Water-Energy-Carbon Links in Melbourne Households...2015/05/12 · Sydney Melbourne Perth Brisbane...

Water-Energy-Carbon Links in Melbourne Households

Dr Steven Kenway Research Group Leader, Water‐Energy‐Carbon, Chemical Engineering(Particular acknowledgement to Amanda Binks and Julijana Bors)

Water-Energy-Carbon Links in Households and Cities: A new paradigmMelbourne Forum, 12 May 2015Treasury Theatre

Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group

Presentation Outline


1. Background

2. Research project aims and research questions

3. Methodology

4. Research outcomes

5. Implications

Kenway et al (2008).

2030 figure assumes 225 L/p.d residential consumption and that climate change will not adversely affect existing water yields.

How do we achieve thiscost‐effectively?

(Most future water supplied from desalination and reuse)

*

A challenge for Australia (and elsewhere)….rising energy use in urban water, rising energy costs, and National greenhouse

gas targets


Estimated Time Weighted Cost per Unit of Water Supplied ($millions/GL) – ~600% increase by 2030

Cook et al., 2012

Projections to 2030

$million/GL

0.25

0.2

0.05

0

Baseline 20

09/10

Avgyield, m

od dem

and

Avgyield, low dem

and

Low yield, low

dem

and

Low yield, m

od dem

and

Urban water indirectly influences 13% of Australia’s electricity, 18% of Australia’s natural gas use (8% primary energy, 9% ghg

emissions) in the average case.

• resource loss

• water use

• water supply

INDIRECT ENERGY

DIRECT ENERGY

Kenway , Lant, Priestley (Water and Climate, 2011)

Focus and opportunity –residential water use


Collaborative Melbourne Project to Understand Water‐Energy‐Carbon‐$ Links in Households and Cities

1. Understand water‐energy links in individual households.2. Build a dataset for district‐scale simulation and

characterise household types.3. Understand district‐scale water‐related energy use. 4. Identify opportunities to reduce water‐related energy.

(Quantify the water and GHG reduction potential of a range of technological, behavioural and policy changes).

Website ‐ http://www.clearwater.asn.au/resource‐library/smart‐water‐fund‐projects/water‐energy‐carbon‐links‐in‐households‐and‐cities‐a‐new‐paradigm.php

Research Questions


AIM: Quantify water‐related energy use in households, to

understand ‘levers’ for combined water and energy management

Example Research questions:

1. How does water‐related energy use vary between households?

2. Which key household characteristics describe this variation?

3. What are the dominating factors of influence?

4. Are these key characteristics consistently influential for water

use, WRE use, and associated costs and emissions?

5. How significantly can water‐related energy be changed?

Steven Kenway Paul Lant Brian Head Amanda BinksJulijana Bors

Francis Pamminger+ Peter Roberts

+ others

Thomas Taimre

Ruth ScheideggerSam

JohnsonJohn Fawcett + Phillip Farrel Hans Peter‐Bader

Jessica Yeung + Amy Hart

Hiskia Mbura + Ineej Manandhar

Project Team (appols to some missed)

Methodology

HH

Adult R

esidents

Child

Residents

Average Occupancy

Solar

Gas Intant

Gas Storage

Electric Storage

Top Load

Front Load

Hot / Cold Tap Co

nnectio

n

Gas

Electric

Evap

Cooler

Electrical

Gas

Electric

Rainwater Tank

Irrigatio

n

HH1 4 ‐ 3.65 X X X X C Central ‐ Central ‐ Stove Oven No HandHH2 4 ‐ 3.04 X X X H+C Central ‐ Central ‐ ‐ All No DripHH3 2 2 3.42 X X H+C Central ‐ ‐ Space Stove Oven External HandHH4 2 2 3.95 X X H+C Central ‐ Central ‐ Stove Oven No HandHH5 2 ‐ 1.73 X X C Space ‐ ‐ ‐ All ‐ No DripHH6 4 ‐ 4.01 X X C ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ All No ‐HH7 2 2 3.85 X X C Space Space ‐ Space Stove Oven External ‐

CookingHeating Outdoor UseHot Water System Clothes Washer CoolingDemographics

Overview of household characteristics


Methodology Mathematical Material Flow Analysis (MMFA)

Kenway, S. J., R. Scheidegger, H. P. Bader, T. A. Larsen, and P. Lant. (2013). Water‐related energy in households: a model designed to understand the current state and simulate possible measures. Energy and Buildings. 58: 378‐389. Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group

Methodology


• Amphiro data collection and analysis

ID Average Vol (L)

Average Temp.(°C)

Sample size (N)

A 38.0 ± 8.6 35.8 ± 0.5 30

B 104.2 ± 25.6 39.8 ± 0.4 42

A

B

A

B

Research Outcomes

HWS GasType: Solar Storage Instantaneous Gas Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group

Household representitivity: Modelled average daily water use compared to average water use for urban

households in Australia (NWC, 2012-13)


Airshower

Not a product endorsement

Recirculating shower

Technology cascade – what will be the water/energy impact?

Waterless or ionising clothes washers Waterless dishwashers

Bors, J., S. Kenway, P. Lant, and F. Pamminger. 2014. Temperature Variability in the Melbourne Water Network and theImpact on Residential Energy Use. In Water, Energy and Climate Conference 2014: Solutions for Future Water Security,edited by International Water Association. Mexico City, Mexico: International Water Association.

Raw water temperature mapping of ≈ 40,000

measurements identifies variability

Total power (kWh/ML)

Energy Density Mapping

Saliba, C. and K. Gan, 2006. Energy Density Maps in Water Demand Management. Yarra Valley Water. p. 1‐7.

‐Based on 500L/hh.d energy for delivery of the water/wastewater service is ~0.5‐1.5kWh.

‐Significance:Based on 5 hh, a 5°C water temp change could influence ~1.2‐3.7kWh/hh.denergy use.

Preliminary Outcomes– Water supply temperature variability is significant, therefore:– Measuring, mapping and further management of water supply temperature could:

– Assist in refining appliance design, energy consumption and energy efficiency calculation standards.

– Help identify energy efficiency opportunities. – Provide further direction for sustainable infrastructure development in new residential developments.

– AS/NZS 1056.4:1997 ‘Storage water heaters – Daily energy consumption calculations of electric types’: In most examples, assumes a constant cold water temperature of 15°C and approximately 5°C cooler than ambient air temperature.

– AS/NZS 4234:2008 ‘Heated water systems—Calculation of energy consumption’: Monthly cold water temperature profiles are used for solar water heaters and heat pump water heaters.

Modelling Process

‐Apply GIS spatial statistics tools to geodatabase layers

Example Applications

• Multi‐scale and statistical analysis• Identify the key influences on residential water‐related energy use through census data.

• Provide the data required to develop programs for increasing resource use efficiency.

• Highlight the wider implications of resource use on localised infrastructure management.

Industrial water‐related energy in Victoria~55PJ (2011‐2012) (Masters student work with City West Water)

Reuter and Kenway (Report to City West Water 2014) Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group

Commercial water‐related energy in Victoria ~17PJ (2011‐2012)

(Masters student work with City West Water)

Reuter and Kenway (Report to City West Water 2014) Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group

Supply Residential (water‐related energy)

Industrial & Commercial (water‐related energy)

Wastewater treatment

Energy (GWh)

150 3,200* 2,300* 250*

Energy($ million)

20 800* 300* 25*

Collectively this accounts for:• 13% of all electricity use in South East Queensland

• 18% of all natural gas use • 4% all other energy use.

ENERGY INFLUENCED BY URBAN WATERSouth-East Queensland 2011-12

WastewaterSupply Use

Source: Kenway, S., et al. (2014). Report to Seqwater

(93%)


30‐year plans with opportunities to achieve synergies between water and energy

DEWS, 2014. WaterQ: 30-year strategy for QLD's water sector.

DEWS, 2014. PowerQ: 30-year strategy for QLD's electricity sector.

https://www.dropbox.com/sh/sfaov7j71sdlnnw/AAAdqU8K0HlI3uirWuLlpmk5a?dl=0

Short video by Minister for Water and Energy 2013‐205

Complementary water and energy strategies (Minister for Water and Energy/ DEWS)


Language as a barrier?

Latent heat

Load shapingStabilizing inertia

Stabilizing inertia Generation

dispatchGeneration dispatchDroop

functionDroop function Low voltage

through rideLow voltage through ride

Voltage harmonic distortion

Voltage harmonic distortion

Dialectic strength

Power factor Anoxic processBioelectrochemical

systemsBioelectrochemical

systemsVolatile organic compounds

Volatile organic compounds

DBP’s and NDMA

DBP’s and NDMA

StruviteUrban

metabolismUrban

metabolism

Water sectorEnergy sector

LegionellaLegionella

Source: Kenway 2014, Integrated Water‐Energy Planning Tournament, Denver 2014. Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group

Source: California Government Department of Water Resources website

Water‐Energy‐Food Landscape

HydroTreating Cooling Solar Energy extraction

Pumping

Desal

IrrigationBiofuelsEnergy

generation

Wastewater

Heating and cooling

Energy loss in wastewater (chemical and heat)

Energy use influence by urban heat island

effect

Energy demand of bottled water


Source: California Government Department of Water Resources website

Water‐Energy‐Food Landscape

HydroTreating Cooling Solar Energy extraction

Pumping

Desal

IrrigationBiofuelsEnergy

generation

Wastewater

Heating and cooling

Energy loss in wastewater (chemical an heat)

Energy use influence by urban heat island

effect

Energy demand of bottled water

Major bottleneck – We are missing a conceptual and analytical framework for understanding and quantifying water‐related energy. EgWhere is the equivalent of the frameworks that

underpin carbon accounting?


Energy use per capita (2006‐2007)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Sydney Melbourne Perth Brisbane Gold Coast Adelaide Auckland

Other Uses Sewage Pumping Sewage Treatment Water Supply PumpingWater Supply Treatment

MJ/

per c

apita

/yea

r

Kenway et al 2008 Water-Energy-Carbon Research Group

Rain1,309 GL

Stormwater runoff500 GLCentralized potable water

480 GL Wastewater230 GL

Evap1,044 GL

Reuse16 GL

Water mass balance is also critical to the energy implicatiosn of urban water (identifies all flows, and quantifies performance ‐ for

example SEQ in 2005 during the worst drought on record….

Potential to meet demand from Current useRainfall Wastewater Stormwater Rainfall Wastewater

SEQ 273% 48% 104% 0.1% 2%

Broadly similar results for Sydney and Melbourne

Conclusions• Water management in cities has significant influence on

energy use, most is “hidden” in water use (7‐23 kWh/hh.dbased on 5 hh, with showers, system losses and clothes washers important).

• Need to be clear about management goals – water, energy, costs or emissions – levers will differ

• Partnerships and engaging with policy is critical.• Water Temperature Mapping help refine standards, Identify

efficiency opportunities , input to sustainable infrastructure development.

• MMFA‐GIS modelling could (a) identify key influences (b) highlight impacts of changes through time (eginfrastructure).


Project Publications (See SWF website)

• Binks, A.; Kenway, S. J.; Lant, P.; Pamminger, F., Detailed characterisation of water‐related energy use in households. In Ozwater 2014, Australian Water Association, Ed. Australian Water Association: Brisbane.

• Kenway, S. J.; Binks, A.; Scheidegger, R.; Pamminger, F.; Lant, P.; Larsen, T. A.; Bader, H. P., Analysis Of Water‐Related Energy In Australian Households Identifies Efficiency Opportunities. In World Water Congress 2014,, International Water Association, Ed. International Water Association: Lisbon, Portugal, October 2014).

• Bors, J., S. Kenway, P. Lant, and F. Pamminger. 2014. Temperature Variability in the Melbourne Water Network and the Impact on Residential Energy Use. In Water, Energy and Climate Conference 2014: Solutions for Future Water Security, edited by International Water Association. Mexico City, Mexico: International Water Association.

• Bors, J. and S. Kenway. 2014. Water Temperature in Melbourne and Implications for Household Energy Use. Melbourne: Smart Water Fund.

• Binks, A. and S. Kenway. 2014. Characterisation of water‐related energy in households 1‐5. Summary of analysis outcomes for five households in Melbourne, Australia.Melbourne: Smart Water Fund. (Five reports).

• Grace, A., T. Taimre, S. Kenway, and J. Bors. 2014. Cold Water Temperature in Melbourne 1994‐2013, preliminary statistical analysis. Melbourne: Smart Water Fund.

• Kenway, S.J. Invited Funded Plenary presentation ANEAS (Water Association of Mexico) and International Water

http://www.clearwater.asn.au/resource‐library/smart‐water‐fund‐projects/water‐energy‐carbon‐links‐in‐households‐and‐cities‐a‐new‐paradigm.php


• Kenway, S.J. Priestley, A, Cook, S., Seo,S., Inman, M. Gregory, A and Hall, M. 2008 Energy Use in the consumption and provision of urban water in Australia and New Zealand. A report for the Water Services Association of Australia. ISBN 978 0 643 0916 5. https://www.wsaa.asn.au/Media/Press%20Releases/20081212%20CSIRO%20‐%20Water%20Energy%20Final%20Report%2010%20Nov%202008.pdf

• Kenway, S.J., A. Priestley, S. Cook, A. Gregory, A. Lovell, and N. Smith. 2009. Energy use in urban water, in Climate Change and Water. International Perspectives on Mitigation and Adaptation. International Water Association and American Water Works Association.

• PMSEIC. 2010. Challenges at Energy‐Water‐Carbon Intersections. Canberra: Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council. • Kenway, S.J., P. Lant, A. Priestley, and P. Daniels. 2011. The connection between water and energy in cities ‐ a review. Water Science and

Technology, 63(9): p. 1983‐1990.• Kenway, S.J., P. Lant, and A. Priestley. 2011. Quantifying the links between water and energy in cities. 2011. Journal of Water and Climate

Change. 2011. 2(4): p. 247‐259. • Kenway, S., P. Lant, P. and A. Priestley. 2011 (online). Quantifying water‐energy links and related emissions in cities: Appendix, Parameters

and Assumptions. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 2(4), i‐iii.• Kenway, S.J., A. Gregory, and J. McMahon, Urban Water Mass Balance Analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2011. 15(5): p. 693‐706.• Kenway, S. J., P. Lant. 2012. The influence of water on urban energy use. (Chapter 5), in: Water Sensitive Cities (C. Howe, C. Mitchell, eds.),

International Water Association, London.• AWE and ACEEE. 2011. Addressing the Energy‐Water Nexus: A blueprint for action and policy agenda.Washington: Alliance for Water

Efficiency and American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy,. • Cook, S., M. Hall, and A. Gregory. 2012. Energy Use in the Provision and Consumption of Urban Water in Australia: An Update. A report

prepared for the Water Services Association of Australia. Canberra: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.• Kenway, S. J., R. Scheidegger, H. P. Bader, T. A. Larsen, and P. Lant. (2013). Water‐related energy in households: a model designed to

understand the current state and simulate possible measures. Energy and Buildings. 58: 378‐389.• Kenway, S., J. McMahon, V. Elmer, S. Conrad, and J. Rosenblum. (2013). Managing water‐related energy in future cities ‐ a research and

policy roadmap. Journal of Water and Climate Change.• Kenway, S. J. 2013. The Water‐Energy Nexus and Urban Metabolism ‐ Connections in Cities. Brisbane: Urban Water Security Research

Alliance. Technical Report 100. http://www.urbanwateralliance.org.au/publications/UWSRA‐tr100.pdf• Kenway, S. J., and Lant, P. A. (In Press (2013). Water‐related energy will change our urban water systems and city design. In: Understanding

and Managing Urban Water in Transition. (Q. R. Grafton, M. B. Ward, and K. A. Daniell, eds.). Springer, Canberra.

Selected References


Acknowledgements


Thanks to various supporters and research sponsors:

*Smart Water Fund *Australian Research Council (LP120200745)Yarra Valley WaterCity West WaterSouth East WaterMelbourne WaterJemenaEawag (ETH Zurich)

For more information:Dr Steven KenwayThe University of Queensland3346‐1228Email: [email protected]

Water-Energy-Carbon Links in Melbourne Households...2015/05/12 · Sydney Melbourne Perth Brisbane...

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