Water Cycle, Groundwater, Water Pollution
Transcript of Water Cycle, Groundwater, Water Pollution
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Water Cycle, Groundwater,
Water Pollution
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Hydrologic Cycle
http://www.mnforsustain.org/water_climate_global_water_cycle_study.htm
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Distribution/Cycle Animation
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Water Cycle
• 86% of evaporation from sea surface• 14% of atmospheric moisture from
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
• 78% of precipitation on sea surface• 22% of water precipitated falls on land
http://meted.com/mesoprim/mpradfog/print.htm
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Water Cycle
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Water Cycle
• Less that 3% of Earth’s water is on land• Over ¾ of that is in glacial ice• Most of the rest is stored as groundwater
– (some groundwater is saline)
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Water Distribution
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Groundwater
• Precipitation infiltrates Earth’s surface• Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water• Drinking water source for half of U.S.
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Water sources in Oregon
http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/dwp/dwp.htm
Groundwater
Surface water
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Groundwater
• Contributes to stream flow• ‘Universal solvent’• Dissolves some rock types
– Limestone (CaCO3)– Salts (NaCl, KCl)– Gypsum (CaSO4)
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Groundwater Source
• First becomes ‘soil moisture’– Plants use it– Some evaporates directly– Some sinks down
• Infiltration• ‘Groundwater’ is stored
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Groundwater Terms
• Zone of saturation• Water table• Zone of aeration
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Groundwater terms diagram
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Groundwater Storage
• Porosity of rock– Spaces between sand grains– Cracks in crystalline rock– Dissolved cavities
• Permeability– Allows water to move– Interconnection of pore spaces
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• Stored in AQUIFER– Porous and permeable rock
• Trapped by AQUITARD– Impermeable rock– Clay, shale
Groundwater Storage
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Groundwater Movement
• Very slowly—– Small openings– High surface tension
• Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure– Hydraulic gradient– Hydraulic head
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Groundwater movement diagram
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Springs
• Where water table intersects ground surface
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Photo of cliff springs
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Carlsbad Caverns
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Arecibo, Puerto Rico: Radio Telescope in Sinkhole
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Karst drainage of manmade lake in Missouri
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Karst towering buttes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangshuo
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Thailand Karst Towers
http://www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/Gillespie.htm
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Hot Springs
• Water heated by hot rock (cooling magma)• Temperature increases solvent capabilities• May contain acids from magmatic water
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Geysers
• Special type of hot spring• Pressure of water column suppresses
boiling• Heat added eventually overcomes
pressure• Sudden rise of water, increase pressure
release on rising
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Old Faithful photoOld Faithfulwebcam link
http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm
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Geyser Eruption
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Geyser eruption stages
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Wells
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Wells after drawdown
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Artesian wells
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Ogallala supported agriculture
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Ogallala Aquifer
• Exploited in Great Plains agriculture
• Water table dropped
• Recharge rate low
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San Joaquin Valley subsidence
Not able torecover dueto aquifercompaction
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Water Drop
http://www.wested.org/pblnet/exp_projects/H2O.html
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Contaminated Groundwater
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Groundwater purification
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Agriculture sources of groundwater contamination
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Landfill leachate contamination
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Drinking Water Standards
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Parts per Million
• ppm• Change
1,000,000 mg to litersmg 1,000,000
mg 1
L 1mL 1,000
L 1g 1
mL 1mg 1,000
g 1mg 1,000,000 =×××
L 1mg 1
ppm 1 =
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Sewage treatment
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Primary sewage treatment
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Secondary sewage treatment
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Natural substances in water
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Impurities in Runoff
• Atmosphere• Dissolved substances• Silt, etc.• Radon
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Organic byproducts in water
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Contamination of Water• Micro-organisms• Decay products• Plant nutrients• Petroleum compounds• Acid• Industry• Mining
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Drinking water standards
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Pollution Sources
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Raw Sewage discharge
http://www.nwri.ca/sande/nov_dec_2002-e.html
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Plant nutrient pollution
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/n_resource/riparianforests/Tab%20I.htm
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Agricultural Runoff
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/n_resource/riparianforests/Tab%20I.htm
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Oil pollution
http://www.intertanko.com/tankerfacts/sizes/pollution.htm
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Mine leachate
http://www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/hscs/contam/
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Water Pollution
http://www.jvkco.com/digidare/water.html
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Water Pollution Prevention
http://www.jvkco.com/digidare/water.html
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Drinking water standards