Water for All - Challenges of Change
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Water for All - Challenges of Change Jeremy Bird International Water Management Institute 31 st October, 2014 Photo: Hamish John Appleby, IW
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Presented by IWMI's Director General Jeremy Bird at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute of Environmental Professionals of Sri Lanka (IEPSL), October 31, 2014.
Transcript of Water for All - Challenges of Change
Water for All - Challenges of Change
Jeremy Bird International Water Management Institute31st October, 2014
Photo: Hamish John Appleby, IWMI
UNITING AGRICULTURE AND NATURE FOR POVERTY REDUCTION
Land and water degradation a major global challenge
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GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year)
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Meat China
India
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GDP per capita (2000 constant dollars per year)
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India USA
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Consumption and income 1961-2000
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/78/3/660S.full#ref-8
Dietary change - meat requires 100 times more water than grain protein
Climate change - uncertainty and ambiguity in future projections – a complex planning challenge
Spatial Pattern of Rainfall Projections for 2050s
Dry Zone
Wet Zone
Intermediate Zone
Dry Zone
Wet Zone
Intermediate Zone
Projection 1 Projection 2
De Silva, 2006
De Silva 2006Basnayake et al. 2004
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Dry Zone
Wet Zone
Intermediate Zone
Projection 3
De Silva, 2006
Punyawardane et al. 2010
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Dry Zone
Wet Zone
Intermediate Zone
Highest temperature increase in agricultural areas
Observed climatic changes
Temperature
Source: Zubair et al. 2005
Anuradhapura
Badulla
Rainfall Change in distribution of annual rainfall
Southwest monsoon: Stable (Yala)
Northeast monsoon: reduced and variability increased (Maha)
Increasing variability of rainfall
Months (Season) 1931-1960 1961-1990
Dec- Feb (NEM) 31 % 42 %
March – Apr (FIM) 23 % 27 %
May – Sep (SWM) 21 % 16 %
Oct – Nov (SIM) 22 % 23 %
Annual 11 % 14 %
Punyawardena (2011)
Rainfall variability observed
Identifying climate change Vulnerability Hotspots – to design locally relevant adaptation measures
Climate Change Vulnerability Index
Anuradhapura
Nuwara-Eliya
RatnapuraSensitivity Index
Exposure Index
Adaptive Capacity Index
Climate change will affect our rivers
The Sri Lanka Environmental Flow Calculator (SLEFC) is a software package to estimate how much water should be left in rivers to ensure they remain healthy
This methodology is being used by the Dam Safety and Water Resources Planning Project (DSWRPP) in the National Water Resources Master Plan and the Mahaweli and Mundeni Aru Basin development plans
E-Flows
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Talawakelle
Mallanda
PeradeniyaPolgolla
Ullapane
Example Application to Ullapane on River Mahaweli
Establishing the natural flow Regime at Ullapane
Flow Duration Curves before constructing Kotmale
KotmaleReservoir
Victoria Reservoir
Peradeniya
Ullapane
Dis
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% of Time Flow Exceeded
Mallanda
• 23 flood occurrences• 500 lives lost• 9 million people affected
• economic loss of USD 1 billion
Flood events in the last 10 years…extremes likely to increase
What can be done to reduce impact?
If we can predict more accurately where and when floods will occur, and how big they will be, opportunities for mitigation will be enhanced.
Digital geospatial flood inundation mapping is a powerful new approach for flood response and control that shows floodwater extent and depth on the land surface.
Space technology can help manage flooding
Satellite data has been used to estimate flood frequency and extent covering entire Sri Lanka.
Flood impact on agriculture studied at different scales.
There is future potential to develop flood-risk mapping and agricultural insurance products
Flood Risk Products
Extent of flooding during the years 2006–2011 derived from ALOS PALSAR data (left) and cropland extent (right) in Sri Lanka
• Fine-scale flood-risk products mapped using satellite datasets from 2000 to 2011.
• Province-wise flood statistics and agricultural impacts are being analyzed.
• Knowledge generated here can be used by the Disaster Management Centre and the Irrigation Department for mitigation, preparedness and index-based crop insurance
Eastern Province (Trincomalee)
Agricultural flooding in Polonnaruwa
Water Storage Continuum Source: McCartney & Smakhtin 2010
… another is to improve resilience through storage options – Malwathu Oya and Kalu Ganga Basins
Low Cost Mobile Weather Stations for water management decision making
Low cost mobile weather stations can record weather related variables (rainfall, wind speed) electronically and send all information to one website.
A prototype weather station has been set up in the Irrigation Department office in Anuradhapura and is currently undergoing testing with the collaboration of the Irrigation Department
Photos: IWMI
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Canal irrigated area Tank irrigated area Groundwater irrigated area
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Growth in irrigation through groundwater expansion, India
Source: Mukherji, A., S. Rawat and T. Shah. 2013.
But, …risk of over-abstraction
Map: Tushaar Shah
Promoting sustainable Groundwater Use in the Dry Zone
A survey on water supply and agro wells is underway in the Malwathu Oya and Mahaweli System H areas.
The survey will help to determine how much groundwater can be safely extracted for irrigation in these areas, and to what extent groundwater can supply water needs during droughts
Photo: Salman Siddiqui, IWMI
Agro-well density, Jaffna Agro- wells increased by 37 % Agricultural land increased by 6%
(in Valikamam South, 2003 - 2007)
Excess irrigation: up to 230 % Excess fertilizer: 108 in N (kg/ha)
(in Valikamam, 2011)
(IWMI, 2011)
Potential over-abstraction
Research shows signs of sustainable abstraction thresholds being exceeded in Jaffna…
(IWMI, 2011)
Suggestions: Efficient irrigation
management Increase groundwater
recharge Salt tolerant crops Awareness programs Strengthen water
management committee …
Consequences on saline intrusion…
…adopting local,
efficient systems
Kalpitiya
Photos: Herath Manthrithilake, IWMI
Qualitative research into unprecedented growth in commercial agriculture underwritten by groundwater accessed through agro-wells and an intensification of land use
Socio-economic surveys
Feedback and policy dialogue in NCP planned for Oct 2014
Groundwater-based Agrarian Changein North Central Province, Sri Lanka
Photo: IWMI
Improving Groundwater irrigation in Yala season
Area – 1.5 ac. of small onion Initial investment for the system – LKR. 399,000Cost for land preparation, fertilizer and harvesting – Last season- LKR. 197,000 Net profit – LKR. 1,054,000
Photos: IWMI
Improving Irrigation Using ICT
• Installing automatic flow gauges
• Increasing and improving ICT use in irrigation mgt
• Groundwater well survey (Locations; Depths)
• Improving Groundwater irrigation in Yala season
Mahaweli system H – ( Right bank main canal)
http://dialog.scadanet.lk:8090/login.php
Automatic Canal flow monitoring
2014-10-2
Sri Lanka Water Resources Information Systemslwater.iwmi.org
Increasing Waste : A Challenge for our Water Bodies
Solid waste
Liquid waste
Kinniya Hikkaduwa Eravur
Kinniya GampahaKalmunaiPhotos: IWMI
From Challenge to Opportunity
Co-Composting
Safe Organic Fertilizer
Photos: IWMI
Safeguarding our water bodies
National sanitation policy considering improved liquid waste (septage) management.
National guidelines and manuals on septage management for safe disposal and/or reuse.
Close collaboration with:
Supporting Pilisaru project with technical options for high value organic fertilizers.
High priority on product safety. Market analysis to ensure max. cost
recovery. Soil and crop trials for farmer field schools.
Recovering nutrients for organic fertilizer
Technical demonstrations to introduce new concepts for value creation
IWMI expertise transfer. Demonstrational projects to commercial pilots. Studies on local resource utilization. Applicability to local conditions - crops and soils
Co-composting initiatives using urban waste streams.
Low cost technologies for nutrient recovery and enhancement.
Pelletizing technology from China, tested by IWMI in India and Africa.
Knowledge transfer from other countries
Report:Lagoons of Sri Lanka: From the Origins to the Present
Kappaladi Lagoon, Chilaw
Distribution of coastal lagoons in Sri Lanka
Incidence of CKDu patients and fluoride distribution
Complex challenge – CKDu
Working paper:Chronic Kidney Decease of unknown origin – Literature Review
Negative
Positive
VISIONA world in which agriculture thrives within vibrant ecosystems, where communities have higher incomes, improved food security and the ability to continuously improve their lives
MISSIONInforming the development of policies, institutions and investments toward sustaining ecosystems and their services as a prerequisite for sustainable and resilient agricultural intensification and improved livelihoods
CGIAR Research Program – Water Land and Ecosystems
Photo: Hamish John Appleby, IWMI
www.iwmi.org www.wle.cgiar.org
Photo: Hamish John Appleby, IWMI
