Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila
description
Transcript of Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila
![Page 1: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The water molds
������� : SC 3202E-mail address : [email protected]
�. $%. &'() &�)'*�+,- Neti Ngearnpat,Ph.D.
![Page 2: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Stramenopiles� Name means “straw hair” and
was introduced by D. J. Patterson in 1989 based on tinsel-type flagellum
� Presence of filamentous thallusin stramenopiles and Fungi is evidence of convergent evolution
http://Microscope.mbl.edu
![Page 3: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
� Also “Straminipila”, colloquial name ‘stramenopiles’
� Includes diatoms, chrysophytes,
� brown algae and
� some protozoa
������������ eucaryote ������������ flagellum �� ���������������� �� ������������ �!���"���#�$�"%��"� �� ����&�$������������ '�(���%�������)������*� ������+,����*�,�+�-.�&�*��*�"�/ &� �� �)0 �!���"��#����%��"� �����������!�(��*�"�/ &��()0���"%$��� (�/ &�) ���"� ( pseudofungi) ���"0$��&�������&���3�
![Page 4: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
� ��,4������������4+����45�'�(�� ����+����������,4�'6( � ��*� zoospore ����� flagellum 1 ��*��"0$�*��#�*��� �7���
� ( anterial flagellum) ���������� 8 (tinsel flagellum)
� �� 3 &���
� 1. Phylum labyrinthulomycota ( net slim molds)
� 2.Phylum Hyphochytriomycota
� 3. Phylum Oomycota **
** ������������� ���
![Page 5: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
� Biology and Genneral Characteristics
� �� "�"0$����� '�( �45��4 ���45��,�'�(�45�����
� �5�� ��%�3 2 '�� �,� 1. ���� parasite �� algae,fungi '�( �3%��(�� 2. ���� saprobe ��7�+,�7��3%�
� Thallus ���!�(��*�"����� Phylum Chytridiomycota �,� ���7����,�+�-.�������"%$� zoospore 7�� �����)���,������&�* ���"%$� motile cell '3$�(���%��'33$� � �,� 35�'#�$ '�(������ flagellum
� �� single anterior flagellum �������� tinsel
� Asexual reproduction ��*� zoosporangium '�( zoospore&�$+� sexual
Phylum Hyphochytriomycota
![Page 6: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
� Biology and Genneral Characteristics
� thallus wall ��(���*%" chitin '�( cellulose
� thallus �� 2 '�� �,� 1. holocarpic thallus ����+%����"0$���7����� host (endobiotic) '�( �����"�'�� �0��$� ���� zoosporangium �4 �7��� 2. eucarpic (epibiotic) thallus �(���(�� rhizoid #�,� rhizomycelium 7�� ���$%���< �������%"%(�,�+�-.� 7�� �� 2 �!�( �,� monocentric '�( polycentric
![Page 7: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
���� ��*� '��3$� 8 �� ��,4�������".$���45�Holocapric
EucapricMonocentric Polycentric
![Page 8: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
zoospore encystment germination
holocarpic
Eucarpic/ monocentric
Eucarpic/polycentric
Thallus types in hyphochytrids
![Page 9: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
���"��% ��%�3'�� $�"8 �,� ��,�� zoospore )0��$�"������ zoosporangium '�*%�(%$�"�45�&���(���%3). ( substrate) #�,� host '�*%��(��*�=�%( Cyst ���4��(����>���� thallus '�*%��*� ����zoosporangium �#�$
![Page 10: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Classification
�Phylum Hyphochytriomycota
��� 1 Order �,� Order Hyphochytriales
��� 3 family �,�
1. Family Anisolpidiaceae2. Family Rhizidiomycetaceae3. Family Hyphochytriaceae
![Page 11: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
�Family Anisolpidiaceae
�• thallus ����'�� holocarpic – �� "�".$���7����� host(endobiotic) '�( ���������"�'�� �0��$� ���� zoosporangium ��"&�$���$%��� somatic ��$� rhizoid #�,��$%��� ��*��" ( hypha) �#�,��"0$��"
� Zoospore �����*� �"0$=�"��#�,�=�"�� zoosporangium �&�*
� �� ������ "����#�$�" ��$� Anisolpidium sp.
�A. octocarpi +����� parasite �"0$=�"���7����� brown algae (Ectocarpus) ���(��
![Page 12: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Anisolpidium sp. ������������
![Page 13: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2. Family Rhizidiomycetaceae� thallus ����'�� eucarpic ,monocentric �,���#��� ������*� zoosporangium 1 ��'�(���$%��� somatic structure
�#�,��"0$• ��"���(�� rhizoid #"� ��� &��� substrate ��� apophysis(���� epibiotic)• �$%��� thallus ����"0$=�"�� host ��,������>�3������(�����"�&����� zoosporangium • �� 3 genus &�*'$
Rhizidiomyces , Rhizidiomycopsis , Latrostium
����4���� parasite �� oogonium �� ���45� �� family Saprolegniaceae '�(�� green algae Vaucheria
![Page 14: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Rhizidiomyces
![Page 15: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Rhizidiomyces apophysatusHyphochytridiomycetes; cell wall of cellulose and chitin, flagella (anterior and hairy), plasmogamy, resting spores
2 apophysis
![Page 16: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
2. Family Hyphochytriaceae� thallus ����'�� eucarpic , polycentric
• Zoospore �����*� �"0$=�"��#�,�=�"�� zoosporangium �&�* • �� species �� resting spore • �� genus ���"% �,� Genus Hyphochytrium 7�� +����� parasite �����4��0 '�(�� algae #�,����� saprobe ��7�+,�
� +�%$���@�����3����*�%�+�'�(+,�#��"8����
![Page 17: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hyphochytrium catenoides
Eucarpic, polycentric thallus
Growth from an infected pine pollen in two days on nutrient agar (X 50)
![Page 18: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
� ���"��%8 &�%$� net slime mold #�,� ����,��(�� (marine slime mold) ��,�� ��&7�3+���7���7�����,����" �(#%$� ������$� '#
� �/��.�����" ��,��$� '# ( slime net)
� �7����0��$� ��*�"�(�%" �����)���,������&������$� '# &�$+�����*� ��.33�4 ����4
� �!�(�5��>�,� zoospore ��'������� �� ��*�"�%&�$��$�� ��*�"�%����'������7� ��*��4�����'��%�+���
Phylum Labyrinthulomycota
![Page 19: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A Labyrinthula sp. enrobed in the ectoplasmicnetwork through which it glides.
��+%��4�$%��#>$�� "�"0$���45� '�(��(�����45��(�� ��"�� "�"0$�$%����#�$�"���!�(�� saprobe #�,� parasite
![Page 20: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
� ����#�%�#�0$ '�$ ������ 2 ������� �,�
1. Order Labyrinthulales���"%$� Labyrinthulids #�,� �7���#���#�� �����)���,������&�*&����������,��#��"%��(��@��$� '# zoospore ���.���*�8������"%$� eyespot
��$� Labyrinthula sp.
Labyrinthula zosterae $���� wasting disease ��#>*��(��
2. Order Thraustochytriales
���"%$� Thraustochytrids �������.��*%"�",���� 8������"%$� scale '�*%�� #$�#.*����4��*%" ectoplasmic net &�$+� eyespot
��$� Thraustochytium sp. �� "=�+�����5�&��+�(���4" �+,��A��3��&��� ����� +����"� &�*'$ ����*�-3 '�(����� '�������"��
![Page 21: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Thraustochytrium
Trophic cells surrounded by ectoplasmic net
Ectoplasmicnet formed from bothrosomes; trophic cells have a single layer of golgi-derived scalesLabyrinthula
zoospores contain a dark eyespot, but lack surface scales
Thraustochytriumthallus wall composed of layered scales formed by golgiapparatus
Zoospores lack an eyespot and are surrounded by a single layer of scales
![Page 22: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
� Wasting Disease.� Like the bubonic plague of seagrasses, wasting disease was responsible for the
disappearance of 90% of eelgrass in the 1930's along the Atlantic coasts of North America and Europe (Muehlstein, 1989).
� cause infection is a marine slime mould-like protest
� Labyrinthula zosterae
Thraustochytrium vegetative cells attached to the substrate with ectoplasmic net extentions.
![Page 24: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Thraustochytrids
� Ectoplasmic net and enzymes produced by thraustochytrids can grow into and degrade aquatic plants, mollusk shells, etc.
� Schizochytrium and Thraustochytrium are used for commercial production of omega-3-fatty acids
![Page 25: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
FAT-RICH FLOUR: SINTEF scientist
Jose Rainuzzo shows off a powder
consisting of dried micro-organisms
that are rich in highly desirable fat.
“To put it very simply, you could say
that we are trying to produce fish feed
and dietary supplements from
seawater”, says SINTEF’s Jose
Rainuzzo. More precisely, the
Peruvian scientist and his colleagues
are exploring the properties of a micro-
organism that lives everywhere in the
ocean. The organism,Thaustrochytrids,
has characteristics that place it on the
boundary of the plant and animal
kingdoms. SINTEF scientists believe
that it could be a possible source of
Omega-3 fat for aquaculture and for the health
Making food from water--Invisible but invaluable: raised in steel tanks, a tiny marine creature is capable of producing Omega-3 fat, a product in great demand.
http://www.ntnu.no/gemini/2005-01e/food.htm
![Page 26: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Labyrinth ------>
![Page 27: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
� ��� ����%�3��&�����4 ���!�(��C��'�(�����5���#����*��0$��*��"�*%"%�-��0�7�� (absorptive nutrition : absorption) ��*�"�/ &�'�*
� �/ &���&�����4���"0$ class ���"% �,� class Oomycetes � �4��� ���,�����>%$� oomycetes
� ������"���� pseudofungi �*��������"%$� �� ���
� �����"� ��������� ����%�3�.$��#>$ +���%&���'#�$ �45��,� �45�����'�(��� +%�� "�"0$���45��()0���"%$� ���45� “ water molds “ +�����'#�$ �45��(��� �45��� ����7�����0
Phylum Oomycota
![Page 28: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
������������
� �������� zoospore ����� flagellum '33$� ��� ��*�
� ��� ����(���� A� �7��� ���� ��3*�-�0'�� '�(�7��0��� (link� ��#�$�")
� �����,�+�-�'���� "�+ ��"����*� ����� heterogamous
��*� �7����,�+�-�������0��$� 3$� � �+ ���" (Oogonium) =�"���� Oospere '�( �+ A0* ���" antheridium A������,�+�-, &�* Oospore
� �7�����%&�����%����"�'����++��" (2n)
![Page 29: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
� �������� zoospore �� '��
1. Primary zoospore, apical zoospore ��'��������� ��*��*��#�*� �0��$� �7�����*�"�0'+��
2.Secondary zoospore, laterally zoospore ��'��������� ��*��"0$�*���*� �0��$� �7�����*�"�����)�%
� ��,4�����&�����4�$%��#>$��*� zoospore ����� ��*� zoosporangium
� �� ���� ��*� zoosporangium '�*%����>���� ��*��" (germ tube)�5�#�*������*�"��������" ��,��'$��(#�.�&��*���0 ��$����� �45��*� (downy mildew)
� �� ���� zoosporangium �5�#�*������*�"��������" '3$�%���( � �(��� zoospore #�,���� ���"3� ��4���=�+'%��*�� ��$�����������% (white rust)
![Page 30: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Classification
Phylum Oomycota
�� 5 Order �,�
1. Order Lagenidiales
2.Order Leptomitales
3.Order Rhipidiales
4.Order Saprolegniales
5.Order Peronosporales
![Page 31: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Order Lagenidiales� ���.$���4���� parasite �� ���45������,�� ��#�$�" �3%��������
� Zoospore ��*� ��). (vesicle) ��� �������zoosporangium
� Zoospore ��@�'�� secondary ��$��4� ���"%$� monoplanetic
� ������'�� monocentric holothalic
� ��$� Lagenidium giganteaum ���� parasite ���0�45�".
vesicle
![Page 32: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lagenidium giganteaum
Biological control !!Commercial Availability!!
![Page 33: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Order Leptomitales
� ���.$���4���� saprophyt ��'#�$ �45�
� Zoospore ������,������&�$&�* (aplanetic)
� Zoospore ����'�� primary or secondary
� ������ ��3�������*��"���&�$��A� 4� '3$�(+� ��"��� ( constriction) �����("( 3� ��"�����4�(�� *���� �� ���+% &�3��'�(�0'�� ( cellulin granule) ���.��"0$�5��#*�.��*�"%$���A� 4� �� ���"%$� Pseudoseptum
� ��$� Leptomitis sp.
![Page 34: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Order Rhipidiales
� +����45�'�$� ����� O2 3�5����� facultative anaerobe
� Eucarpric monocentric thallus
� Zoosporangium �"0$�� substrate '�*%��*� &�7�"����*�&��0�7���#��=�"��
� �����)��*���� biological indicator �� �=�+'#�$ �45�&�*
� O2 �0 +����� leptomifis, Apodachlya
� O2 3�5� +����� Aqualindevella, Rhipidium
![Page 35: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Order Saprolegniales� ���.$���4�5�� ��+ '�� saprophyt '3$�� ������������3'�(��� ��"�6+�( �3%�
�45�����+�(���4" &%* ��$� Saprolegnia parasitica, Aphanomycesinvadans
� Aphanomyces spp. ��+,����� ����3�5���"��+,��4��0 ��$� �*�" )�%
�!�(�5��>
� Zoospore ����'�� diplanetic
� �("(�,�+�-�'���� "�+ ��,����$�" zoospore &�'�*%�(��*� Zoosporangium �#�$7*���"0$��������'3$ ���������� ��,��"8
� ������*� Oospore '�%���"�"0$�� Oogonium =�"������#���(����@�*��8�"0$3������� Oospore
![Page 36: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
�("(�,�+�-�'���� "�+ ��,����$�" zoospore &�'�*%�(��*� Zoosporangium �#�$7*���"0$��������'3$ ���������� ��,��"8
![Page 37: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
�������� 2 families
1. Family Saprolegniaceae ������'�� eucarpric ��*��"&�$��A� 4�����>'A$��@��.$� &�*'$ Saprolegnia, Achlya ,Dictyuchus ���������������� ����������������� !��� �"� ���
Saprolegnia
Achlya
![Page 38: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Primary infection or opportunistic infection **����� Saprolegnia spp. (S. parasitica, S. diclina, S. ferax)
Saprolegniasis
Typical water mold infection “Cotton wool like”,
![Page 39: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Saprolegnia are present in ALL aquariums and ponds
Saprolegnia spp.* (Typical water mold infection)
![Page 40: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Saprolegnia cycle
![Page 42: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Order Peronosporales� ���.$���4�5�� ��+ '�� saprophyt, facultative parasite, obligate parasite
� ���!��#�$�����%�� �&��'�()#����(* ����� �+�� !,� ��� �������� root rot, ��������� (Damping-off) , �����������(downy midew), white rust
![Page 43: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
������������ • &�$��*� &�7�"�� '3$��*��"�(����>�".$�(#%$� �7�����*��*�� (
intercellular hyphae) '�( haustorium �+,���0���#�����D�3�
• Secondary zoospore • �����.$����%�%E�����0 Zoosporangium �5�#�*������*�"��
�����" �"�% ������ germ tube ��"3� • ���,�+�-�'���� "�+ ��"%�-� gametangial contact
A����&�*�,� Oospore �"0$�� Oogonium �����&7�3+���7���*�����
![Page 44: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
��*�!�(�� *���0 sporangium '�( sporangium ����'"'������
Order Peronosporales
'�$ &�* 3 families1.Family Pythiaceae2.Family Peronosporaceae3.Family Albuginaceae
![Page 45: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Family Pythiaceae
� ��*� sporangium �����"��*��"3����%�� ��"�����*��"��(����>",�"�%&�&�*��,��"8 ( indeterminate growth)
� Facultative parasite )*���������3 �(����*��"���'��&����D�3� &�$��*� D�������"�
� �+������������%���,4��0
� �����������%���5��>�,� Pythium '�( Phytophthora ��(*���������, ������+*��*( ���.*%�/
� ������ � arterial occlusion #��*����*�*��*��
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythium
![Page 46: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Pythium� Facultative parasite '�( saprobe ������ �������#3.�����$��(������� �� 3*��*�, ��������$�, ����$�
� ��*� sporangium �0��$� �� �� �������� ��� germ tube #�,���*� zoospore ��4���=�+'%��*��
![Page 47: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Pythium
![Page 49: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
several Pythium species, including P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare and P. ultimum, are known to cause damping off and crown and root rot in greenhouse cucumber, pepper and tomato crops.
![Page 50: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Phytophthora� �$%��#>$��@� parasite �� +,�
� �������#3.�����$��(������� �� 3*��*�, ��������$�, ����$�
� P. infestans $��������G�� ... Late blight of potato
� ��*� sporangium �0��$� lemon-shape (papilllatesporangium) ��*� �����"*���� sporangiophore ��"�( ����������� +,�����������
![Page 51: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Late Blight of Potato and Tomato
![Page 53: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Victims of the Irish Potato Famine
The Great Irish Famine (also known as the Great Hunger and, in Irish, An Gorta Mór or An Drochshaol) was a famine, and its aftermath, in Ireland between 1845 and 1849. The famine was caused initially by potato blight, an oomycete that almost instantly destroyed the primary food source of many Irish people. The blight explains the crop failure but the dramatic and deadly effect of the famine was exacerbated by other factors of economic, political, social, and religious origin. Its immediate effects continued until 1851. Much is unrecorded but estimates are that around one million people, about 12% of the population, died in the three years from 1846 to 1849.[1] Most of these deaths were the result of famine-related diseases rather than starvation. Another one million people are estimated to have fled as refugees to Great Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia during the same period, increasing the Irish Diaspora
Potato famine (�����'�����#�����������G�� 7�� ������#��#��� ��%����&���'����+����������(����6�3�"#��)
![Page 54: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Phytophthora sp.
Phytophthora root rot, a form of ‘dieback’,is a disease that affects many native plants
and ecosystems, important crops and horticulturalplants in Australia and throughout the world.Its global spread has been the consequence oftrade and human migration. In Australia, the
disease infects an especially large range of mainlywoody perennial plant species and is also a majorthreat to some rare and endangered species.
![Page 55: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Family Peronosporaceae� ���#3.��� ���45��*� ( downy mildow) ��+,�
� obligate parasite &�$�����)�+�(���4" &�*����#��� ����(#�
� ��*� '3�� *���� sporangiophore '�(�� ��� spore �� sporangium
� �����������%���5��>�,� Plasmopara, Peronosporas, Pseudoperonospora ��+
![Page 56: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Plasmopara
� ��*� sporangiophore ���� ����� germ tube ��"3� '�( '3�� �����.�6� sporangium ���0��$� ��
� � �� ������ �� ����� (Plasmopara viticola)
� �*���3*��3� �*���.��#�,� �(+��."����%�� ��,4��������5��%��� ��,4����(��*��5���""���5��#*��* ���*�"&�*��*� '�(����,4�������%���.� ����$����(��������%���$����5��#*'#* '�(�$% �"$� �%����%
![Page 57: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Plasmopara viticola
![Page 58: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Plasmopara viticola
![Page 59: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Nearly ruined the French wineindustry in the late 1800swhen the fungus (Plasmopara viticola) wasintroduced to Europe fromAmerica on rootstocks to curean root aphid problem
Discovery and development ofthe Bordeaux Mixture byProf. Alexis Millardet savedthe wine industry
Bordeaux
![Page 60: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Peronospora� ��*� sporangiophore ��'3�� '������( 2 '6 ( dichotomous
branching ) �$%����"*���( ���"%��* sporangiophore �( ���@�germ tube ��"3�
� � �� ������ ��������������� (Peronospora parasitica )
� �(+��.$��� ��,4�������A ����%#�,����������3$����*��#� ���(���'A����#�,� 3$����������45�3�� 'A��$���*� ��������#���"����&�$'�$��� ���(�#�,� '�('#* 3�" ������"0$3���$� 8 �(��'A����$�� '�*%����(���&�" ������0 %$� ��3*��$���(�������'A����#�,� ��������4" '�(��(#�.��$% &� ����(�5��#*3*��3���3�*� �����$��'�'�(3�"
![Page 61: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Peronospora parasitica
![Page 62: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Family Albuginaceae� ���#3.��� ��������% ( white rust) ��+,� A�.* ���� (#��5�
� obligate parasite ���+�" 1 ���� �,� Albugo
� �(����*��"���'��&����(#%$� �7���+,� ��*� D�������"� �+,���0���#��
� *���0 Sporangiophore��*�"�(�� ��������.$��� epidermis �#*��* �0� ���"%$� Sorus Sporangium ���" 3$�������0�7$
� �����'�����.����#�,� ������� ����%��$%����� �� 7�� �(�$�" 8 �"�"�#>$��4� )� ��*�A$� 0�"��� ��(��� 5 ��. �$%�3*��3*�� � 35�'#�$ ���"%������'��(�#���.�����%�%� 3$����(�"�"�#>$��4� �����.��0���������+0 '�(�����"���������% ��,������>�3����� �(������(�5��#*�������#�,� '�(���'#* &���%�4 �������(����&#�*'#* �����"�������*���
![Page 63: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
White Rust of Crucifers Caused by Albugo candidainclude broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, radish, rutabaga, and turnip
sexual stage
![Page 64: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
2. Phylum Hyphochytriomycota
3. Phylum Oomycota **
Kingdom Stramenopila
ASEXUAL only
BOTH
Order Saprolegniales
Order Peronosporales
•���������� root rot ���������� (Damping-off) ,
•Phytium , Phytophthora (Late blight of potato), •�����������(downy midew)
•��� ��������� � �� � (Plasmopara viticola) Peronosporas•white rust ��������� •Albugo
Saprolegniasis
![Page 65: Water Mold in Kingdom Stramenopila](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020207/551fdf4d4a79596b108b502a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)