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WELCOME!!

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WATER MANAGEMENT IN

WHEAT

INSTRUCTOR : SPEAKER:Mr. PROMOD LAVATE PRIYANKA KUMARIMs. SAVITA DEWANGAN B.Sc(Ag) 4TH YEAR(ASST.PROF.,IAS,RGSC,BHU ) I.D No. :R-13031

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contentIntroductionWater management IntroductionIrrigation requirementOptimum time of irrigationDepth of irrigationMethod of irrigationHydrogelWater management related problem and management in rainfed areaIrrigation strategiesMicro irrigationIncrease quantity and quality of wheat through deficit irrigation and mulch

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INTRODUCTION

WHEAT- Triticum aestivum

It is Rabi crop originated at Middle East.

Ranks 1st amongst cereals in respect of area and production.

In India is the second most so called “king of cereal”.

It contain spongy protien i.e gluten.

Wheat protein rich in niacin and thiamin content.

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It contains manganese, phosphorus, magnesium and selenium in very

large quantities. They contain vitamin b. Vitamin E and vitamin K.

Major wheat growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana,

Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Bihar

YEAR 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

PRODUCTION(m.t)

80.8 86.9 93.5 93.5 95.8 88.9

AREA(m.hc) 28.5 23.5 29.9 30.0 30.5 31.0

YIELD/hc 2839 2989 3178 3117 3145 2872

STATICAL DATA REGARDING WHEAT

Source: Economic survey (2015-16)

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The wheat growing parts of India has been divided in the six

zones namely viz.-

1. NHZ (Northern Hills Zone)

2. NWPZ (North Western Plain Zone)

3. NEPZ (North Eastern Plain Zone)

4. CZ (Central Zone)

5. PZ (Peninsular Zone)

6. SHZ (Southern Hills Zone)

It can be grown sandy loam to clay soil but best grown on

loamy soil.

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WATER MANAGEMENT IN WHEAT CROP:-

The most critical stage of irrigations are as follows:-

Crown root initiation ( 21 days after sowing)

Late tillering ( 42 days after sowing)

Late joining ( 60 days after sowing)

Flowering ( 80 days after sowing)

Milk stage ( 95 days after sowing)

Dough ripe ( 115 days after sowing)

LAND AND WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA

Source: National Institute of Hydrology

PARTICULAR QUANTITY

GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 329

FLOOD PRONE AREA 40

ULTIMATE IRRIGATION POTENTIAL 140

TOTAL CULTIVABLE LAND AERA 184

NET IRRIGATED AREA 50

NATURAL RUNOFF(SURFACE WATER AND GROUND WATER) 1869

ESTIMATED UTILISABLE SURFACE WATER POTENTIAL 690

GROUNDWATER RESOURCE 432

AVAILABLE GROUND WATER RESOURCE FOR IRRIGATION 361

NET UTILISABLE GROUNDWATER RESOURCE FOR IRRIGATION 325

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WATER MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION:-

Wheat is relatively tolerant to a high groundwater table. Wheat thrives well in areas receiving annual rainfall of about

75cm. Frost at the time of flowering and hailstorm at the time of

ripening can cause heavy damage to the wheat crop.

IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT:-

Wheat generaly need 4-5 irrigations. In sandy loam soil 6-8 irrigations. Clay soil 3-4 irrigations.

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OPTIMUM TIME OF IRRIGATION:-

There are six stages-

Crown root initiation - 20-25 days after sowing.   Late tillering -40-45 days after sowing Late jointing -65-70 days after sowing Flowering stage -90-95 days after sowing Milk stage - 105-110 days after sowing Dough stage - 120-125 days after sowing

• If water is in short supply then irrigations should be given at

certain critical (crown root initiation and flowering) stages.

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In case of loam and heavy loam soils:-

1st Irrigation  : 20-25 days after sowing

 2nd Irrigation : 30 days after 1st irrigation

 3rd Irrigation : 30 days after 2nd irrigation

 4th Irrigation : 20-25 days after 3rd irrigation

In case of limited irrigation resources:-

1. If only three irrigations-The crown root stage, spike

emergence and milk formation stage

2. If only two irrigations-crown root stage and flowering stage

3. If only one irrigation- crown root stage

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DEPTH OF IRRIGATION

the depth ranges between 6-8 cm depending on the soil type and the irrigation interval.

In sandy soil depth is less in comparision to loamy and clay soil.

METHOD OF IRRIGATION

1. Check-basin method:-Small and rectangular plots, accessible by irrigation channel, are made.

2. Border of strip method:-The wheat field is divided into a number of strips preferably 8-10 meter wide and 50-200 meter long, separated by low borders

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HYDROGEL AMENDMENT Synthetic polymers in the form of crystals or tiny beads is know as hydrogel (super absorbent polymers, root watering crystals and drought crystals).

The hydrogel amendments improve seedling growth and establishment by increasing water retention capacity of soils.

They have enormous capacity to absorb water when it comes by and make it available to plants over time.

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WATER MANAGEMENT RELATED PROBLEMS IN RAINFED AREA

Extreme spatial and temporal variability in rainfall. Evaporation demand is higher than rainfall during greater part

of the year. Drought and water scarcity is a constant threat. Greater expansion of ground water irrigation. Poor ground water quality (saline/ brackish water). Low rainfall use efficiency and low crop productivity. Dominance of small and marginal farmer. Stubborn poverty and food insecurity.

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Component of rainwater management in rainfed areas

1 .In situ conservation:- Reduce weed growth and retain more moisture. Summer tillage for alluvial, red and light soil.2.Grade line bund.3. Drainage line treatment.4 .Water harvesting and utilization.5 .Ground water recharge.

Drought tolerant wheat varieties

HUB-234, DBW-16, UP-2425, GW-322, K-9107, WH-147, NI-5439, RAJ-376 , PBW-343, HD-2733

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IRRIGATION STRATEGIESFULL IRRIGATION STRATEGY:- For fully-irrigated wheat (with a target yield exceeding 8 t/ha)

where water is not limited, the aim is to maximize yield by scheduling irrigations.

LIMITED WATER STRATEGIES:- Supplementary irrigated crops are ‘water limited’ . Growers faced with this situation have two main choices: 1. Maximise production from the water available. 2. Grow the largest area possible where a single in-crop

irrigation can be applied.

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Pressurized (Micro) Irrigation Systems

The main types of PIS are sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation (surface and subsurface).

1.Sprinkler IrrigationIrrigation through sprinkler at critical growth stages increase

grain yield and WP of wheat in a Vertisol

2. Drip IrrigationIncreased the wheat yield by 16% and 28% and saved IW by

43% and 24% when irrigated at 0.6 and 0.8 IW/CPE.

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INCREASING QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF WHEAT THROUGH DEFICIT IRRIGATION,

STRAW MULCH

DEFICIT IRRIGATION :-

Application of water below full crop-water requirements.

It is the practice of deliberately under irrigating the crop to reduce water consumption

Application of water at certain critical growth stages of wheat.

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MULCHING:-

It help in maintain optimum moisture and thermal environment in soil, increases water use efficiency through reduction in evaporation and subsequently higher grain yield.

Reduced the number of irrigations.

EFFECT OF MULCH ON WHEAT:-

Straw mulching decreased soil temperature and reduced the weed dry matter, increased yield attributes and yield in wheat.

Straw mulch is an excellent source of carbon, which on decomposition becomes a part of soil organic matter.

Application of mulch improved the hydrothermal properties of soil.

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