Hydrological Sedimentological KII and FGD Approaches

for Social and Environmental Evaluation in Water Logged

Areas of TALA

A report submitted by

MD SYADUR RAHAMAN

Exam Roll No-314

Registration No-2012-912-210

Session-2012-13

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Second year BS(Hons) in Disaster Science And Management

6 July 2015

Dept of Disaster Science and Management

University of Dhaka

Abstract

Last two decade southwestern area mostly Khulna division face slow one

set disaster waterlogging Due to high siltation rivers are loss their

Navigability as there heat Flood and Waterlogging in every year Gradual

siltation is the main source of the problem on the riverbed triggered by

inadequate runoffs in the southern reaches caused by the polders

constructed under the Coastal Embankment Project (CEP) during the

sixties For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an

immediate and short-term measure Auto sedimentation by river could be

considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising the low lands or

beels The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation channels

can be excavated and the excavated sediment can be used for creating

or raising the rural roads polder or embankment to mitigating the flood or

water logging problem in the region For continuing crop production local

people are engaged in floating agriculture crop production with Sorjan

method and fish cultivation in lowland to utilize the water-logged land

around the southern region They elevate and widen the surroundings of

that waterlogged land utilized for vegetable and fruit production

The study analyzed soil salinity and some essential soil nutrients for rice plant

as affected by a shrimp-based cropping system The study was conducted

in a village located in Satkhira district Two main cropping systems the

shrimp-boro rice cropping system and the aman rice-boro rice cropping

system are mainly practiced by local farmers in the study village The results

revealed that the soil salinity level of the shrimp-boro rice cropping system

was higher than that of aman rice-boro over the consecutive years of 2010

2011 and 2012 The soil was found moderately saline Some nutrient

elements were available in adequate amounts salinity kept these nutrients

from being taken up by the rice plants since salinity changes the osmotic

pressure of the soil solution system This may ultimately lead to a reduction

in rice yield and threaten the sustainability of the local shrimp-boro rice

cropping system

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I would like to express my debt of gratitude to our Chairman sir

Professor Dr A S M Maksud Kamal for his valuable time spend for arrangement

this field work I express my thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to our team

leader B M Rabby Hossain Lecturer Department of Disaster Science and

Management University of Dhaka for His spontaneous arrangement and caring

guidance He deserve my thanks for his valuable lectures good planning for the trip and

great affection His theoretical and Practical knowledge help me much to clarify my

concept and complete this report

I also express my thanks of our respected teachers Israth Ferdause S M Kamrul

Hassan Lecturer Dept of Disaster Science and Management Department and

Mohammad Anwar Hossain Lacturar Dept of Sociology Begum Rokeya University

Rangpur for their environmental and sociological suggestion cordiality and his friendly

attitude during field work

I would like to express my special gratitude to Mamunur Rashid Project Manager UNDP

for his kind support to arrange the project work for the increased our knowledge on field

work

My special thanks to all my DSM classmates for their warm friendship and help to

complete the project work and ready a report on this project work Special thanks to

UNDP and UTTRON for their Financial accommodation support and in other purposes I

am quite convinced with the person whose are cooked food for us and get security us

Content

Chapter Page No

Abstract I

Acknowledgement II

Contents III

Chapter ndash 1 Introduction 01

11 Introduction 02

12 Statement of the problem 03

13 Objective of the study 04

14 Scope of the study 04

15 Geology of this area 05

16 Geomorphological condition 06

17 Study area 09

171 Area 09

172 Agriculture and land use 12

173 Political and social condition 14

18 Limitation of the work 16

Chapter ndash 2 Literature review 17

Chapter ndash 3 Methodology 20

31

Hydrological Process 21

311 Tidal influence 21

312 Water table Measurement 22

313 Ground water properties 23

32 Sedimentological 25

33 Environmental Assessment 26

Chapter ndash 4 Data Analysis 28

a 41 Hydrological Analysis 29

42 Sedementological Analysis 35

421 Type of Sediment 36

422 Sediment quality 36

423 Sediment deposit 37

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to

deposit

38

43 FGD Data Analysis 39

431 Khesra Union 41

432 Jalalpur Union 45

Chapter ndash 5 Hazard Assessment 47

51 Hazards of this area 48

511 Water-logging 49

512 Salinity 50

52 Causes of Hazard 52

521 Causes of Waterlogging 52

522 Cause of Salinity 53

Effect of Hazards 54

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene 54

532 Food 55

533 Housing and Shelter 55

534 Livelihood and Food Security 56

535 Health and Nutrition 56

536 Children and Education 57

537 Impact of Salinity 57

Chapter ndash 6 Result and Discussion 58

Chapter ndash 7 Conclusion 59

Chapter ndash 8 References

60

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction

Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage

basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of

population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several

human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage

etc

In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come

from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area

is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area

Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA

12 Statement of the problem

Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The

southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand

deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna

Patuakhali and Many others

In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of

cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural

and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve

the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act

1952

The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation

processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in

upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of

sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of

BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time

mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank

Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet

ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was

written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people

of this area and the authority

The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big

problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is

high Due to embankment there

made some polder These polder

are connect to the river with a

channel But in the time there

havenrsquot proper management the

channel are closed so that the

river water canrsquot enter in this

polder This polder are generally

lower than the river side In rainy

season the water enter in this

polder create waterlogging This

situation stay at least six months

Most of the southern district face

this problem This one problem

generate others problems like

economic and social problem

Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem

the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this

problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal

Waterlogging

Cyclone

Salinity

Agricultural and Economic

Social and political

13 Objective of the study

The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging

problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the

basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems

The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to

water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some

recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input

for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems

These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary

information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of

the study

i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila

ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like

hydrological and sedimentological processes

iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for

better management of storm water

14 Scope of the study

The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run

solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem

The waterlogging problem are gradually increased

To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the

inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus

the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to

storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of

the problem

15 Geology of This Area

The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts

encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes

32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt

of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass

and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta

called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta The coast of

Bangladesh is about 710km long The

southwestern coastal belt belongs to the

Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district

belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta

Parts of Khulna district belongs to both

active and inactive Ganges delta and

parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the

active Ganges delta respectively

Based on geomorphologic features the

coastal areas of Bangladesh have been

divided into three distinct regions viz the

eastern region the central region and the

western region and the study area

belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and

deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of

Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on

cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12

districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48

Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower

estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the

remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are

defined as interior coast

The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of

Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea

level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the

study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal

Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by

only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are

generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of

Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an

overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of

Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh

Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Abstract

Last two decade southwestern area mostly Khulna division face slow one

set disaster waterlogging Due to high siltation rivers are loss their

Navigability as there heat Flood and Waterlogging in every year Gradual

siltation is the main source of the problem on the riverbed triggered by

inadequate runoffs in the southern reaches caused by the polders

constructed under the Coastal Embankment Project (CEP) during the

sixties For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an

immediate and short-term measure Auto sedimentation by river could be

considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising the low lands or

beels The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation channels

can be excavated and the excavated sediment can be used for creating

or raising the rural roads polder or embankment to mitigating the flood or

water logging problem in the region For continuing crop production local

people are engaged in floating agriculture crop production with Sorjan

method and fish cultivation in lowland to utilize the water-logged land

around the southern region They elevate and widen the surroundings of

that waterlogged land utilized for vegetable and fruit production

The study analyzed soil salinity and some essential soil nutrients for rice plant

as affected by a shrimp-based cropping system The study was conducted

in a village located in Satkhira district Two main cropping systems the

shrimp-boro rice cropping system and the aman rice-boro rice cropping

system are mainly practiced by local farmers in the study village The results

revealed that the soil salinity level of the shrimp-boro rice cropping system

was higher than that of aman rice-boro over the consecutive years of 2010

2011 and 2012 The soil was found moderately saline Some nutrient

elements were available in adequate amounts salinity kept these nutrients

from being taken up by the rice plants since salinity changes the osmotic

pressure of the soil solution system This may ultimately lead to a reduction

in rice yield and threaten the sustainability of the local shrimp-boro rice

cropping system

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I would like to express my debt of gratitude to our Chairman sir

Professor Dr A S M Maksud Kamal for his valuable time spend for arrangement

this field work I express my thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to our team

leader B M Rabby Hossain Lecturer Department of Disaster Science and

Management University of Dhaka for His spontaneous arrangement and caring

guidance He deserve my thanks for his valuable lectures good planning for the trip and

great affection His theoretical and Practical knowledge help me much to clarify my

concept and complete this report

I also express my thanks of our respected teachers Israth Ferdause S M Kamrul

Hassan Lecturer Dept of Disaster Science and Management Department and

Mohammad Anwar Hossain Lacturar Dept of Sociology Begum Rokeya University

Rangpur for their environmental and sociological suggestion cordiality and his friendly

attitude during field work

I would like to express my special gratitude to Mamunur Rashid Project Manager UNDP

for his kind support to arrange the project work for the increased our knowledge on field

work

My special thanks to all my DSM classmates for their warm friendship and help to

complete the project work and ready a report on this project work Special thanks to

UNDP and UTTRON for their Financial accommodation support and in other purposes I

am quite convinced with the person whose are cooked food for us and get security us

Content

Chapter Page No

Abstract I

Acknowledgement II

Contents III

Chapter ndash 1 Introduction 01

11 Introduction 02

12 Statement of the problem 03

13 Objective of the study 04

14 Scope of the study 04

15 Geology of this area 05

16 Geomorphological condition 06

17 Study area 09

171 Area 09

172 Agriculture and land use 12

173 Political and social condition 14

18 Limitation of the work 16

Chapter ndash 2 Literature review 17

Chapter ndash 3 Methodology 20

31

Hydrological Process 21

311 Tidal influence 21

312 Water table Measurement 22

313 Ground water properties 23

32 Sedimentological 25

33 Environmental Assessment 26

Chapter ndash 4 Data Analysis 28

a 41 Hydrological Analysis 29

42 Sedementological Analysis 35

421 Type of Sediment 36

422 Sediment quality 36

423 Sediment deposit 37

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to

deposit

38

43 FGD Data Analysis 39

431 Khesra Union 41

432 Jalalpur Union 45

Chapter ndash 5 Hazard Assessment 47

51 Hazards of this area 48

511 Water-logging 49

512 Salinity 50

52 Causes of Hazard 52

521 Causes of Waterlogging 52

522 Cause of Salinity 53

Effect of Hazards 54

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene 54

532 Food 55

533 Housing and Shelter 55

534 Livelihood and Food Security 56

535 Health and Nutrition 56

536 Children and Education 57

537 Impact of Salinity 57

Chapter ndash 6 Result and Discussion 58

Chapter ndash 7 Conclusion 59

Chapter ndash 8 References

60

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction

Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage

basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of

population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several

human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage

etc

In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come

from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area

is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area

Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA

12 Statement of the problem

Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The

southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand

deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna

Patuakhali and Many others

In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of

cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural

and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve

the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act

1952

The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation

processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in

upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of

sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of

BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time

mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank

Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet

ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was

written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people

of this area and the authority

The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big

problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is

high Due to embankment there

made some polder These polder

are connect to the river with a

channel But in the time there

havenrsquot proper management the

channel are closed so that the

river water canrsquot enter in this

polder This polder are generally

lower than the river side In rainy

season the water enter in this

polder create waterlogging This

situation stay at least six months

Most of the southern district face

this problem This one problem

generate others problems like

economic and social problem

Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem

the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this

problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal

Waterlogging

Cyclone

Salinity

Agricultural and Economic

Social and political

13 Objective of the study

The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging

problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the

basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems

The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to

water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some

recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input

for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems

These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary

information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of

the study

i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila

ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like

hydrological and sedimentological processes

iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for

better management of storm water

14 Scope of the study

The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run

solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem

The waterlogging problem are gradually increased

To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the

inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus

the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to

storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of

the problem

15 Geology of This Area

The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts

encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes

32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt

of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass

and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta

called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta The coast of

Bangladesh is about 710km long The

southwestern coastal belt belongs to the

Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district

belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta

Parts of Khulna district belongs to both

active and inactive Ganges delta and

parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the

active Ganges delta respectively

Based on geomorphologic features the

coastal areas of Bangladesh have been

divided into three distinct regions viz the

eastern region the central region and the

western region and the study area

belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and

deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of

Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on

cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12

districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48

Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower

estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the

remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are

defined as interior coast

The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of

Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea

level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the

study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal

Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by

only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are

generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of

Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an

overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of

Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh

Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I would like to express my debt of gratitude to our Chairman sir

Professor Dr A S M Maksud Kamal for his valuable time spend for arrangement

this field work I express my thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to our team

leader B M Rabby Hossain Lecturer Department of Disaster Science and

Management University of Dhaka for His spontaneous arrangement and caring

guidance He deserve my thanks for his valuable lectures good planning for the trip and

great affection His theoretical and Practical knowledge help me much to clarify my

concept and complete this report

I also express my thanks of our respected teachers Israth Ferdause S M Kamrul

Hassan Lecturer Dept of Disaster Science and Management Department and

Mohammad Anwar Hossain Lacturar Dept of Sociology Begum Rokeya University

Rangpur for their environmental and sociological suggestion cordiality and his friendly

attitude during field work

I would like to express my special gratitude to Mamunur Rashid Project Manager UNDP

for his kind support to arrange the project work for the increased our knowledge on field

work

My special thanks to all my DSM classmates for their warm friendship and help to

complete the project work and ready a report on this project work Special thanks to

UNDP and UTTRON for their Financial accommodation support and in other purposes I

am quite convinced with the person whose are cooked food for us and get security us

Content

Chapter Page No

Abstract I

Acknowledgement II

Contents III

Chapter ndash 1 Introduction 01

11 Introduction 02

12 Statement of the problem 03

13 Objective of the study 04

14 Scope of the study 04

15 Geology of this area 05

16 Geomorphological condition 06

17 Study area 09

171 Area 09

172 Agriculture and land use 12

173 Political and social condition 14

18 Limitation of the work 16

Chapter ndash 2 Literature review 17

Chapter ndash 3 Methodology 20

31

Hydrological Process 21

311 Tidal influence 21

312 Water table Measurement 22

313 Ground water properties 23

32 Sedimentological 25

33 Environmental Assessment 26

Chapter ndash 4 Data Analysis 28

a 41 Hydrological Analysis 29

42 Sedementological Analysis 35

421 Type of Sediment 36

422 Sediment quality 36

423 Sediment deposit 37

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to

deposit

38

43 FGD Data Analysis 39

431 Khesra Union 41

432 Jalalpur Union 45

Chapter ndash 5 Hazard Assessment 47

51 Hazards of this area 48

511 Water-logging 49

512 Salinity 50

52 Causes of Hazard 52

521 Causes of Waterlogging 52

522 Cause of Salinity 53

Effect of Hazards 54

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene 54

532 Food 55

533 Housing and Shelter 55

534 Livelihood and Food Security 56

535 Health and Nutrition 56

536 Children and Education 57

537 Impact of Salinity 57

Chapter ndash 6 Result and Discussion 58

Chapter ndash 7 Conclusion 59

Chapter ndash 8 References

60

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction

Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage

basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of

population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several

human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage

etc

In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come

from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area

is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area

Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA

12 Statement of the problem

Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The

southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand

deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna

Patuakhali and Many others

In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of

cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural

and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve

the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act

1952

The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation

processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in

upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of

sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of

BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time

mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank

Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet

ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was

written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people

of this area and the authority

The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big

problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is

high Due to embankment there

made some polder These polder

are connect to the river with a

channel But in the time there

havenrsquot proper management the

channel are closed so that the

river water canrsquot enter in this

polder This polder are generally

lower than the river side In rainy

season the water enter in this

polder create waterlogging This

situation stay at least six months

Most of the southern district face

this problem This one problem

generate others problems like

economic and social problem

Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem

the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this

problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal

Waterlogging

Cyclone

Salinity

Agricultural and Economic

Social and political

13 Objective of the study

The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging

problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the

basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems

The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to

water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some

recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input

for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems

These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary

information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of

the study

i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila

ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like

hydrological and sedimentological processes

iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for

better management of storm water

14 Scope of the study

The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run

solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem

The waterlogging problem are gradually increased

To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the

inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus

the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to

storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of

the problem

15 Geology of This Area

The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts

encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes

32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt

of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass

and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta

called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta The coast of

Bangladesh is about 710km long The

southwestern coastal belt belongs to the

Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district

belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta

Parts of Khulna district belongs to both

active and inactive Ganges delta and

parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the

active Ganges delta respectively

Based on geomorphologic features the

coastal areas of Bangladesh have been

divided into three distinct regions viz the

eastern region the central region and the

western region and the study area

belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and

deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of

Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on

cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12

districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48

Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower

estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the

remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are

defined as interior coast

The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of

Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea

level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the

study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal

Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by

only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are

generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of

Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an

overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of

Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh

Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Content

Chapter Page No

Abstract I

Acknowledgement II

Contents III

Chapter ndash 1 Introduction 01

11 Introduction 02

12 Statement of the problem 03

13 Objective of the study 04

14 Scope of the study 04

15 Geology of this area 05

16 Geomorphological condition 06

17 Study area 09

171 Area 09

172 Agriculture and land use 12

173 Political and social condition 14

18 Limitation of the work 16

Chapter ndash 2 Literature review 17

Chapter ndash 3 Methodology 20

31

Hydrological Process 21

311 Tidal influence 21

312 Water table Measurement 22

313 Ground water properties 23

32 Sedimentological 25

33 Environmental Assessment 26

Chapter ndash 4 Data Analysis 28

a 41 Hydrological Analysis 29

42 Sedementological Analysis 35

421 Type of Sediment 36

422 Sediment quality 36

423 Sediment deposit 37

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to

deposit

38

43 FGD Data Analysis 39

431 Khesra Union 41

432 Jalalpur Union 45

Chapter ndash 5 Hazard Assessment 47

51 Hazards of this area 48

511 Water-logging 49

512 Salinity 50

52 Causes of Hazard 52

521 Causes of Waterlogging 52

522 Cause of Salinity 53

Effect of Hazards 54

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene 54

532 Food 55

533 Housing and Shelter 55

534 Livelihood and Food Security 56

535 Health and Nutrition 56

536 Children and Education 57

537 Impact of Salinity 57

Chapter ndash 6 Result and Discussion 58

Chapter ndash 7 Conclusion 59

Chapter ndash 8 References

60

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction

Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage

basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of

population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several

human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage

etc

In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come

from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area

is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area

Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA

12 Statement of the problem

Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The

southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand

deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna

Patuakhali and Many others

In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of

cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural

and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve

the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act

1952

The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation

processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in

upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of

sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of

BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time

mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank

Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet

ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was

written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people

of this area and the authority

The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big

problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is

high Due to embankment there

made some polder These polder

are connect to the river with a

channel But in the time there

havenrsquot proper management the

channel are closed so that the

river water canrsquot enter in this

polder This polder are generally

lower than the river side In rainy

season the water enter in this

polder create waterlogging This

situation stay at least six months

Most of the southern district face

this problem This one problem

generate others problems like

economic and social problem

Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem

the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this

problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal

Waterlogging

Cyclone

Salinity

Agricultural and Economic

Social and political

13 Objective of the study

The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging

problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the

basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems

The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to

water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some

recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input

for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems

These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary

information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of

the study

i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila

ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like

hydrological and sedimentological processes

iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for

better management of storm water

14 Scope of the study

The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run

solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem

The waterlogging problem are gradually increased

To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the

inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus

the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to

storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of

the problem

15 Geology of This Area

The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts

encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes

32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt

of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass

and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta

called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta The coast of

Bangladesh is about 710km long The

southwestern coastal belt belongs to the

Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district

belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta

Parts of Khulna district belongs to both

active and inactive Ganges delta and

parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the

active Ganges delta respectively

Based on geomorphologic features the

coastal areas of Bangladesh have been

divided into three distinct regions viz the

eastern region the central region and the

western region and the study area

belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and

deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of

Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on

cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12

districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48

Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower

estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the

remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are

defined as interior coast

The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of

Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea

level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the

study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal

Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by

only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are

generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of

Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an

overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of

Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh

Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

52 Causes of Hazard 52

521 Causes of Waterlogging 52

522 Cause of Salinity 53

Effect of Hazards 54

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene 54

532 Food 55

533 Housing and Shelter 55

534 Livelihood and Food Security 56

535 Health and Nutrition 56

536 Children and Education 57

537 Impact of Salinity 57

Chapter ndash 6 Result and Discussion 58

Chapter ndash 7 Conclusion 59

Chapter ndash 8 References

60

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction

Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage

basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of

population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several

human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage

etc

In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come

from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area

is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area

Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA

12 Statement of the problem

Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The

southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand

deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna

Patuakhali and Many others

In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of

cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural

and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve

the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act

1952

The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation

processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in

upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of

sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of

BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time

mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank

Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet

ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was

written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people

of this area and the authority

The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big

problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is

high Due to embankment there

made some polder These polder

are connect to the river with a

channel But in the time there

havenrsquot proper management the

channel are closed so that the

river water canrsquot enter in this

polder This polder are generally

lower than the river side In rainy

season the water enter in this

polder create waterlogging This

situation stay at least six months

Most of the southern district face

this problem This one problem

generate others problems like

economic and social problem

Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem

the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this

problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal

Waterlogging

Cyclone

Salinity

Agricultural and Economic

Social and political

13 Objective of the study

The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging

problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the

basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems

The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to

water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some

recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input

for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems

These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary

information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of

the study

i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila

ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like

hydrological and sedimentological processes

iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for

better management of storm water

14 Scope of the study

The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run

solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem

The waterlogging problem are gradually increased

To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the

inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus

the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to

storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of

the problem

15 Geology of This Area

The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts

encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes

32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt

of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass

and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta

called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta The coast of

Bangladesh is about 710km long The

southwestern coastal belt belongs to the

Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district

belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta

Parts of Khulna district belongs to both

active and inactive Ganges delta and

parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the

active Ganges delta respectively

Based on geomorphologic features the

coastal areas of Bangladesh have been

divided into three distinct regions viz the

eastern region the central region and the

western region and the study area

belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and

deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of

Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on

cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12

districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48

Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower

estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the

remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are

defined as interior coast

The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of

Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea

level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the

study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal

Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by

only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are

generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of

Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an

overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of

Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh

Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Chapter-1

INTRODUCTION

11 Introduction

Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage

basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of

population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several

human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage

etc

In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come

from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area

is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area

Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA

12 Statement of the problem

Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The

southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand

deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna

Patuakhali and Many others

In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of

cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural

and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve

the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act

1952

The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation

processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in

upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of

sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of

BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time

mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank

Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet

ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was

written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people

of this area and the authority

The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big

problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is

high Due to embankment there

made some polder These polder

are connect to the river with a

channel But in the time there

havenrsquot proper management the

channel are closed so that the

river water canrsquot enter in this

polder This polder are generally

lower than the river side In rainy

season the water enter in this

polder create waterlogging This

situation stay at least six months

Most of the southern district face

this problem This one problem

generate others problems like

economic and social problem

Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem

the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this

problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal

Waterlogging

Cyclone

Salinity

Agricultural and Economic

Social and political

13 Objective of the study

The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging

problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the

basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems

The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to

water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some

recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input

for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems

These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary

information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of

the study

i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila

ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like

hydrological and sedimentological processes

iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for

better management of storm water

14 Scope of the study

The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run

solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem

The waterlogging problem are gradually increased

To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the

inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus

the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to

storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of

the problem

15 Geology of This Area

The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts

encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes

32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt

of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass

and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta

called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta The coast of

Bangladesh is about 710km long The

southwestern coastal belt belongs to the

Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district

belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta

Parts of Khulna district belongs to both

active and inactive Ganges delta and

parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the

active Ganges delta respectively

Based on geomorphologic features the

coastal areas of Bangladesh have been

divided into three distinct regions viz the

eastern region the central region and the

western region and the study area

belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and

deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of

Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on

cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12

districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48

Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower

estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the

remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are

defined as interior coast

The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of

Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea

level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the

study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal

Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by

only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are

generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of

Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an

overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of

Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh

Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

11 Introduction

Bangladesh is a country of Disaster Is stand in southern part of Asia Its work as a drainage

basin of 3 large river system Padma Megna and Jamuna With large amount of

population Bangladesh is experiencing environmental degradation There are several

human and natural processes like sea-level rise decrease river flow dam and Barrage

etc

In southern part of Bangladesh is form in last of Eocene period Mostly sand that come

from northern hilly area of India This sand is deposit in riverbank and river bed Study area

is one of the most natural and man-made slow one set disaster prone area

Map 11Upazila Administrative Map TALA

12 Statement of the problem

Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The

southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand

deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna

Patuakhali and Many others

In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of

cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural

and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve

the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act

1952

The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation

processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in

upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of

sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of

BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time

mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank

Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet

ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was

written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people

of this area and the authority

The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big

problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is

high Due to embankment there

made some polder These polder

are connect to the river with a

channel But in the time there

havenrsquot proper management the

channel are closed so that the

river water canrsquot enter in this

polder This polder are generally

lower than the river side In rainy

season the water enter in this

polder create waterlogging This

situation stay at least six months

Most of the southern district face

this problem This one problem

generate others problems like

economic and social problem

Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem

the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this

problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal

Waterlogging

Cyclone

Salinity

Agricultural and Economic

Social and political

13 Objective of the study

The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging

problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the

basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems

The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to

water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some

recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input

for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems

These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary

information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of

the study

i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila

ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like

hydrological and sedimentological processes

iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for

better management of storm water

14 Scope of the study

The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run

solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem

The waterlogging problem are gradually increased

To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the

inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus

the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to

storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of

the problem

15 Geology of This Area

The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts

encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes

32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt

of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass

and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta

called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta The coast of

Bangladesh is about 710km long The

southwestern coastal belt belongs to the

Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district

belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta

Parts of Khulna district belongs to both

active and inactive Ganges delta and

parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the

active Ganges delta respectively

Based on geomorphologic features the

coastal areas of Bangladesh have been

divided into three distinct regions viz the

eastern region the central region and the

western region and the study area

belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and

deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of

Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on

cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12

districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48

Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower

estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the

remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are

defined as interior coast

The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of

Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea

level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the

study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal

Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by

only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are

generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of

Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an

overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of

Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh

Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

12 Statement of the problem

Bangladesh is located on the extensive floodplains of the Ganges and Brahmaputra The

southern part of Bangladesh is formed last geologic age and mostly formed by sand

deposit Most of the southwestern district like Sthkhira Khulna Jeshor Bagerhat Baguna

Patuakhali and Many others

In rainy season when the river water is high this water inanded the river bank Time of

cyclone the storm surge heat the river site people There heavy damage of agricultural

and other raw products It also a heavy destruction of our economy Thus the govt solve

the problem and made the embankment On the rule of Embankment and Drainage act

1952

The rivers of Bangladesh mostly deltaic Here the tidal influence is high Sedimentation

processes is a large factor to generate this problems Most of the rivers are generate in

upstream hill like Himalaya and others hills The river water carried huge amount of

sediment Due to high velocity this sediment deposit mostly southern part of

BangladeshBetween high and low tide the river water stay for few times these time

mostly sand are deposit in rover bed and river bank

Once upon a time Kobodak river is a famous river The bank of Kobodak our famous poet

ldquoMaichel Modhu Sudon Dottardquo was born and his famous poem ldquokopotakkho nodrdquo was

written with this river But now a days this river is one of the main problem of the people

of this area and the authority

The embankment are made for the solution of the problem but now it create a big

problem like waterlogging Gradually sand are deposit in river bank and its elevation is

high Due to embankment there

made some polder These polder

are connect to the river with a

channel But in the time there

havenrsquot proper management the

channel are closed so that the

river water canrsquot enter in this

polder This polder are generally

lower than the river side In rainy

season the water enter in this

polder create waterlogging This

situation stay at least six months

Most of the southern district face

this problem This one problem

generate others problems like

economic and social problem

Due to waterlogging govt try to solve this problem But there create a political problem

the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this

problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal

Waterlogging

Cyclone

Salinity

Agricultural and Economic

Social and political

13 Objective of the study

The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging

problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the

basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems

The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to

water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some

recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input

for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems

These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary

information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of

the study

i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila

ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like

hydrological and sedimentological processes

iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for

better management of storm water

14 Scope of the study

The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run

solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem

The waterlogging problem are gradually increased

To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the

inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus

the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to

storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of

the problem

15 Geology of This Area

The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts

encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes

32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt

of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass

and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta

called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta The coast of

Bangladesh is about 710km long The

southwestern coastal belt belongs to the

Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district

belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta

Parts of Khulna district belongs to both

active and inactive Ganges delta and

parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the

active Ganges delta respectively

Based on geomorphologic features the

coastal areas of Bangladesh have been

divided into three distinct regions viz the

eastern region the central region and the

western region and the study area

belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and

deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of

Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on

cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12

districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48

Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower

estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the

remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are

defined as interior coast

The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of

Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea

level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the

study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal

Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by

only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are

generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of

Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an

overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of

Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh

Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

the political strong group are join in fisheries (shrimp cultivate) They didnrsquot solve this

problem Due to economic problem people are join with many criminal

Waterlogging

Cyclone

Salinity

Agricultural and Economic

Social and political

13 Objective of the study

The primary focus of the study would be on the factors influencing the water logging

problem in study area (Tala Upazila) The secondary focus to find out a solution on the

basis of this sedementological hydrological and socioeconomically problems

The effects on human life economy and the environmental quality of the city due to

water logging would be studied At the end of the study there are some

recommendations from the technical social and institutional point of views as an input

for the concerned authorities for better management of the waterlogging problems

These recommendations are based on the observation discussion and primary

information that have been collected for the study However the specific objectives of

the study

i) Find out the causes of waterlogging of Tala Upazila

ii) Give some technical solution about Tidal River Management (TRM) like

hydrological and sedimentological processes

iii) Provide some recommendations as an input for the concerned authorities for

better management of storm water

14 Scope of the study

The embankment made for the solution but at first itrsquos give some benefit In a long run

solution made a problem Last few decade people of these area are face this problem

The waterlogging problem are gradually increased

To overcome the water logging problem of Tala Upazila it is necessary to find out the

inherent causes of this problem considering its associated impacts on the human life Thus

the study focuses to find out the causes addressing its effects of water logging due to

storm water which will be helpful to take appropriate steps for better management of

the problem

15 Geology of This Area

The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts

encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes

32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt

of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass

and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta

called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta The coast of

Bangladesh is about 710km long The

southwestern coastal belt belongs to the

Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district

belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta

Parts of Khulna district belongs to both

active and inactive Ganges delta and

parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the

active Ganges delta respectively

Based on geomorphologic features the

coastal areas of Bangladesh have been

divided into three distinct regions viz the

eastern region the central region and the

western region and the study area

belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and

deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of

Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on

cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12

districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48

Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower

estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the

remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are

defined as interior coast

The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of

Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea

level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the

study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal

Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by

only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are

generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of

Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an

overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of

Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh

Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

15 Geology of This Area

The coastal belt of Bangladesh consists of 19 coastal districts out of 64 districts

encompassing 147 upazilas including the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and constitutes

32 percent of the area and 28 percent of the population of Bangladesh The coastal belt

of Bangladesh forms the lowest landmass

and is part of the worldrsquos largest delta

called the Bengal Delta or Ganges-

Brahmaputra Delta The coast of

Bangladesh is about 710km long The

southwestern coastal belt belongs to the

Tidal Delta and parts of Satkhira district

belongs to the inactive Gangesdelta

Parts of Khulna district belongs to both

active and inactive Ganges delta and

parts of Bagerhat district belongs to the

active Ganges delta respectively

Based on geomorphologic features the

coastal areas of Bangladesh have been

divided into three distinct regions viz the

eastern region the central region and the

western region and the study area

belongs to the western region which is characterized by dense mangrove forest and

deeply scoured tidal channels According to PDO-ICZMP (2003) the coastal zone of

Bangladesh has been classified into exposed coast and interior coast (figure) based on

cyclonic storm surges salinity and tidal influence 12

districts out of 19 coastal districts comprising 48

Upazilas are exposed to the Bay of Bengal or lower

estuaries and are defined as exposed coast and the

remaining 99 Upazilas of the coastal districts are

defined as interior coast

The geology of the southwestern coastal belt of

Bangladesh is characterized by active tectonism sea

level fluctuation and tidal activity Tectonically the

study area belongs to the Foredeep of the Bengal

Deep (geosynclinal) Basin which is characterized by

only mild or no folding So the sedimentary layers are

generally horizontal The coastal zone is composed of

Quaternary sediments carried by the Ganges-

Brahmaputra-Meghna river system forming an

overlapping deltaic arc About 25 million tons of

Map 12Coastal Zoning Map of Bangladesh

Map 13Geological Map of Bangladesh

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

sediment is carried annually by this mighty river system and 970 billion cubic meter of

water is discharged into the Bay of Bengal This huge load of sediments finds its way into

the Bengal deep sea fan The southwestern coastal belt belongs to the tidal delta and

partly of both active and inactive Ganges delta and is composed of floodplain

sediments mainly clay silty clay sandy clay and sand Depositional pattern is very

complex and it is difficult to find a regular or continuous succession but it shows a

heterogeneous mixture of sand silt and clay

The southwestern coastal belt is crisscrossed by a large number of rivers and their

tributaries The major rivers of Satkhira district are the Morichap River Kholpotua River

Betna River Raimangal River Hariabhanga River Ichamati River Betrabati River and

Kalindi-Jamuna River The major rivers of Bagerhat district are the Panguchi Daratana

Madhumati Pasur Haringhata Mongla Baleswar Bangra and Goshairkhali whereas the

major rivers of Khulna district are the Rupsa-Pasur Bhairab Shibsha Dharla Bhadra Ball

and Kobadak The Rupsa River is formed by the union of Bhairab River and Atrai Rivers

Near Chalna it changes its name to Pasur River and flows into the Bay of Bengal The

Pasur River is tributary of the Ganges River The Bhairab River originates from Tengamari

border of Meherpur district and bisects the Khulna city into two parts and passes through

the Jessore town

16 Geomorphological Condition of this area

The coastal area of Bangladesh is complex delta of vast network of river

systemscomprising the mighty Ganges Brahmaputra and Meghna In general the river

systems have their origin in India ndashthe Ganges from the Himalayas and the Brahmaputra

from Khashi Jayantia hills in the northeast of the country

While flowing through Bangladesh on their way to the Bay of Bengal these rivers carry an

estimated annual sediment load of about 25 million tons These sediments are subjected

to coastal dynamic process and lead to recreation and erosion in the coastal area of

Bangladesh This complex geographical phenomenon introduces slow mutative

changes in coastal region of Bangladesh of various effects new land formation is a

significant factor in influencing socio-economic scenario of the coastal zone

Coastal area is infested with vast network of rivers and estuaries According of UN ESCAP

the morphology of the coastal region may be better described as rdquo a vast network of

rivers an enormous discharge of river water heavily laden with sediments both

suspended and bed load a large number of islands in between the channels the

Swatch of NO Ground (a submarine Canyon) running NE-SW partially across the

continental shelf about 24 km south of the Bangladesh a funnel-shaped and shallow

northern Bay of Bengal to the north of which the coastal area of Bangladesh is located

strong tidal and wind actions and a tropical cyclones and their associated storm surgesrdquo

Coastal environment and morphology are relatively less suitable for traditional field crop

cultivation Administration therefore with the primary objective to improve crop

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

cultivation undertook measures to control tidal flows which has resulted in indiscriminate

spread of shrimp culture and in the process (soil and water) salinity has become an

important environmental degrading parameter

These factors are jointly operating in complicated way to bring about geomorphologic

changes in the coastal belts of Bangladesh Geomorphology of coastal region exhibits

special variation concern is more on variation in eastwest direction On the basis of

available information on geomorphologic variables eg land structure soil salinity etc

The coast of Bangladesh may be as has been delineated into several homogenous

region It has more often been sub-divided into regions namely

1 South Eastern Region (SER)

2 South Central Region (SCR)

3 South Western Region (SWR)

South Eastern Region (SER)

The South Eastern Region extends

from the Feni River to Badar

Mokam of the district of Coxrsquos

Bazar The SER is regular and

unbroken and is protected

(along) with sea coast by mud

flats and submerged sands A

continuous strip of sand runs from

Coxrsquos Bazar to Badar Mokam and

forms a long beach

The coastal districts of Chittagong

and Coxrsquos Bazar belong to this

region The Chittagong port is also

situated in this part of the coast

which has helped urbanization of

the region

South Central Region (SCR)

This coastal area comprises

Pirojpur Jhalakathi Barisal

Barguna Patuakhali Bhola

Noakhali Feni and Lakshmipur

district This region in the east-

west direction runs from the Feni

to Baleswar River Along with the

mighty Meghna river other

important rivers of this region are

Garai-Madhumati Baleswar Arail Map 14Coastal Regional Map of Bangladesh

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Khan Kirtonkhalo-Bishkhali Lohalia Payra Sobipur Lata Coacha Shandhya etc The

region is geographically most volatile Sediments carried by the rivers and flood waters

are primarily responsible apart from cyclonic sea storms for the formation of Chars (new

land area) on the one hand and erosion of river banks on the other hand which in turn

causes (course) change of river flow These are more or less continuous phenomena of

this region Much of the dynamic nature of this region is due to the fact that the three

major rivers ndash the Ganges the Brahmaputra and the Meghna- have joined to form many

estuaries

The coastal line of this region is thus highly broken and consists of a series of islands

(formed by sediment deposits) It is worth mentioning that Barisal and Patuakhali are

surrounded by many canals Agriculture of the region thrives on water supplied by the

canals Canals are gradually silted up

South Western Region (SWR)

South western coastal region spreads between the rivers Baleswar in the east and

Raimongal Kalindi and Ichamoti of the country with India and consists of Khulna Satkhira

and Bagerhat The world famous Sundarbans forest belongs to this region Rivers of the

zone are Rupsa Pasur Shibsha Madhumati-Baleswar Kobadak Kholpetua etc River

channels are deeper than other two coastal areas Together with these deep rivers

numerous estuaries in and around the delta of the Ganges-Padma River are primary

sources of sweet water

The Ganges-Padma river system is responsible for maintaining agro-climatic and ecology

of this zone This region has normally been referred to as the Ganges-Padma flood plain

which is the coast line in general and transverse to the structure of the continental

margin Forest is much more abundant in this region as a matter of fact world famous

Sundarbans is situated in this coastal part of Bangladesh which is again famous for

containing the largest mangrove The dense mangrove forests restrict the adverse effects

of cyclone and substantially help prevent erosion and accretion etc Forest cover of the

region has helped stability of this coastal belt

The coastal area of Bangladesh is confluence of land sea and atmosphere Some

changes in the geomorphologic parameters like soil salinity water salinity water flow in

rivers and estuaries are adversely affecting coastal agriculture Rivers and canals being

the source of irrigation water are not easily available in the coastal area which is

surrounded by rivers and estuaries Increase of soil and water salinity level is also

mentionable in this respect Extension or irrigation is questioned Indeed river water

irrigation for augmenting productivity may not besuitable option for coastal zone of

Bangladesh Statistics reveal that soil and water salinity are harmful for cropping and

productivity thus sustainability of agriculture is under threat in coastal zone

Coastal belt of Bangladesh is one of the depressed regions of the nation Despite having

potentialities to accelerate growth this region is lagging in many aspects Primary reason

for sluggish growth of coastal agriculture sector is the administrative negligence in

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

making proper response to the agro-climatic factors of the coastal area The importance

of policy issues is needed in this respect

17 Study Area

711 Area

The project area is located in the south-western part of Bangladesh We work in two pilot

project one is stand in Khesra another is Jalalapur In map they are stand 2204252 N

Map 15Project Study area map

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

8901512 E at Khesra point and 2203922 N 8901657 E at Jalalpur point The area of our

pilot project is 12 km2 in Khasra and 015 km2 in Jalalapur

The studied area belonging to the Tala Upazila in Satkhira district that about 45 km NNE

direction of Satkhira towns and is also

about 265 km SSW of DhakaIt needed

about 6 hour and 45 min reached

thereMy study area are two pilot

project one is Khesra Union and other is

Jalalapur union both of them are

under Tala upazila Two of the project is

stand bank of the Kopotakkho River

The distance of two site form our base

camp (Uttron) 4km khesra and 13km

Jalalapur

The Tala Upazila is well communicated

from Dhaka by bus You also going to

by train or air in Khulna then Tala

Upazila is connected with the metalloid

road Our basecamp and the project

site are connected with metalloid semi

metalloid and unpaved road We

going there by a spatial car

(Votvoti)Fig

Map 16 Project Study area map

Fig 12 Local Vehicle (Votvoti)

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Location of our study area

Site-1 Jalalpur

Our project site 1 Jalalpur itrsquos about 43

km far form our basecamp It was right

bank of the kobodak river of Jalalpur

Union Our pilot project site

connecting with river by a dead khal

(Small River) Due to sand deposit

mouth of the khal the tidal influence

canrsquot reach this project site Length of

the project site is 048 km and weidth

is 025 km total area is 011 m2 There

were a pond in project site ndash 1 area

with 066 hector

Site-2 Khesra

Our project site 2 Khesra itrsquos about 13

km farfrom our basecamp It stand

right bank of the kobodak river of

Khesra Union The project site-2

Khesra Due to sand deposit mouth of

the khal the tidal influence canrsquot

reach this project site Length of the

project site is 055 km and weidth is 02

km total area is 013 m2 There were a

pond in project site ndash 2 area with 066

hectorMap 18

Map 17Project area map Site -1

Map 18 Project area map Site -2

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

172 Agricultural and Land Use

As a flood plain area most of the land are used for cultivate Due to waterlogging and

source of saline water last few decade there people started to cultivate the Shrimp

Source of water Form River people are cultivate several type of crops like Paddy wheat

potato jute sugarcane and many oher type of crops and fruits In below table we see that the

most of the land are use as cultivated paddy Wheat and potato is also cultivate here

Map 19 Agricultural Map of Bangladesh

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Most of the agriculture land are used for cultivated paddy Here mainly three type of

paddy are cultivated like Aus Aman Boro In year 10-11 in districtstatistics says that 21768

MT tone Aus 271130 mt tone Aman 263377mtone Boro

Here also cultivate several type of fruits and vegetable like Mango Litchi Blackberry

Jackfruits Banana Guava and Pineapple lime and lemon Vegetables Are Cauliflower

Cucumber Brinjal Ladyrsquos Finger Arum Pumpkin Parble (Potol) Cabbage Tomato

Radish Bean Turmeric and Ginger But most of them are cultivate for the family purpose

But some are cultivate for the economic purpose There are also cultivate some Spices

(pepper onion garlic) oil seed (Rape amp mustard Ground nut Til) and Pulse (Gram Motor

Khesari Mash-kalai)

People of this area is also breeding some kind of domestic animal like Cows Buffalo Goat

and sheep Below the tablewe see that7 upazila of Satkhira district are breeding this type

of domestic animal In stastics reposrt 2010 - 2011see that the seven distict ofSatkhira are

breeding 451593 number of CowBuffalo 454333 picess of Goat and 36945 pices of

Sheeps

173 Social and Political Condition

Table Cattle of Satkhira districts

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Satkhira district came into being in 1984 as a full pledged district had created out

of greater Khulna district It is one of coastal district where biggest mangrove

forest of the world the Sundarban is situated 70 of our total fish comes and 90

of export earnings from frozen foods comes from Satkhira and this the place

where the bread basket of Bangladesh is situated

Unfortunately this potential and important area has been experiencing changes

of political and the socio- economic phenomena with the expansion of shrimp

culture Embankment was erected in sixties decade before that sea water flows

was open In eighties shrimp cultivation started Since 1994 fish fry has been

become scarce Import of fry started at that time and virus infection has been

detected alarmingly

In agriculture once Tala Upazila was famous for its crop production Particularly

this Upazila is self sufficient in respect of food production Mainly Kabadak river is

flowing over the Tala Upazila We found some mangrove trees in Tala And it

indicates that the Upazila is situated nearby the Sundarban mangrove forest

caused monsoon climatic affect which once caused enough rainfall But due to

climate changes and recently happened Aiala and Sidar the physical

environment of the district has been devastated enormously We the team of 30

members from Dept of Disaster Science and Management visited Tala Upazila

and Khesra and Jalapur Union intensively and tried to find out the causes and

extend of change in political patterns and social- economic impacts of shrimp

culture

From our investigation (FGD KII) we mainly see that most of the land are covered

by saline water for shrimp cultivation And these are rounded by polders By Focal

Group Discussion we know that this shrimp cultivation mainly owned by single

owner although huge area covered by each polder Even one have many

polders But horrible news is that he is not the owner of the lands He is powerful

and political so he forced farmer to deal with shrimp cultivation is his polder So

the socio-economic condition is totally decreased at high rate Due to shrimp

cultivation social and political condition have been changed and arise many

others problems------------------------------

Shrimp cultivation is taken place in the arable land Shrimp is a

permanent crop so changes of land ownership is happening which

not encourage forestation of the area

Problems of drinking water has been acute but not for shrimp but due

to increase of salinity of the water and public health is also

endangered

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Before flourishing the shrimp cultivation in many case due to other

problem many land owner could have to starve for meager

agricultural production

Level of saline intrusion in the area has been evident less quantity in

early time

Most of the tributaries and rivers has dried and up stream flow of

water have been stranded consequently salinity of the surface water

has increased more than tolerable level which helps to facilitate

shrimp cultivation in the area

In early period there was abundance of fry in the rivers Now most of

the rivers are dried up and people indiscriminately catch the fry from

rivers and caused harmed to other fish fry consequently total

biological chain has been devastated

The natural aorestation process has been greatly reduced and many

varieties of commercially important trees and shrubs are vanishing

fast

There has been substantial changes on soil fertility due to increase of

salt content on the top soil

It is also evident that changes have taken place on rural economy

and social structure Fishermen got greatest blow whose percentage

was around 12-15 Destruction of captured fisheries forced many of

them either to change to other profession or to migrate

Because of these problems cultivated lands are alarmingly decrease and shrimp

cultivation becomes popular So lands lose fertility and salinity increases And

because of this some powerful people misuse their power and become more

powerful and economical But rest suffering a lot So there we found a clear

discrimination among people So people are committed social conflicts And this

socio-economic condition facing a alarming situation

18 Limitation of This Work

Some limitations were encountered during the study period to complete project work

according to the selected objectives These limitations are described below

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Two types of water logging occurs in Dhaka City that is water logging due to river

flooding and water logging due to heavy rainfall In this study only rainfall induced water

logging was tried to emphasize But sometimes it was very difficult to differentiate these

two types of water logging as they merged each other due to heavy rainfall

Very few studies were conducted related to water logging and TRM (Tidal River

Management) As a result there was no sufficient literature to enrich the analysis of this

study by reviewing their study findings

There was no sufficient secondary data to collect related to past river drainage system

in terms of width length depth capacity pick flow rate drainage coefficient etc and

their layout Therefore it was not possible to compare the capacity of present drainage

system to drain out the stagnant water with the past which was needed to enrich the

recommendations to reduce the problem

Due to lack of several data like elevation data water depth data the measurement

didnrsquot accurate Lack of instrument is also a main factor that collect accurate data Most

of the case we use indigenous formula to collect data We canrsquot get access of modern

instrument

Time is another big factor that create problem to collect data We get five days to work

with two project site But isnrsquot appropriate for this type of work There have also

communication problem Difference between two site is about 8 km so itrsquos difficult to

collect data in due time in two project site

During the questionnaire survey (FGD and KII) some interviewee did not want to make

any comments against the responsible development authorities even they know the

lack of efficiency of those authorities because they think that any negative comments

can be harmful for them in near future

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Chapter -2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Literature Review

Water logging due to low land and embankment is a very common problem like

the others regular environmental problem of the study area But very few studies

have been conducted on water logging and drainage system of the study area

and there is no study been conducted to find out the causes of such problem

and its impacts on the human life as well as the economy Some studies related

to find out social problem but there have no study to solve this problem on

scientific knowledge Some studies are describe below which are related to the

waterlogging problem of the study area

A project has been taken by ldquoBangladesh Water Development board (BWDB)rdquo

2011 to 2015 under the MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES (MoWR) Name of this

project ldquoকপ োতোকষ নপের জলোবদধতো দরীকরণ পরকলপ (১ম রয োয়)rdquo Due to sand deposition the river

is turned to a drain In rainy season when heavy rainfall start the river canrsquot carry

out the rain water Thus the BWDB take this project to solve this problem The

project have several work like River dredging connection cannel dredging

embankment and many other constructional work Without any master plan the

project canrsquot help to solve this problem Lot of corruption and without any master

plan now the project turned to fail

A report was published form UNDP ldquoWater Logging in Satkhira District an Analysis

of Gaps between Needs and Responserdquo November 2011 This report investigated

cause and effect of waterlogging in southwestern district of Bangladesh Due to

perpetual siltation in the rivers and as a consequence of unplanned development

interventions on the river system long-lasting water-logging in the human

settlements is taking place in Satkhira resulting in considerable loss and damage

to dwelling houses standing crops shrimp farms roads educational institutions

and so on in Tala Satkhira Sadar Kolawara Debhata Assasuni Kaliganj upazilas

including the Municipal areas of Satkhira district It also find out the floods and

prolonged water-logging have caused significant displacement presenting

humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation shelter and food

security

Md Abdul Awal 2014 in his study ldquoWater logging in south-western coastal region

of Bangladesh local adaptation and policy optionsrdquo describe that the effect of

long term waterlogging in human livelihood Last three decade itrsquos also impact to

our economy For removing water logging effect plinth rising and elevating the

local habitats and physical infrastructures can be considered as an immediate

and short-term measure whereas operation of Tidal River Management (TRM)

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

technology might be considered for long-term or permanent solution for raising

the low lands or bells The dead or silted-up rivers canals ponds and irrigation

channels can be excavated or re-excavated by operating the major workfare

social safety net programs of the government like Food-for-Work (FFW) or Cash-

for-Work (CFW) and the excavated soil can be utilized for creating maintaining

or raising the rural roads polderembankment and related other infrastructures

which are quite crucial for mitigating the flood or water logging problem in the

region

Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River Management

(TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate Drainage Congestionrdquo

find out that the Kobadak River has been experiencing huge siltation over a

long reach that reduces the drainage It affects every sphere of life including

cultivable lands employments culture fish production grazing land bio-

diversity and live-stocks Human interventions such as construction of polders

bridges and encroachment into the river for cultivation deteriorated the

condition of Kobadak River The decrease of flushing flow from upstream and

substantial reduction of tidal flooding area along the river by constructing polders

caused severe siltation over a long stretch of the river

Sahriar Rahman amp Syed Hafizur Rahman in their study ldquoIndigenous Coping

Capacities due to Water-logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at

Kopotaksho Basin Bangladeshrdquo investigated the causes of water logging of the

basin is under the peril of water-logging due to the natural and human

interventions and effect of this problem he social life was hampered due to

freshwater scarcity outbreak of waterborne and sanitation problem people were

defecated at open place Says about the locally acceptable solution Tidal River

Management (TRM)

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

CHAPTER ndash 3

METHODOLOGY

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

31 Hydrological Process

It have been already said that the study area is face the major problem of

waterlogging The impact and causes are made a complexities Sometime

sociological and political factors are against to solve this problems So that the

work with different subject by different method We work in hydrological

sedementological and social problem There use in different method like

1 Hydrological process

a Tidal influence

b Water table

c Ground water properties ( Salinity pH EC TDS)

2 Sedimentological process

3 Environmental Assessment (FGD and KII)

In hydrological processes I study in different topics like tidal influences water table

measurement and groundwater properties My study site is southern part there

the tidal influence is high The water of this area is mostly saline due to influence

of Bay

311 Tidal influence

At first need to find out the water current thus the important to sedimentation

processes The water height during high and low tide is very important to know In

my study area the tidal influences are high and low tide Tidal height

Water velocity to measuring the water velocity we use Float method By this

method I work several steps There need some floating

materials Fig 31

1 Locate a spot in the river bank that will act as the

cross section of the river

2 Decide on a length of the river to send a floating

3 Using a stopwatch measure the time it takes the float

to travel to this length

4 Repeat above process 5-10 times and determine the

average time taken for the float to travel the river

Throw the float into the water at different distances

from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average

5 Divide the stream length by the average time to determine the average

velocity of the stream

Fig 31 Velocity measurement

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

6 The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow

rate in volumetime (Be sure to keep consistent units of lengthdistance

when measuring the cross section and the velocity eg meters feet)

s = v x t

Here S = Traveled distance of the floating object

V= Velocity of the current

T= Time required to travel the floating object

Water height during low and High tide

At the time of end of high tide the river water level is highest And the end of the

low tide we see the lowest water level I measure the water level respect to the

river bank Fig 32

1 Use a bamboo for the measuring the

height

2 Also use the ribbon so that the height is

respect to the river bank

3 The low tide water level height is

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during low tide)

4 The high tide height

= river height-bamboo above the water

(during high tide)

5 Repeat this 5-10 times in different place

in the river and determine the average

water level during low and high tide

312 Water table Measurement

To make a decision about a stream pattern we need

to measure the water table hydraulic gradient

Access of tube well we used well water level as the

water table In our study area there have well access

of tube well thus the tube well are used for water

table Fig 33

Fig 32 River water level measurement

Fig 33 Water Level Meter

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

We used the water level meter to measure the water table Fig34 we enter the

pin of the water level meter into the well pipe at a time it get the water and give

a signal It was scaling and we get the valu of water table

313 Ground water properties

Salinity (EC TDS)

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of

major inorganic ions (ie NaCa Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation drainage

and ground waters Individual concentrations of these cations and anions in

a unit volume of the water can be expressed either on a chemical equivalent

basis mmolcl or on a mass basis mgl Total salt concentration (ie salinity) is

Fig 34 Water level measurement

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

then expressed either in terms of the sum of either the cations or anions in

mmolcl or the sum of cations plus anions in mgl For reasons of analytical

convenience a practical index of salinity is electrical conductivity (EC)

expressed in units of deci Siemen per metre (dSm) Fig 3536 TDS EC can

be measured using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) in the

field An approximate relation (because it also depends upon specific ionic

composition) between EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10

mmolcl = 700 mgl Electrical conductivity values are always expressed at a

standard temperature of 25 degC to enable comparison of readings taken under

varying climatic conditionsThe electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity Excessively high salinity can affect plants in the following ways

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water

absorption by the plant

pH

Ground water especially if the water is acidic in many places contains

excessive amounts of iron Iron causes reddish stains on plumbing fixtures

and clothing Like hardness excessive iron content can be reduced by

treatment A test of the acidity of water is pH which is a measure of the hydrogen-

ion concentration The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 A pH of 7 indicates neutral

water greater than 7 the water is basic less than 7 it is acidic A one unit change

Fig 35 pH EC TDS meter Fig 36 Measuring pH EC TDS of well Water

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

in pH represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen-ion concentration For example

water with a pH of 6 has 10 times more hydrogen-ions than water with a pH of 7

Water that is basic can form scale acidic water can corrode According to

US Environmental Protection Agency criteria water for domestic use should

have a pH between 55 and 9

Measurement of pH using pH meter (Fig 35 35)

We also find out many data through FGD process like -

Environmental situation (water sanitation)(FGD)

Crop Pattern (FGD)

Cultural Traditions (FGD)

Community Infrastructure and facilities (FGD)

32 Sedimentation Process

- Sediment Types Sedimentation Process Influence of ocean current

- Quality of sediment Quantity of Sediment

- How much sediment comes with high tide

- How much sediment might require to complete the TRM

- How many days it might take to deposit sediments at scale in the pilot sites

Sampling

a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) in Water Water samples are to

be collected and processed in order to quantify Suspended Sediment

Concentration

b Deposited Sediments-inland (Auger-Method) Previously deposited

sediments can be collected using Auger drilling An Auger is essentially

manual drilling equipment that can collect relatively undisturbed cores of

samples up to a certain (shallow) depth from the surface

Overlaying cross-sectional data of the river bed

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Amount Intensity of Sedimentation The amount of sedimentation over a

specified time frame can be determined using Sediment Traps PVC pipes

Carpet Tiles are placed properly over the course of the study Sediments

deposited on top of them (Inside in case of PVC pipes) is measured and

collected for further Analysis Brick dust can also be used as a marker horizon

for this purpose

Grain Size Analysis

Samples collected can be analyzed in order to determine the grain size of

sediments using either of the following

a Sieve Method

b Hydrometer

Sediment required to complete TRM Auger method cross section titles

Auger method and Sediment trap provide information about recent sediment

deposit rates in river bank and other parts of lands whereas overlying cross

sections of riverbeds provide information about sediments deposited in the

riverbed The sediment traps (Tiles) to be deployed in the field can provide

measurements of sediment being deposited at the current time From this

observation the timeframe required to deposit sediments at scale in the the

pilot sites can also be determined The suspended sediment concentration

measurements provide an idea of the amount of sediments being carried by

the rivers Also taking SSC measurements in both during high tide and low tide

can yield variation in sediments in river water due to tidal variation These

measurements can quantitatively provide an idea of the amount of sediments

available for deposition in the study area

33 Environmental Assessment

Rapid IEE of the TRM sites

Probable Impact of TRM on Natural Built and Cultural Ecosystem (KII amp FGD)

Probable consequences on bio-diversity (flora and fauna) (KII amp FGD)

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

IEE Format

o Environmental clearance requirements

o GOB Laws regulations and guidelines on environmental management

o Specific Donors environmental requirements (as applicable)

o Environmental Issues and Concerns under the Project

o Description of the available environment in the Project Area(s)

o Currently available environmental quality of lands air and water and their

past trends (~20 years)

o Environmental assessment of each activity envisaged (as in sub-section 15

above) a present time (b) into the future (~20 to 30 years)

o Envisaged environmental safeguard actions (KII and FGD)

o Potential of failures of envisaged safeguard actions (based on current

practices) (KII and FGD)

o Final assessment of degradation of environmental quality due to project

implementation

o Notification of unavoidable irreversible degradation of environment

o Modalities of stakeholders response on environmental assessment (prior

disclosure is a pre-requisite)

o Specific responses and recommendations of various stakeholder groups

Hazard amp Vulnerability Analysis (DRR amp CC)

Present and future risks identification

Validation community perception with scientific data

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

CHAPTER ndash 4

DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Data Analysis

As a complex problem there we needed several type of Data We collect this data in

several process Thus we find out an easy and flexible solution of this complex

waterlogging problem In our project site we work 5 days to find out the problem and

collection a large amount of data We collect Hydrological Sedimentological data for

the scientific purpose We also try to find out a social problems by FGD and KII As per we

work for ndash

Hydrological

Sedimentological

FGD and KII

41 Hydrological

River carry sediment and it deposited in low land area The processes is formally known

as TRM In our both site (Jalalpur and Khesra) we work with several hydrological processes

like River Current Draw Stream Pattern Water Quality Area and Volume of The Sits

The rivers of our study area are mostly tidal river The Kubodak River is a river where tidal

influence is high The river velocity of Jalalpur point (Site-1) in during high tide is 078125

ms (354 pm) At low tide moment the measurement of river velocity (around 115

pm) was 1 ms The rider depth is 305m and width is 35m Here the height difference

between low tide and high tide 225m At khesra point

during low tide the measurement of river velocity (around

115 pm) was 087 ms and during the high tide it was

0316 ms(320 pm) Influence of the tidal flow extends up

to 142 meter during high tide (combined both side of the

river) Where one side of the river (at low tide it was

glanced) width is 57 m another side of the river width is 50

m and the river width is 35 m The river width is increase

towards cost The river current is one of the main factor of

the sediment deposition Type of sediment deposit is also

depend on river current

At Jalalpur point (Site - 1)

o River depth is 305m

o low tide the water height is 08m

o High tide water level is 305m

o Tidal height is 225m

Map 41 Crosse section of the river in

two site

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

At Khesra point (Site - 2)

o River depth is 90 m

River current very form time to time Starting of the high tide and end of the low tide the

river face high water flow In starting of high tide it has high velocity and gradually

decreased and turned to zero in end of the high tide In this time the river show highest

water level

Mainly two type of stream are found in coastal zone one is influent stream and another

is effluent stream We try to find out the stream pattern Thus we measure the water table

depth but in our study area there are only one way to collect water table data through

the tube wells In several point of two site (Jalalpur and Khesra) thus are both side of the

river The value of water table depth is varies place to place

Water Table Data (Site-1) Jalalpur

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 18 m

TRM W 2 208 m

TRM W 3 17 m

TRM W 4 15 m

TRM W 5 06 m

TRM W 6 16 m

TRM W 7 11 m

TRM W 8 11 m

TRM W 9 13 m

Tab 41 Water Table site -1

Map 42 Well Location in project site - 1

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

At Jalalpur point we collect 9 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Jalalpur point is mainly influent Fig (41)

Water Table Data (Site-2) Khesra

Well ID Depth

TRM W 1 147 m

TRM W 2 134 m

TRM W 3 231 m

TRM W 4 23 m

TRM W 5 172 m

TRM W 6 3 m

TRM W 7 2 m

TRM W 8 2 m

TRM W 9 232 m

TRM W 10 13 m

TRM W 11 106 m

TRM W 12 22 m

Tab 42 Water Table site -2 Map 42 Well Location in project site - 2

Fig 41 Stream Pattern project Site-1

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

At Khesra point we collect 12 tube well data Thus this data is spread both side of the

river To find out water table depth we use the shallow tube well We see that if going

away form river the water table depth is increase Above all data we see that the stream

pattern of Khesra point is mainly influent Fig (41)

The coastal region are mostly affected by salinity Due to sea level rise the ocean water

enter into the river The ocean water are mostly saline water Below we given a table

where say that the name of the water with salinity

Classification of saline water which will be used to determine the water type

Water Class Electrical

conductivity

dSm

Salt

concentration

mgl

Type of Water

Non-Saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation water

Slightly Saline 07-2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

Saline

2-10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water and

groundwater

Highly Saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and

groundwater

Very Highly

Saline

25-45 15 000-35 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Tab 43 Classification of Saline Soil

Fig 42 Stream Pattern project Site-2

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Project site-1 Jalalpur union we collect 9 tube well data Table 44 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm)

TRM W 1 1

TRM W 2 1970

TRM W 3 1

TRM W 4 820

TRM W 5 450

TRM W 6 428

TRM W 7 371

TRM W 8 382

TRM W 9 409

Project site -2 Khesra union we collect 12 tube well data Table 45 Thus this data is spread

both side of the river We see that the most of the well water is Slightly Saline water to

Moderately Saline water We see that if going away form river the salinity concentration

is decreased Tube well which is near to the river is highly saline We also collect the

ground water salinity data thus we see the mostly brine water

Water quality (Salinity)

Source Salt

concentration

mgl(ppm

Paddy 1

Drain 1

Paddy 1962

Water quality (Salinity)

Well ID Salt concentration

mgl(ppm) TRM W 1 1560

TRM W 2 474

TRM W 3 488

TRM W 4 383

TRM W 5 540

TRM W 6 418

TRM W 7 1090

TRM W 8 485

TRM W 9 496

TRM W 10 550

TRM W 11 470

TRM W 12 618

Tab 44 Salt concentration of well site-1

Tab 45 Salt concentration of well site-2

Tab 46 Salt concentration Surface Water

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

For the agricultural purpose we also need to know the water pH and EC In our both site

we collect the PH and EC data form groundwater (Tube well) and surface data (Paddy

Field pond and drain) The pH value is highly noticeable matter for rich production In

Fig43 show the pH matter The pH value 0 to lt7 called acidic and gt7 to 14 are called

basic pH 7 is called the neutral Below Table 48 Shown the pH data of our project site

Jalalpur and table 49 shown pH data project site 2 Khesra The pH value of both site in a

range of 68 to 73 according to the pH scale water mostly neutral sometime it to a little

acidic or little alkaline Form the relationship between salinity and pH table thus are

called the saline water

The EC is also another factor that controlling the agricultural production The effect of EC

value are given the table According to our data the value of EC in our site Jalalpur there

left bank of the river EC value is higher (5gtECgt2)But the other site of the river the EC value

is lt1 Our project site-2 Khesra most of the EC value are same its range 5 to 1 but only

few 10 value are found in above 1

EC (dSm) Comments

gt16 Difficult to grow except few crops

S4 121 ndash 16 Very poor growth of tolerant crops

S3 81 ndash 12 Poor growth of tolerant

S2 41 ndash 8 Suitable for growing salt tolerant crops

S1 2 - 4 Yield of non-tolerant crops reduced

lt2 Little effect on yield of any crop

Source Karim et al (1990)

Tab 47 EC Value Related To Agriculture

Fig 43 pH Scale

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Water Quality(EC pH)

Water Quality(EC pH)

Well ID pH EC Well ID pH EC

TRM W 1 68 463 TRM W 1 71 193

TRM W 2 7 264 TRM W 2 65 066

TRM W 3 7 374 TRM W 3 69 069

TRM W 4 7 122 TRM W 4 69 053

TRM W 5 72 062 TRM W 5 73 075

TRM W 6 71 059 TRM W 6 72 058

TRM W 7 72 053 TRM W 7 72 15

TRM W 8 71 055 TRM W 8 7 067

TRM W 9 71 054 TRM W 9 71 068

TRM W 10 69 076

TRM W 11 72 67

TRM W 12 7 085

42 Sediment logical Data Analysis

The causes of waterlogging is an indirect factor is the sedimentation process Due to high

sediment deposit the river bank increase their elevation The sediment load carried by

the river system is mostly silt and clay with 15-20 fine and very fine sand The study area

is located on the lower part of the delta plain with lower elevations The surface sediments

of the region are generally silts to clayey silts with generally lt5 sand Studies

based on 137Cs geochronology have shown that

the surface of the overall region is accumulating

sediments at rates up to 11cmyr (Fig 44)

Unfortunately that is not the case in the study area

as well as the Kobadak River where there have

been occurrence of siltation and waterlogging

due to drainage congestion The drainage

congestion is considered to be a result of the

following reasons

Tab 48 pH Value Project Site -1

Tab 49 pH Value Project Site -2

Fig 44 Deposit Sediment in river Bank

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Polderization

No freshwater from upstream during dry season (mainly due to

construction of dams upstream)

Encroachment

Construction of unplanned bridges and roads that hinder natural flow

Siltation in streams influenced by tidal waters

Natural Subsidence

421 Type of Sediment

The recently deposited sediments were collected using sediment traps and analyzed

for grain size distribution using Hydrometer The type of sand deposition is very to season

by season In rainy season there have high tidal influence and it cries coarser sand than

the dry season Due to rain in rainy season there erosion is high Sampling by auger

method up to ~25m deep was carried out to determine the sediment types of

the monsoon season The auger collected silt dominated samples throughout with

presence of clay and minor sands

This type of soil is helpful for the some type of crops and have a great obstacles for others

crops Like Shrubs and bulbs such as Tulips Tree mallow Sun roses Hibiscus Vegetable

root crops like carrots parsnips and potatoes favor sandy soils Lettuce strawberries

peppers corn squash zucchini collard greens and tomatoes are grown commercially

in sandy soils Sometime itrsquos have a problem to paddy cultivation

Sediment Quantity ()

Sand 14 (Mostly Fine Sand)

Silt 6-21

Clay 79-94

422 Sediment quality

In terms of grain size the sediments carried out and deposited by the river are

predominantly silt with clay and in cases minor fine sand (lt1) The grain size

distribution is considered to be excellent with respect to cultivation and nutrients

With the presence of nutrients the floodplains are either farming land or grazing land in

the dry period and is often subjected to waterlogging in the wet period These

phenomena lead to significant availability of organic matter and their consequent

Tab 410 sediment quantity of our study area

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

decomposition In this respect the quality of the sediment for cultivation is excellent as

well

In terms of the chemical types of nutrient the timeframe of the study did not allow lengthy

and complex chemical analyses of the collected samples But the abundance of

paddy fields and other vegetation suggests that the sediments have proper nutrients

to support growth of vegetation in the area However with continuous cultivation

and little or absence of new sediment supply in the areas further away from the river

there have been reports of significant decrease of the amount of paddy growth per unit

area This phenomenon in the areas further away from the river is a result of nutrients

being depleted and lack of sediments input due to drainage congestion

423 Sediment deposit

Little water flow has occurred from the upstream over the years The Kabadak River has

been subjected to massive siltation as a result of the absence of water supply from

upstream As a result river has been clogged up in different points leading to minor or no

flow from upstream

The sedimentation has caused drainage congestion and decrease in river depth ndash

even less than a meter The researcher suggested that the 300million tons of sediments

(400 million is deposited in the Bengal subaqueous delta in Bay of Bengal) that

drains through Meghna estuary are reworked by prevailing ocean currents wave

tidal actions and backtracks to the southwestern part of the coastal area

The measured values have been recalculated to determine values of daily Sediment

deposition in term of height and weight The factor that high tides and low tides occur

twice a day should also be noted

Jalalpur Jalalpur have shown sediment deposition of 01-07 cmday The average

sediment deposition is considered to be about 035 cmday

Kheshra Kheshra has sediment deposition rate of 02-083 cmday with average of

045cmday

However these sediments are loose and will undergo compaction consolidation

and other processes which will ultimately compress the sediments These factors are

to be considered when calculating the amount being deposited in the study area

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

424 Volume of project site and Estimate time to deposit

Project site -1 Jalalpur

In order to know how much sediment is

required to fill up the TRM++ site in Jalalpur

union we measured length width and

height of the filling site with respect to the

ground level Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260

m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 450

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 087

m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(450x260x087)= 100620 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site is 00035 m So the deposition within the

TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site

245 if there is no regulation of the site and without compaction

Project site -2 Khesra

In order to know how much sediment is required to fill up the TRM++ site in khesra union

we measured length width and height of the filling site with respect to the polder level

Findings are

o Average width of the TRM++ site 260 m

o Average Length of the TRM++ site 525

m

o Average height of the TRM++ site 17 m

o Volume of the proposed TRM++ site

(Length x height x height) =

(525x260x17)=232050 m3

Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur

TRM++site is 00045 m So the deposition

within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is

61425m3d Total no of day required to fill

up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation

of the site and without compaction

Fig 45 Height of the Project Area Site-1

Fig 46 Height of the Project Area Site-2

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S1)

Relative Height amp Total Height (TRM S2)

Point ID Height Point ID Height RH TRM H 1 045 m TRM H 1 224 m 75 m

TRM H 2 043 m TRM H 2 189 m 071 m

TRM H 3 051 m TRM H 3 163 m 064 m

TRM H 4 056 m TRM H 4 148 m 077 m

TRM H 5 053 m TRM H 5 17 m 060 m

TRM H 6 061 m TRM H 6 225 m 089 m

TRM H 7 11 m TRM H 7 17 m

TRM H 8 1 m TRM H 8 2 m

TRM H 9 1 m TRM H 9 125 m

TRM H 10 053 m TRM H 10 125 m TRM H 11 92 m TRM H 11 15m TRM H 12 159 m TRM H 12 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 13 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 14 15 m TRM H 15 15 m TRM H 16 03 m

TRM H 17 06 m

43 FGD and KII data analysis

There are different ways of understanding the meaning of the term vulnerability

Generally it could be said that vulnerability means the degree to which an

individual a household a community or an area may be adversely affected by a

hazard or an event (Zyl 2010) To be vulnerable is to exist with a likelihood that some

kind of crisis may occur that will damage onersquos health life or property and resources

on which health and life depend (Anderson 1995)

Beyond this common thread the idea of vulnerability is relative Birkmann (2007)

wrote ldquoVulnerability is a dynamic inherent characteristic of each community which

contains a multitude of componentsrdquo

According to United Nations IDNDR3 (1992) ldquoWe must be able to identify and

assess

vulnerabilities in different places and times in order to design timely affordable

and effective strategies for reducing the negative impacts of disastersrdquo But the

assessment of vulnerability to disasters is a complex issue Different experts have tried to

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

analyze it from different angles and developed scattered indicators for assessment

Anderson (1995) has analyzed the trends of vulnerability assessment in existing

literature and found the variation of assessment from different aspects He identified

three significant threads in the existing literature on vulnerability assessment and based

upon that tried to develop a framework for vulnerability assessment At earlier times

disaster studies identified natural hazards as the cause of vulnerability This group was

dominated by scientists technologists and engineers Vulnerability could be reduced

through an early warning system and developed technologies to mitigate the negative

impacts of hazards Technical intervention was the yardstick of assessment here On

the other hand economists considered cost as a cause and tried to assess how much

vulnerability reduction is rational Despite the development of modern early prediction

system and other technologies economists argued that people continue to die

from disasters as they could not afford costly technologies and remain unwilling to

use them Vulnerability reduction has some cost and people need to make a rational

choice between future safety and present consumption need In a nutshell economists

argue that a number of economic variables must be considered in the

understanding of vulnerability The third group came out of the critics of two former

school and more human centric According to them it is human being who

experiences the hazards in different places in different conditions People

acknowledge and interpret vulnerability differently-even though they might experience

the same It is largely human actions decisions and choices that results in peoplesrsquo

vulnerability to natural events In this third school social

scientists policy reformers advocates to poor and environmentalists entered the

scene They shuffled and incorporated additional variables into the concept of

vulnerability ldquoVulnerability assessmentrdquo according to the third school requires ldquofar

more contextual analysis of complex and multifaceted factors that cause people to

make the decisions and choices and to undertake the actions that increase

vulnerabilityrdquo

Vulnerability has lot of factors but according to the third approach they are context

specific and gives freedom to the agency to assess it Disaster risk management

seeks to reduce the vulnerability of those communities most at risk through improved

access to services development opportunities information education and

empowerment It also seeks to enable communities at all levels to uphold the optimal

use conservation and protection of the natural resources of the country Here we

have tried to adopt the third approach and based on the result of FGD analysis

we move on forward to find out the inherent dynamics of peoplersquos vulnerability to

waterlogging

FGD Analysis and Interpretation

431 Shahzadpur amp Gazipara (Khesra Union)

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Khesra union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 4784 square

km The union is surrounded by Jalalpur Magura and Khalishkhali unions Total

population of Khesra union is 25603 and the number of households is 5523 2501 of the

population of Khesra lives below the poverty line Only 630 households are connected

with electricity Out of the total household 533 are farmers 281 are laborers and 77

are businessman and 309 are services holders Hygienic latrine user is 377 The

union has 53 km flood protection embankment There is no cyclone shelter in Khesra

FGDrsquos were arranged in three villages of

Khesra union Shahzadpur Gazipara and Shalikha

These two adjacent villages have same geographical and socio-economic

characteristics Most of the people depend on agricultural farming for livelihood

While men work in the farmland women are used to working within the household

These villages were hit by cyclone Aila in 2009 and the devastating flood in 2011 But

facing troubles with water is a part of their day to day life Due to low elevation of land

it remains waterlogged for a long time every year During monsoon cheo land gets under

1-2 feet water The shallow river cannot hold monsoon overflow and make people suffer

However the water do not move back with monsoon Cheo lands remain marshy

for some more period and kills the season ripe for aman production Since the intrusion

of saline water with Ailla fertility of land has eroded here Previously diversified crops like

Sugarcane Beatle leaves cauliflower turmeric date radish mustard garlic etc

were produced but now they only could cultivate rice Persistent waterlogging has

brought down the amount of crop production in these villages

Over last five years the number of casualties from disasters have been low Early

warning system almost entirely prevented any death of lives as people could go to

government shelters or safer places elsewhere But the non-human casualties have been

high Most of the people in

Shahzadpur and Gazipara have domestic animals like cow goat hen etc There was

none in the village who could save his livestock in the cyclone and flood Waterlogging

has also added misery in the food supply of livestock ldquoWe could not afford the animals

any food for survival during waterloggingrdquo- an old farmer was saying while citing the

reason that grass couldnrsquot grow in field and the dry grazing zone for animals become

limited every year During this crisis productivity of animals goes down and some

animals died of starvation in recent years

The chronic problem of waterlogging has also changed the building structure in these

villages The cost of brick made house is very high that could not be afforded by these

poor people But the earthen house has short durability and cannot hold on water

As a result people are now replacing the old structure with CI sheet brick or other

water resistant materials at high cost It was found that people are living in half

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

constructed houses as they did not have more money to finish the construction

There were houses with incomplete window or door and people were living trading

off their safety and security An old man was saying ldquoOur forefathers used to live in

earthen house but we cannot due to waterloggingrdquo This statement irrevocably proves

that water logging is a modern disaster

This village was not originally a cheo land It is the rising river bed and blocked canals

bringing the misery which speeded up since the cyclone in 2009 Some people

had to take loan from local usurers at high interest to build house They did not

have access to formal credit institutions for this purpose

Though agriculture is the prime source of employment of people in Shahzadpur and

Gazipara during water logging they have no farmland job Frequent migration round the

year is a common phenomenon in this area Whenever there is a better and

sustainable opportunity of work people tend to migrate During the winter season many

people go to work in the brick kilns for six months Some people go to Bay of Bengal for

fishing Rare elsewhere but common here is the case of international migration to

India Satkhira has border with India and many people from Shahzadpur and

Gazipara had experiences of international migration However this entire process is illegal

and there is no government supervision on it This also involves high stakes and people

had to risk their lives while illegally crossing borders In anonymity some locals

confessed that they were being jailed in India for three months after being caught by

police The pull factor for this risky venture is the wage incentive in India In

exchange of the same labor people could earn better in West Bengal than Satkhira

Waterlogging has further intensified this migration in last five years The alarming issue of

migration is the rate of drop out in schools A local school teacher said he could notice

some senior boys in junior class who when asked for the breakup of study said that they

went to India for work In every household of this area there was at least one person

who have illegally migrated to India for work There are relatives of Bangladeshi

people living in West Bengal of India But there were very few in Gazipara and

Shahzadpur who paid a visit to the relatives with passport and visa Due to lower

amount of income they cannot pay for the legal documents required for crossing

borders

The misery of waterlogging is not only due to the contraction of river There were some

canals connecting the cheo lands to river earlier Locals said that these canals exist no

more as they have already been filled up Owners of those lands have built structure

over there which has thwarted the exit of water from cheo lands Some people

were saying they do not need any TRM if those canals could be freed and re-

excavated There was strong perception against

TRM among most of the poor people in this locality They were saying ldquoIf TRM is

materialized then our surrounding lands would be high and we would then be

permanently waterloggedrdquo Some of them were proposing to elevate the land of their

houses and then implement the TRM

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

TRM site in Khesra union is situated by the side of river This piece of land has higher

elevation than the villages It was found that waterlogging in village happens from

rainfall as the water cannot find a way down to river There were no devastating floods

since 2011 According to the unionrsquos chairman in last two years proposed lands for TRM

have been cultivated for both aman amp boro rice But still these lands are at risk of being

flooded anytime TRM will drive out this risk and investors would be certain of their

outputs For this reason all of the landowners were supporting TRM in Khesra union

Some land owners were suspicious despite the support for TRM about the fertility

of this new land They demanded for scientific scrutiny of the silt to be dropped in

TRM project

Land owners vis a vis local residents could be a crisis for TRM implementation

These two groups must reach an agreement as a prerequisite for any successful

technical intervention

Locals demand for TRM in whole village was not financially affordable while information

on the impact of TRM project in these villages was not clear The vulnerability

coming out of incomplete information must be addressed through proper technical

and managerial interventions Shalikha (Khesra Union)

The village Shalikha is located within khesra union Shalikha river is flowing by the side of

this village and TRM is going to be implemented in this area from December of 2014

Shalikha is a cluster village During 1980rsquos Government of Bangladesh rehabilitated

landless people from nearby areas in this khas land and built a cluster village

Since then they are living here and most of them work as agricultural day labors Except

the piece of allotted land for building home the people of Shalikha village own no other

extra land

Shalikha area did not have the problem of waterlogging when water in river was on

motion But over the years river was gradually deposited with sediment and the

subsequent incident was flood in surrounding areas during monsoon During flood

people went to government shelters

Most of the poor people are supporting TRM not for the reason that it will permanently

relieve them of waterlogging but the high lands could no more be used for shrimp

cultivation A local old man was saying ldquoTRM would ensure us with job securityrdquo Currently

the cheo lands are almost being used for shrimp and fish cultivation But this venture

does not generate as much employment as agriculture could In per bigha of

land agriculture could generate employment opportunities for 5-6 persons while

shrimp cultivation could hardly afford one wage earner

Migration is very high in this area for this reason People go elsewhere round the year for

work During monsoon they go for fishing in Bay of Bengal They also go to Dhaka or

nearest cities to work as day labors rickshaw puller home servants etc If there were

agricultural cultivation than shrimp this would not happen But delving deep within

the issue revealed another political economic dimension of this phenomenon

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Small landowners from this area want to cultivate crops in their land But almost all of

them have little choice They are forced to give lease of their land to gher owners ldquoI was

not willing to give lease of my landrdquo an old was saying ldquobut I found the small landowners

beside me had already given the leaserdquo This developed an awkward condition for the

old man He was in the middle of water and seemed like he had to cultivate in an

island after giving embankment There are some compradors of gher owners who

according to the locals were provoking the land owners for leasing the land to gher

owners for shrimp cultivation As a result the landless poor people were not getting any

job Also it was found that the gher owners did not have trust on local people for

their opposition to shrimp cultivation For that reason poor residents of shalikha were not

offered to work in gher Shrimp is one of the largest export items of Bangladesh which

has been regarded as our ldquowhite goldrdquo But the situation in shalikha reveals that

this economic activity does not ensure the benefits of growth are distributed

amongst the commons When TRM will be done the cheo lands would be high and no

more shrimp could be produced in this area This would drastically reduce the profit

of the shrimp cultivators and all of them were protesting against TRM in this area

As shalikha was under TRM implementation this could be a lesson for other areas

where government wants to implement TRM During the two years of implementation a

compensation of 14000 BDT per bigha will be provided to landowners There would be

no production for this long time in field and landowners will have no income But

the age old complain against apparatchik was again found from landowners ldquoWe

were asked for bribe and hassled if we did not pay themrdquo- a small landowner was

demanding for transparency in the process while pointing out troubles he faced for

getting compensation

432 Jalalpur

Jalalpur union is located in Tala upazila of Satkhira district with an area of 2410

square km The union is surrounded by Khalilnagar Magura and Khesra unions The total

population of the union is 22501 and the number of households is 5061 2501 of

the population of Jalalpur lives below the poverty line Only 1903 of the households

have access to electricity Out of the total household 485 are farmers 248 are

laborers 139 are businessman and 291 are services holders Hygienic latrine user

is 468 There is 422 km flood protection embankment Also there is one cyclone

shelter in Jalalpur

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Jalapur union has also problems of water logging for last five years The area is relatively

high than khesra and during Aila or the flood of 2011 houses in Jalalpur were lightly

affected than khesra However the cheo lands were intruded with saline water

during Aila Since then the fertility of land has decreased ldquoPreviously we could produce

diverse agricultural products and two times a yearrdquo a man was describing his plight and

he added more that ldquowe could only till the land just one time in last two yearsrdquo

Due to higher elevation the households are not affected during monsoon only the

lands for cultivation are affected As the houses remain safe livestock also remains safe

During the flood of 2011 some livestock died of starvation but except that no such

casualty has happened Most of the people work as agricultural day labors during winter

In monsoon they work as fishermen

According to local people they could earn much from fishing when the river was

alive Kapotakha river was also a key route of communication for them Their income

from fishing in the river has drastically reduced in recent years The relative density of

hindu population is higher than other area in Jalalpur For this reason the social strata is

built upon caste system There are specific community assigned for a specific

economic activity in lifetime Women in this area work within the household while men

go to field for work

Most of the people in this area have not heard the name of TRM The women are more

unaware than men regarding this issue Some women told that they do not know

if any such activities have been taken in their area while some men were saying that

they have heard the cheo lands would be made high by government TRM is a mystery

word for most of them

Elements at risk Possible vulnerabilities which allow this

impact

Land Lower productivity

Reduced fertility

Livestock Starvation

Death

House Unstable

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Reconstruction cost

Livelihood Job insecurity

Food insecurity

Income insecurity

Risky migration

Social cohesion Corruption

Conflict

Mistrust

Chaos

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Chapter-5

HAZARD ASSESSMENT

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

51 Disaster of This Area

Our study area is one of the hazards prone area of southern part of Bangladesh Most of

the meteorological hazards are coming here in a cyclic duration Here slow and Fast one

set both type of disaster heat

Most of the type of Hydrometer logical hazard are visited here Due to low land area here

the effect of sea level rise is very high The disaster are Coastal (Surge) Fluvial (River) and

Pluvial (Surface) Flood Cyclone Water-logging Salinity and many other biological

Disaster

Floods are common disaster in our study area this fold are come in rainy season As a

coastal region here many types of flood are affected Like coastal floodSurge are

affected this area when the sea water level rise In rainy season when river water level is

rise due to sea level rise then it flooded the river bank Fluvial flood is most common type

of flood In every rainy season its will come The pluvial flood is occur in heavy rain

Cyclone is a common

devastating disaster in our

country In every year we

face this disaster Most of the

cyclone hit our coastal

region As our study area is

one of the most vulnerable

area

Map 51 Cyclone Risk Area Map of Bangladesh

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

511 Water-logging

From beginning of the 21st century a

new problem ldquowater loggingrdquo (the

long-term inundation of areas as a

result of inadequate drainage) arose in

south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh It has become an

increasing problem in recent years for a

variety of reasons natural changes in

river flow increased sediment in

riverbeds due to reduced sediment

deposition on floodplains protected by

embankments and a lack of proper

operation and maintenance of sluice

gates of the polders ie circular

embankments Water-logging is a

pressing concern at the backdrop of

climate change that becomes worsens

for the people of Tala Upazila The prolonged water-logging has caused significant

displacement presenting humanitarian challenges in safe water supply sanitation

shelter food security and employment opportunity There are areas where people are

compelled to live in waterlogged condition for nine months in a year even many

cultivated crop lands are permanently inundated losing valuable agricultural production

especially rice Socio-economic and agricultural activities have largely been hampered

due to water logging The local people are seriously shocked especially in the rainy

season when peak monsoon intercepts

the region Loss of livelihoods due to

submergence of land often forces male

to go far away for weeks in search of

alternative livelihoods Women being

the primary care giver of the family are

compelled to live within the

waterlogged premises shouldering the

entire burden for managing and

cooking food collecting drinking water

taking care of the family members and

their livestock as well

Social demoralization diseases

unemployment and migration have

increased in the locality where the

places protracted by water-logging

People living is seemed either bitter fate or

Map 52 Affected by Waterlogging of Southwestern District

Fig 51 Situation of waterlogging

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

curse beyond the grip The marooned people face portrayed with uncertain

hopelessness having no options but to accept their destiny against their own willDue to

the permanent water congestion sudden flood is occurred during the rainy months In

the other words the water logging situation causes recurring flood in every monsoon

Among the affected areas of Satkhira Tala is the worst hit and experiencing severe and

year-round water logging The situation makes agriculture activities impossible

Biodiversity is threatened and cultivable land has shrunk The situation is so harsh that

there is no other way out but to live with water Although the dimension of water logging

problem was little in the initial stage that slowly increased over the years but the situation

has been compounded from 2006 and a maximum disaster was observed during the

downpour of 2011 monsoon The situation is expected to worsen more to the days to

come The cost of peoplersquos suffering therefore must be weighed against the cost of

adaptation

While there is a very little specific research on the water logging problem it is believed

that climate change could further exacerbate this issue through changes in

sedimentation and river-flow increased monsoon rainfall and retarded discharge of

rivers due to back water effect and sea-level rise Although the water logging sometimes

caused large scale disaster in the regions but the research initiatives for mitigating the

problem have not been taken into account so that specific policies can be tailored to

minimize the risks and maximize the benefits for individuals households and communities

Therefore the study was aimed to analyze the problem for formulating befitted policy in

order to overcome the water logging problem in south-west coastal region of

Bangladesh

District

Total

population

of district

(2011 census)

Affected

uppazillas

Total

population of

affected

uppazillas

(2011

projection)

Population

affected

Affected

population

as a of

total

population

of uppazilla

Uppazilla

figures for

education

facilities fully or

partially

damaged

Satkhira

1973000

Assasuni 326729 127850 3913 111

Tala 329085 225400 6849 57

Kalaroa 247704 89164 3600 24

Sakhira

Sadar

458702 220600 4809 37

Debhata 132958 72500 5453 7

Table 51 Magnitude of the prolonged water logging Numbers of people affected

512 Salinity

Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil the process of increasing the salt content is known

as salinization Salts occur naturally within soils and water Salination can be caused by

natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean

It can also come about though artificial processes such as irrigation

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

The coastal area covers about 20 of the total area of Bangladesh which is 147570 km2

the country and over 30 of the net is cultivable area It extends inside up to 150 km from

the coast Out of 285 million hectares of the coastal and offshore areas about 083

million hectares are arable lands which cover over 30 of the total cultivable lands of

Bangladesh A part of the coastal area the Sundarbans is a reserve natural mangrove

forest covering about 4500 km2 The remaining part of the coastal area is used in

agricultural purpose The cultivable areas in coastal districts are affected with varying

degrees of soil and water salinity The coastal and offshore area of Bangladesh includes

tidal estuaries and river floodplains in the south along the Bay of Bengal Agricultural land

use in these areas is very poor which is roughly 50 of the countryrsquos average Salinity

causes unfavorable environment and hydrological situation that restrict normal crop

production throughout the year The freshly deposited alluviums from upstream in the

coastal areas of Bangladesh become saline as it comes in contact with the sea water

and continues to be inundated during high tides and ingress of sea waterthrough creeks

The factors which contribute significantly to the development of saline soils include tidal

flooding during wet season (June to October) direct inundation by saline or brackish

water and upward or lateral movement of saline ground water during dry season

(November to May) The main goal of this research is to achieve the following specific

objectives sought to investigate soil and water salinity condition in south-western zone of

Bangladesh as well as the effect of salinity on crop production and unveiling a possible

solution for reducing these effects

People of Tala are highly dependent on the natural resource base in sustaining their

livelihoods Agriculture and fishery are important economic sectors employing a large

proportion of the population and aquaculture is increasingly being pursued as an

alternative livelihood option for rural households Major agricultural crops include rice

betel leaves fruits and vegetables mustard and oilseeds coconut and sugarcane The

region is densely populated and most farm families cultivate the scarce land resources

intensively resulting in land degradation and reduced productivity This situation is

compounded by increasing salinity and water logging which further reduces potential

cultivating land by increasing salinity and water logging further reducing the availability

of cultivable land Fishing provides employment to a large number of families on a full or

part-time basis In addition to its contribution to the major economic sectors the natural

resource base provides coastal people with materials for building houses cooking fuel

raw materials for handicrafts etc It is clear that people in this region are highly vulnerable

to water disaster Moreover the water disasters which have always plagued Bangladesh

due to its natural setting impacts of anthropogenic interventions are creating further

challenges to the countrys sustainable development The predicted impacts of water

disaster will only increase the difficulties coastal people face in securing their livelihoods

maintaining health and safety and achieving sustainable development

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

52 Causes of Disaster

521 Causes of Waterlogging

Change the Entrance of GangaPadma River

The main river flow of Ganga River before 16th century the major water flows of Ganges

run through Bhagirothi which divided into eight types of flow it met the sea over the 24

Porogona and Khulna Basically Jessore Khulna Kushtia 24 Porogona Murshidabad

Krisnonagar Faridpur and Barisal were formed by the alluvial soil from the flow of the

Ganges and the soil was very fertile But after that period it gradually turned towards

south-east part with the help of nature As a result the water flow of upstream gradually

decreases into the rivers of this region and those rivers began to lost their depth shape

and capacity Besides the lack of sweet water flow stared for the change of direction of

Ganga River and the agriculture damages which depend upon sweet water It also

protects the deposit of silt which brought with the upstream flow As a result the land

elevation of this region canrsquot rise and rivers began to dead

The death of Kabadak River

The Kopotakkho river is narrated by the great poet Michael Madhusudan Dutta He rightly

narrated of its beauty and of the abundant flow of the river a river that entwines lives of

millions of people of the southern region of Bangladesh

Rivers of those regions totally deprived from the upstream flow of water for the death of

branch river of Ganga named Mathavanga at the period of nineteenth century In past

it was used as a communication path with Kalkata (India) and for the heavy flow of

water sometimes navy-accident occurred and people also died for those accidents So

for the decrease of heavy water flow of Mathavanga River broad boats filling with soils

were sung towards the entrance mouth of this river Though at that period this technique

was succeed but after some periods it showed negative impact on this river and at last

this river was detached from the main river Ganga

The rivers named Kobodak which had linkage with the Mathavanga River and the

depended people of those rivers were also begun to deprive form fresh water For the

lack of upstream river flow at the time of ebb-tide siltation occurred and river begun to

lose their speed That silt are started to deposit into those rivers So it filled with the silt and

canrsquot pass the upstream water flow

Declination of Land

It is observed that the land of south-eastern coastal region is declined for many hundred

years Before establishing the coastal embankment the rate of land formation with silt

was higher than the land declination of today So gradually the height of land was

growing but after establishing embankment the formulation of land is destroyed Last 30-

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

40 years land declines and the area within polder goes under compare to the height of

river and also siltation into the river So water logging occurred into those polders

Unplanned Structure Development

Before establishing the polder in this region rivers and boats were the only one way of

communication for traffic and goods But after establishing the embankment it began

to use as a walking path In the next period more roads culverts and bridges are also

developed here As a result problem arises for discharging the water from those regions

Because the slope of land in those regions towards north-south direction but maximum

structures are developed in the face of east-west side At the construction period of those

structures many cannels and discharge path of water being closed but comparely less

number of culverts are developed at that time Again maximum culverts didnrsquot construct

as the necessary height for water discharge and pillars of bridges also help to siltation So

rivers and cannels lost their natural flow of water and create water logging at those

regions

Shrimp Cultivation

Now maximum wet-land in those coastal regions is engaged on shrimp cultivation 42

agricultural land of greater Khulna district is used now as shrimp cultivation The sluice-

gates controller and the owners of Ghers (shrimp cultivation land) have a bad collusion

and they entered the salty water for this cultivation So the vast beyond area of those

Gh-ers are water logged

Loss of Drainage Capacity of Kabodak in the Region

The major river of Tala is Kabodak The water flow in Satkhira district reach the sea through

Kabodak Because of coastal embankment the tidal wetland has experienced severe

environmental impairments in this region The riverbed of Kabodak has been raised

because of loss of navigation capacity because of lack of drainage channels

522 Cause of Salinity

Salinity rate in Study area of Tala

The term salinity used here refers to the total dissolved concentration of major inorganic

ions (Na Ca Mg K HCO3 SO4 and Cl) in irrigation or ground waters TDS EC are measured

using an Electrical conductivity meter (Hanna Company) An approximate relation between

EC and total salt concentration is 1 dSm = 10 mmolcl = 700 mgl(because it also

depends upon specific ionic composition) Electrical conductivity values are expressed

at a standard temperature of 25 degC The electrical conductivity of water is actually a

measure of salinity High salinity affect plants hellip

Specific toxicity of a particular ion (such as Sodium)

Higher osmotic pressure around the roots prevents an efficient water absorption

by the plant

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Water class Electrical

conductivity dSm

Salt concentration

mgl

Type of water

Non-saline lt07 lt500 Drinking and irrigation

water

Slightly saline 07 ndash 2 500-1500 Irrigation water

Moderately

saline

2 ndash 10 1500-7000 Primary drainage water

and groundwater

Highly saline 10-25 7000-15 000 Secondary drainage water

and groundwater

Very highly

saline

25 ndash 45 15 000-45 000 Very saline groundwater

Brine gt45 gt45 000 Seawater

Source FAO1

Table 52 Classification of saline water

53 Effect of These Disasters

531 Water Sanitation and Hygiene

The majority of male and female community groups when asked directly if safe drinking

and cooking water was a problem responded ldquoyesrdquo In all cases the problem was

reported more by female groups than by men This reflects that the burden of water

collection and care falls largely on women As discussed in other parts of this report

although clean drinking water can be considered an issue for affected populations it

does not appear to an urgent immediate priority in relation to other needs Graphs below

indicate that the primary sources for drinking water are shallow and deep tube wells with

little drinking water being take from unsafe sources

Issues relating to water need to be understood in relation to global SPHERE standards

people should have access to 3 liters of water per person per day (for average

Bangladeshi households this is approximately thus 15 liters per day) In addition to

minimum quantity of water for drinking SPHERE recommends that individuations need

between 5 and 12 liters person day for other purposes such as bathing washing

clothes and cleaning utensils This equates to a total of approximately 25 to 60 liters of

water per day per household Although the assessment did not measure the total water

volume households have access to the results from figure 11 indicate that some of the

population is well below these standards More information from sector specialists will be

useful to identify specifically the problems related to drinking water These appear to be

related to the time and distance taken to acquire it and containers in which to store it

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

(see below) Further surveys should also address frequentation of the water sources and

water quality in terms of faecal contamination turbidity salinity and chemicals

Drinking water may become a significant priority as recovery begins when many families

will go home to areas where water sources have been damaged Additionally access

may become increasingly difficult when boats can no longer be used to access more

distant points and transport water The situation in relation to drinking water is likely to

deteriorate as water recedes and areas currently traversable by boat to carry water turn

to mud Water points at ldquohomerdquo locations have been submerged as a result of the

flooding and will require rehabilitation

Marooned Collective

centers

Roadsides and

embankments

Damagedwat

er-logged

houses

Houses that

are visually

undamaged

Percentage of ldquoyes it is a serious problemrdquo for male and female groups

M F M F M F M F M F

71 80 63 75 63 79 77 93 27 75

Table53 Community perceptions of drinkingcooking water being a serious problem at

the sites now

532 Food

As indicated earlier access to food was identified by the communities as their first priority

right now The most frequently reported problems in relation to food by female groups

were ldquonot enough foodrdquo (60 responses) ldquonot good enough foodrdquo (42) and cooking fuel

(39) and cooking facilities (34)

FGD and KII carried out a rapid food security assessment focused on Satkhira at Tala at

Khesra and Jalalpur The present multi-sector assessment did not seek to duplicate the

food security assessment undertaken by these agencies specializing in food and

livelihoods

534 Housing and Shelter

Most houses built with mud and other primary natural materials were damaged by the

inundation These houses were built on raised ground (plinth) one or two feet above the

flood level So during the time of flood and water logging stage they have to leave their

houses Some displaced people may not return to their homes as their houses were badly

damaged This indicates that many of the people presently displaced will remain so until

flood waters recede enough for rebuilding on their homes to start and until they are able

to get access to materials needed for repairs and rebuilding People were very uncertain

about how long it would be before they could return home due to i) the severity of

damage to their houses and property and ii) the length of time it would be before they

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

could resume livelihood activities Women and young girls expressed security concerns

to the assessment team (FGD KII)

535 Livelihood and Food Security

Agriculture fish farming fishing and the wage-based labour market are the backbone

of the economy of Satkhira district

Agriculture Extension Department suggests that a major portion of crop land in seven

upazilas of Satkhira district was inundated and standing crops have been fully destroyed

The predominant rice crops in Satkhira are the rain-fed Aman (60) followed by the

winter rice Boro (35) and Aus (5) The majority of the agricultural lands in the affected

upazilas and unions either had a standing Aus crop in the field to be harvested in

AugustSeptember or recently planted Aman seed beds The rainfall induced floods and

water-logging which submerged the agricultural fields with 4 to 6 feet of water for over

20 days

Once the backbone of the local economy was affected this had a tremendous impact

on the labour market especially people employed in agriculture fish and shrimp farmers

and other daily wage earning activities The reports highlighted that at least three to six

months would be needed to restart farm-based livelihoods The alternative employment

opportunities available in the area are predominantly pulling rickshaw vans and some

ad hoc type labour-intensive activities The surplus of labour has already substantially

reduced wage rates (to one third of pre-water logging wage)

The displaced people do not have any regular income and rely on income derived from

the sale of assets Communities reported that most people now are without any livelihood

at all There is very little work available in shrimp cultivation agriculture and fisheries

because these areas have been so significantly affected by the water-logging

Agriculture will be affected until the soil dries up sufficiently for planting and this could

take a further three to six months The influx of available day labourers on the market has

reduced wages significantly (ECB consortium of NGOs)

536 Health and Nutrition

The major concern for health and nutrition lies in the deterioration of food security Due

to production and income loss people reduce their food intake There is also a high risk

of waterborne diseases when water starts to recede The women and elderly-headed

households are in the worst condition As displaced people are living in congested places

there is always a risk of disease outbreaks violence rape etc

The current assessment portrays a deteriorating food security situation for the population

affected regardless of socio-economic status The assessment report indicates that the

overall nutrition status of the people is most likely to go down

The consumption of main meals is now 1-2 meals a day down from an average of 2-3

meals before the floods The adult members of the family often consume 1 meal to let

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

the children and the elderly eat 2 times a day The quantity and quality of meals has

reduced significantly After the floods an average of one kg of rice is consumed in 2 days

by a family with five members This equates to one person consuming around 100 grams

of rice a day In normal times rice consumption by an adult in rural areas is 300- 400 grams

a day Effectively they are consuming only 25-33 of their normal consumption The major

food items consumed are mostly rice and either dal or potato often with Kolmi shak a

leafy green vegetable available on the road sides Before the floods many households

had a small amount of animal protein intake such as small fish oncetwice a week in their

regular diet

537 Children and Education

A number of assessment reports provide in-depth analysis on children and the overall

education situation The first point is related to the closure of education institutions due to

damage in their infrastructures The second is related to damage to education and

learning materials And the third is related to the risk of drop-out that is likely to be caused

by increased poverty and the demand for unpaid labourers for household farms and

enterprises

538 Impact of Salinity

Rising of salinity level will decrease agricultural production by unavailability of fresh water

and soil degradation Salinity also decreases the terminative energy and germination

rate of some plants The loss of rice production in a village of Satkhira at Tala investigated

found that rice production in 2003 was 1151 metric tons less than the year 1985

corresponding to a loss of 69 The production rate of different types of crops in different

Upazila in Khulna districts is differed Even it may differ from village to village

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Result and Discussion

In our purpose of study that the implementation of TRM++ Thus we collect and analysis

sedimentological hydrological FGD and KII data In hydrological process we get the

velocity of river current in several period as relate with the sedimentological data we find

out deposition of sediment in different time We calculate the volume of the project site

and distance between the river and project site

Total volume of Jalalpur site 100620 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00035 md So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 4095m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 245 if there is no regulation of the site and

without compaction

Total volume of Khesra site 232050 m3 Average rate of deposition in Jalalpur TRM++site

is 00045 m So the deposition within the TRM boundary in Jalalpur site is 61425m3d

Total no of day required to fill up the TRM site 377 day if there is no regulation of the site

and without compaction

In sediment process we get amount of sediment deposit in day With this data we easily

calculate how many days required to fill up the project area By this data we can

estimate the success rate of TRM++ project

We get data of water amp sediment quality like salinity acidity fertility and others properties

By the result of this data we can say which area are vulnerable and rate of this

vulnerability We also say that the land are used for agriculture and which are useable

for shrimp cultivation

By the Focal Group Discussion and KII we find out the several problems of TRM++ project

The local people have a negative concept about Tidal River Management (TRM) system

Local powerful group are mainly obstacle of the TRM project Most of the people of our

study area are mainly depends on agriculture During the time TRM++ project people are

not able to cultivate and also against the shrimp cultivation So these two are the main

problems to run our project If we solve these problems then we able to run our project

By taking some initiative we can solve these problems-

o Arrange seminar to aware people difference between TRM and TRM++ project

o Farmers whose are under the TRM++ project we subsidies them such way that they

are able lead their normal life

o We may also find out alternative livelihood for farmers under the TRM++ project

By the TRM++ project also solve the main problem of that area (Waterlogging Salinity

and Economic problem) by fill up the low land area If the TRM++ project successfully run

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

the land will be fill up and return the Navigability of Kobodak River And by these we can

save lot of money which every year govt spend to stay the navigability of Koobdak River

Reference

1 Bangladesh Meteorological Department URL httpwwwbmdgovbdhome

2 BBS 2011 Bangladesh Population Census 2011 Zila Satkhira Bangladesh Bureau

of Statistics Government of Bangladesh URL

HttpwwwBbsGovBdWebtestapplicationUserfilesImageDistrict20statistics

SatkhiraPdf

3 Float Mathod URL

httpwwwappropediaorgHow_to_measure_stream_flow_rateFloat_method

4 Md Abdul Awal 2014 Water Logging In South-Western Coastal Region of

Bangladesh Local Adaptation And Policy Options URL HttpWwwSpp-

JComSpp1 1Spp201412a0001

5 Ministry Of Water Resources (MOWR) Bangladesh Water Development Board

(BWDB) URL

HttpwwwBwdbGovBdIndexPhpOption=Com_ContentampView=ArticleampId=2

04ampItemid=169

6 Peoplesrsquo Plan Of Action For Management Of Rivers In Southwest

Coastal Bangladesh URL

HttpsRiversandcommunitiesWordpressComCategoryWaterlogging-Crisis

7 Shampa Md Ibne Mayaz Pramanik 2012 in their study ldquoTidal River

Management (TRM) for Selected Coastal Area of Bangladesh to Mitigate

Drainage Congestion

8 Shahriar Rahman and Syed Hafizur Rahman 2011 Indigenous Coping Capacities

Due To Water-Logging Drinking Water Scarcity and Sanitation at Kopotaksho

Basin Bangladesh URL

httpwwwresearchgatenetpublication235702254_Indigenous_Coping_Capa

cities_due_to_Waterlogging_Drinking_Water_Scarcity_and_Sanitation_at_Kopota

ksho_Basin_Bangladesh

9 slideshare URL httpwwwslidesharenet

10 S S Biddya Baron Sarker 2012 Agro economy of coastal Bangladesh The

geomorphology URL httpwwwpg-ducomagro-economy-of-coastal-

bangladesh-the-geomorphology

11 THE EMBANKMENT AND DRAINAGE ACT 1952 URL

httpbdlawsminlawgovbdprint_sections_allphpid=253

12 UNDP BangladeshUrl httpwwwbdundporg

13 Wikipedia URL httpswwwwikipediaorg

Tab 411

Project

Height In

Different

Point site-1

Tab 412

Project

Height In

Different

Point site-2

Fig 47

Electricity

Facility of

Khesra

Union

Fig 48

Earning

Source of

Khesra

Union

Fig 49

Electricity

Facilities of

Jalalpur

Union

Fig 410

Economic

Condition

Union

Fig 411

Earning

Source of

Jalalpur

Union