDS in the water samples ranged from 86.67 mg/l to 1240.00 mg/l in both surface water

and groundwater during pre-monsoon season and from 46.67 mg/l to 1090.00 mg/l in the

post-monsoon seasons, respectively. During both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons,

about 42% of the samples are beyond the desirable limit. High level of TDS in surface water

may be due to several factors such as sedimentation, mining and storm water runoff.

3.12. Electrical Conductivity (EC)

In the study area, EC of the water samples is found to range from 110.00 µmho/cm to

1613.33 µmho/cm in both surface water and groundwater in the pre-monsoon season and

from 66.67 µmho/cm to 1430.33 µmho/cm in the post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Unlike

the surface water samples in Bhadra river, groundwater samples indicated high conductivity




levels, which may be due to discharge of untreated wastewater, infiltration, mining and

agricultural runoff. IDW maps shown in Figures 4(l) and 5(l) illustrates the spatial

distribution of EC in the Bhadravathi taluk during pre- and pre-monsoon seasons,

respectively.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)

Figure 4: Interpolated Distance Weighted map of (a) pH, (b) Total alkalinity, (c) Total

hardness, (d) Calcium, (e) Magnesium, (f) Chloride, (g) Fluoride, (h) Iron, (i) Sodium, (j)

Potassium, (k) TDS, (l) EC during pre-monsoon




(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)

Figure 5: Interpolated Distance Weighted map of (a) pH, (b) Total alkalinity, (c) Total

hardness, (d) Calcium, (e) Magnesium, (f) Chloride, (g) Fluoride, (h) Iron, (i) Sodium, (j)

Potassium, (k) TDS, (l) EC during post-monsoon

3.13. Water Quality Index (WQI)

Water quality index developed for the surface water and groundwater samples indicated that

there is a wide variation from station to station. The WQI of all the locations is as given in the

Table 3.In case of surface water, the WQI values ranges between 49.93 and 114.32 during

pre-monsoon season, while from 33.29 to 118.47 during post-monsoon season. During the




pre-monsoon season, 16% of the samples are under very good condition, 58% under good

condition and 21% of the samples are unfit for human use. On the other hand, during post-

monsoon season, 63% of samples fall under very good category, 32% of the samples under

good condition and 5% of the samples fall under unfit category.

Table 3: WQI of pre- and post-monsoon samples

Locations Pre-monsoon Post-monsoon

Surface water samples

Dam water Timlapur 72.64 33.29

Sunnadahalli 52.03 33.62

D.G.Halli 1 49.93 36.18

D.G.Halli 2 74.64 36.55

Ujjainipura 66.94 48.08

Old Bridge 70.59 45.98

New bridge 169.53 118.47

Groundwater samples

Ujjainipura OW 52.63 40.46

Ujjainipura Main Road BW 54.25 41.91

By pass Road Ganapathi Temple OW 48.01 43.24

Haladamma Temple OW 146.47 89.81

Haladamma Temple BW 121.62 65.88

Laxmi Narasimha Temple OW 63.19 58.67

Veerashaiva Sabha Bhavan BW 45.14 39.47

Hindhu Mahasaba Temple BW 61.55 46.67

Hindhu Mahasabha Temple OW 69.90 53.16

MGM complex BW Santhe Maidana 89.48 63.46

4. Conclusion / Suggestions/ Findings

The surface and ground water quality analysis of the Bhadravathi taluk during the year 2010-

11 is presented in the paper. The IDW maps showing the spatial distribution of various

physico-chemical parameters are developed using GIS facilitated in identifying the potential

zones of drinking water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI) shows a wide variation among

all the water samples. For example: the water sample at New Bridge site has very high WQI

during both the seasons making it unfit for usage. This necessitates the undertaking of certain

measures in this area to improve the water quality. WQI is also very high at Haladamma

Temple, which is above 100 indicating its non-potability. Therefore, it necessitates proper

waste disposal technique and fertilizer usage.

5. References

1. APHA. (1985), Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

American public health association, New York.

2. Bindu Bhatt, Janak P.Joshi, (2012), Sustainable management of agricultural lands

using GIS-A spatio temporal analysis of irrigation water quality in Vadodara taluka,

2(3), International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, pp 911-920.

3. Hajalilou, B., and Khaleghi, F., (2009), Investigation of hydro geochemical factors

and groundwater quality assessment in Marand Municipality, northwest of Iran: a

multivariate statistical approach. Journal of food, Agriculture and environment, 7(3

and 4), pp 930-937.




4. Khodapanah, L., Sulaiman, W. N. A., and Khodapanah, N., (2009), Ground water

quality assessment for different purposes in Eshtehard district, Tehran, Iran. European

journal of scientific research, 36(4), pp 543-553.

5. Maiti, S. K., (2001), Handbook of methods in Environmental Studies Vol.1: water and

waste water analysis. ABD Publishers B-46, Natraj Nagar, Imliwala Phatak Jaipur,

India. First edition.

6. Priti Singh, Khan.I.A, (2011), Ground water quality assessment of Dhanakawadi ward

of Pune by using GIS, International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 2(2), pp

688-703.

7. Rajkumar.N, Subramani.T, Elango.L, (2010), Groundwater contamination due to

municipal solid waste disposal – A GIS based study in Erode city, International

Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(1), pp -39-55.

8. Rajamanickam.R, Naga.S, (2010), Groundwater quality modeling of Amaravathi river

basin of Karur district, Tamilnadu using Visual Modflow, International journal of

environmental sciences, 1(1), 91-108.

9. Sarkar, B. C., Mahanta, B. N., K. S., Paul, P. R., and Singh, G., (2006), Geo-

environmental quality assessment in Jharia coalfield, India, using multivariate

statistics and geographic information system, Environmental geology, 51(7), pp 1177-

1196.

10. Sami G.Daraigan, Ahmed S.Wahdain, Ahmad S.Ba-mosa, (2011), Linear correlation

analysis study of drinking water quality data for Al-Mukalla city, Handramout,

Yemen, International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(7), pp 1692-1701.

11. Singh, P. K., Singh, U. C., and Suyash Kumar. (2009), An integrated approach using

remote sensing, GIS and geoelectrical techniques for the assessment of groundwater

conditions: A case study, GIS development e-magazine, 5(35), available at

http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/nrm/water/ground/iars.htm.

12. Sunitha.V, Muralidhara Reddy.B, Jagadish Kumar M, Ramakrishna reddy.M, (2012),

GIS based groundwater quality mapping in southeastern part of Anantapur district,

Andhra Pradesh, India, International Journal of Geomatics and Geosceinces, 2(3), pp

805-814.

13. Swarna Latha, P., and Nageswara Rao, K., (2010), Assessment and spatial distribution

of quality of groundwater in zone II and III, Greater Visakhapatnam, India using

water quality index (WQI) and GIS, International journal of environmental sciences,

1(2), pp 198-212.

Water quality analysis of Bhadravathi taluk using GIS a ... · Water quality analysis of...

Documents

Transcript of Water quality analysis of Bhadravathi taluk using GIS a ... · Water quality analysis of...