Water in the Earth
description
Transcript of Water in the Earth
![Page 1: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Water in the Earth
![Page 2: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Water Cycle• Earth has been recycling
its water supply for 4 billion years.
• 97.2% = Ocean salt water• 2.8% = fresh water
![Page 3: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• When precipitation falls, four things can happen:
1. Water retention
2. Infiltration
3. Runoff
4. Evapotranspiration
![Page 5: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Factors Affecting Infiltration1. Slope of the land – the steeper the slope, the less
infiltration.
![Page 6: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Factors Affecting Infiltration2. Degree of Saturation – the more saturated the
ground is, the less infiltration there will be.
1.) Zone of aeration pores are partly filled with air and water.
2.) Zone of saturation pores are completely filled with water.
![Page 8: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Regolith
Solid Rock
![Page 10: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How old is your water?
![Page 11: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Factors Affecting Infiltration3. Porosity: the percentage of open space in a
material compared to its total volume.– The greater the porosity, the greater the infiltration.
![Page 12: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Porosity depends on:a) Shape - Rounded particles have greater porosity
than angular. Rounded shapes do not fit together tightly.
![Page 13: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Porosity depends on:b) Packing:– Closely packed = lower porosity. – Loosely packed = higher porosity.
![Page 14: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Porosity depends on:c) Sorting: • All the same size (sorted) has higher porosity.
• All different sizes (unsorted) has lower porosity. Smaller particles can fit between larger particles.
![Page 15: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Size DOES NOT affect porosity!!!
Few pore spaces, but they are very large.
Many pore spaces, but they are very small.
Same Porosity
![Page 16: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Factors Affecting Infiltration4. Permeability: the ability of a material to allow
fluids to pass through**How WELL CONNECTED are the pore spaces?**
Permeable: Allows fluids to pass through
Impermeable:Fluids cannot pass through easily
![Page 17: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Impermeable Impermeable Permeable
![Page 18: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Factors Affecting Infiltration5. Capillarity: the attractive
force between water molecules and the surrounding Earth materials.
• Results in the movement of water up against gravity
![Page 19: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Zone of Aeration
![Page 20: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Factors Affecting Infiltration6. Vegetation: more plants = more infiltration
![Page 21: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Factors Affecting Infiltration7. Land Use:– Creation of
impermeable surfaces– Removal of vegetation
![Page 23: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Surface RunoffOccurs when:• Precipitation rate > infiltration
rate• Surface material is saturated • Slope too steep• Surface water has not yet
evaporated/sublimated
**Most runoff makes it to streams, which carry water back to the oceans.
![Page 24: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Surface RunoffStream Discharge: the volume of water flowing past a
certain spot in a stream in a specific amount of time.
![Page 25: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Surface Runoff• Flooding: occurs when a stream overflows its
normal channel.– Precipitation rate > infiltration rate– Hurricane’s storm surge– Rising of sea
level– Sinking Land– Tides moving
water onto land
![Page 28: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Flooding of the Walsbash River in Indiana inundates Highway 63 for 3/4 mile on June 13, 2004. Birds and Crane in the foreground are watching a 2-foot carp (fish) cross the road. Photo Credit: Photo by Marvin Nauman, FEMA News Photo
![Page 29: Water in the Earth](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051420/5681601c550346895dcf1a08/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)