1

Water Cycle, Groundwater

Earth Science Chapter 5Pages 116-117, 133-140

Review Questions 1, 17-22

Hydrologic Cycle

http://www.mnforsustain.org/water_climate_global_water_cycle_study.htm

Distribution/Cycle Animation Water Cycle

• 86% of evaporation from sea surface• 14% of atmospheric moisture from

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

• 78% of precipitation on sea surface• 22% of water precipitated falls on land

http://meted.com/mesoprim/mpradfog/print.htm

Water Cycle Water Cycle

• Less that 3% of Earth’s water is on land• Over ¾ of that is in glacial ice• Most of the rest is stored as groundwater

– (some groundwater is saline)

2

Water Distribution Groundwater

• Precipitation infiltrates Earth’s surface• Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water• Drinking water source for half of U.S.

Groundwater

• Contributes to stream flow• ‘Universal solvent’• Dissolves some rock types

– Limestone (CaCO3)– Salts (NaCl, KCl)– Gypsum (CaSO4)

Groundwater Source

• First becomes ‘soil moisture’– Plants use it– Some evaporates directly– Some sinks down

• Infiltration• ‘Groundwater’ is stored

Groundwater Terms

• Zone of saturation• Water table• Zone of aeration

Groundwater terms diagram

3

Groundwater Storage

• Porosity of rock– Spaces between sand grains– Cracks in crystalline rock– Dissolved cavities

• Permeability– Allows water to move– Interconnection of pore spaces

• Stored in AQUIFER– Porous and permeable rock

• Trapped by AQUITARD– Impermeable rock– Clay, shale

Groundwater Storage

Groundwater Movement

• Very slowly—– Small openings– High surface tension

• Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure– Hydraulic gradient– Hydraulic head

Groundwater movement diagram

Hydraulic head Springs

• Where water table intersects ground surface

4

Photo of cliff springs Springs

• Where water table intersects ground surface• Hydraulic pressure brings to surface• Aquitard conducts groundwater

Springs diagram Hot Springs

• Water heated by hot rock (cooling magma)• Temperature increases solvent capabilities• May contain acids from magmatic water

Geysers

• Special type of hot spring• Pressure of water column suppresses

boiling• Heat added eventually overcomes

pressure• Sudden rise of water, increase pressure

release on rising

Old Faithful photo

5

Geyser Eruption Geyser eruption stages

Wells Wells after drawdown

6

Artesian wells Ogallala supported agriculture

Ogallala Aquifer

• Exploited in Great Plains agriculture

• Water table dropped

• Recharge rate low

San Joaquin Valley subsidence

Not able torecover dueto aquifercompaction

Groundwater purification Groundwater purification

7

Agriculture sources of groundwater contamination Landfill leachate contamination

Drinking Water Standards Parts per million

• 1 g water is 1 mL• 1000 mL = 1 L• 1 L = 1000 g• 1000 mg = 1 g

• mg/L is parts per million

gmg

gmL

mLL

Lmg

100015

11

10001

115

=⋅⋅

ppmmg

gg

mg 15000,000,1

151000

1100015

==⋅

Primary sewage treatmentSecondary sewage treatment

8

Sewage treatment Carlsbad Caverns

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Arecibo, Puerto Rico: Radio Telescope in Sinkhole

Karst drainage of manmade lake in Missouri

Karst towering buttes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangshuo

Thailand Karst Towers

http://www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/Gillespie.htm

Thompson Research Vessel

10

Polar views of Earth Distribution of Land and Water

Diagram of land/water by latitude World map showing land/water distribution

Progress in research vessels HMS Challenger

11

Kilo Moana Sonar process—single beam

Sonar process—multibeam and sidescan Sea-floor landforms—California

Seismic data and interpretationSatellite Altimeter

12

Atlantic oceanic ridge Passive continental

Margin—cross section

Pacific and Indian Ocean Floor

H:\ES106\PowerPoint\AN12_001.mov

Atlantic Ocean Floor

Plankton Marine Sediment distribution

13

Collection of sea-floor

sediment cores

Offshore oil platform

Methane Hydrate sampleMethane Hydrate burning

Salt production Manganese Nodules

Earth Day Celebration at the Oregon GardenSaturday, April 21

• 10 am - 4 pmCost: FreeFree admission to The Oregon Garden and to all Earth Day exhibits, lectures, and performances.Location: all areas of The Oregon Garden, Cascade Hwy, Silverton ORContact: Renee Stoops, SPROutCoordinator, 503-584-7252

• This year’s theme is “Sustainable Agriculture ”, highlighting the roles of composting, recycling, renewable energy, energy conservation, sustainable plants, and soil and water resources in the farm, garden, or backyard landscape. For an expanded Discussion of the Theme, please see the website

http://www.oregongarden.org/SPROUT/SPROut_Events.html#earthday