Water Conservation
description
Transcript of Water Conservation
![Page 1: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
RCACWater Conservation
![Page 2: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
RCAC
What is water conservation?
Any action, program or technology that:Reduces draw from water sourcesReduces indoor and outdoor water useReduces water loss or waste Improves efficiency of water use Increases water recycling/reusePrevents water pollution
![Page 3: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
RCAC
“Selling” water conservation to clients
What are some challenges to promoting WC planning to communities?
![Page 4: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
RCAC
EPA Water Conservation planning tool for TA providers
Designed for systems serving populations of 10,000 or fewer
1. Specify conservation planning goals
2. Develop a water system profile
3. Prepare a demand forecast
4. Identify & evaluate conservation measures
5. Present implementation strategy
ESEPA “Basic Guidelines for Preparing a Water Conservation Plan”
![Page 5: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
RCAC
1. Specify Conservation Planning Goals
Goals should be specific and measurable Examples:
Residential water use will be reduced by 15% over three years
Low flow showerheads will be installed in 20% of the residences by 2011
Water audits will be completed on 30% of Commercial/industrial/institutional customers within the first two years
![Page 6: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
RCAC
1. Specify Conservation Planning Goals (cont’d)
Planning goals may also include:Eliminating, downsizing, or postponing capital
projectsExtending the life of existing facilitiesAvoiding new source development costsEducating customers about the value of waterProtecting/preserving environmental
resourcesLowering variable operating costs
![Page 7: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
RCAC
2. Develop a water system profile
Summarize system characteristicsPopulation servedService areaAnnual water supplyNumber of service connectionsWater demand
Average day demandPeak demand
Water pricing/rates
![Page 8: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
RCAC
2. Develop a water system profile (cont’d)
Summarize system conditionsDesignated critical water supply area?Frequent supply shortages/emergencies?Substantial unaccounted for/lost water?High rate of population/demand growth?Substantial improvements or additions
planned?
![Page 9: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
RCAC
2. Develop a water system profile (cont’d)
Summarize current conservation measuresWhat specific measures are in place?When were they implemented?How effective are they?What are the estimated annual water savings
from each measure?
![Page 11: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
RCAC
3. Prepare a demand forecast
Based on anticipated population growth More accurate if prepared for different
classifications of water useResidentialCommercial/large water users
5 and 10 years forecasts Optional if population is growing at less
than 2% per year
![Page 13: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
RCAC
4. Identify/evaluate conservation measures
Three level of conservation measures1. Basic (even smallest systems should
consider these)
2. Intermediate
3. Advanced
![Page 15: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
RCAC
4. Identify/evaluate conservation measures (cont’d)
![Page 16: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
RCAC
4. Identify/evaluate conservation measures (cont’d)
![Page 17: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
RCAC
4. Identify/evaluate conservation measures (cont’d)
Criteria for selecting conservation measures can include:Program costsCost effectivenessBudgetary considerationsEase of implementingStaff resources & capabilityEnvironmental impactsRatepayer impacts
![Page 18: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
RCAC
4. Identify/evaluate conservation measures (cont’d)
Criteria for selecting conservation measures can include:Water rights and permitsLegal issues or restraintsRegulatory approvalPublic acceptanceTimeliness of savingsConsistency with other programs
![Page 19: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
RCAC
4. Identify/evaluate conservation measures (cont’d)
Prepare a budget for each planned conservation measure, including estimated costs/gallon of water saved
Avoid counting water savings from a measure more than once when doing cost benefit analysis
![Page 20: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
RCAC
4. Identify/evaluate conservation measures (cont’d)
Based on budget and other selection criteria, chose which measures will be implemented
Consider effects of conservation on system revenues (reduction in sales)
Include general summary of expected benefits, including effects on planned capital improvements
![Page 22: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
RCAC
5. Present Implementation Strategy
Present strategy and timetable for implementation
Note specific factors or contingencies that might effect implementation
Address data collection and modeling required to track effects of conservation over time
Plan to update and revise WC plan
![Page 24: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
RCAC
Indoor water use
For single family homes, average water use/person/day = 69.3 gallons (benchmark)
![Page 26: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
RCAC
Indoor + outdoor water use
Total water use per person per day in the United States = 171.8 gallons
From AWWARF “Residential End Uses of Water”
![Page 27: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
RCAC
Overall water use
![Page 28: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
RCAC
Review current and forecasted systems conditions
Exercise Page 1-4
![Page 29: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
RCAC
Definition of a Water Audit
Thorough examination of the accuracy of a water agencies records and control equipment
Overall Goal IdentifyQuantifyVerify Water Losses and Revenue
Performed AnnuallyTo update the results of earlier audits
![Page 30: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
RCAC
Water Audits
Water in: Groundwater/surface water Purchased water
Total water in____________ Water out:
Metered Leaks/theft/under billing/ faulty control systems
Total water out___________ Water in – water out = unaccounted for
water
![Page 31: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
RCAC
“Selling” the benefits of a water audit to a utility
Reduced pumping costs (electricity) Reduced treatment costs (chemical) Increased revenues from undercharged
customers Increased knowledge of distribution system
Gain experience with the use of mapsHelps a utility respond more quickly to
emergencies
![Page 34: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
RCAC
Benefits of a Water Audit
Stretch existing supplies to meet increased needs
Defer construction of new facilities Improved maintenance can reduced the
likelihood of property damageBetter safe guard public health and safetyCross contamination during system pressure
loss occurrences
![Page 35: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
RCAC
The health risks of a leaky distribution system
USEPA: The Potential for Health Risks from Intrusion of Contaminants into the Distribution System from Pressure transientsPotential for prolonged negative pressure
events in distribution systemsDirect epidemiological connection between
leaky mains/poor chlorine residual/ low pressure and gastrointestinal illness
![Page 36: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
RCAC
Water Audit Activities
Verifying, Quantifying and Updating : Water source inflow records
Inaccurate source data will invalidate the audit
Billing and accounting information Un-metered use records
Parks, community centers, government facilities, firefighting
![Page 37: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
RCAC
Authorized Un-metered Users
Un-metered uses must be carefully estimated to produce an accurate audit
Recommend metering all water users even if it is not billed
![Page 38: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
RCAC
Water Audit Activities
Verifying and Updating system maps-GIS Testing master and source meters for
accuracy Testing residential, commercial, and
industrial sales meters for accuracy Large meter testing is the most expensive
item of a water audit ($150- $500 per meter, repair $350- $1000 per meter)
![Page 39: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
RCAC
Tabletop Audit Exercise
Velo City
![Page 40: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Water Board Faces Grand Jury Grilling Over Fatal Sink Hole Incident
Officials “Turned a blind eye” to warning signs, alleges former manager.
Story on page B2
![Page 41: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
RCAC
Why Do Distribution Systems Leak?
Age Corrosion Faulty installation Material defect Excessive pressures (or
surges) Ground movement Traffic loading and
vibration
![Page 42: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
RCAC
Where Is All This Water Going?
Leaks follow the path of least resistancePorous (sandy) soilGravel backfill Sanitary sewersStorm sewersGeologic featuresA few actually reach the
surface!
![Page 43: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Are There Any Warning Signs?
Many main breaks are actually unseen leaks that could be repaired before the break occurs
![Page 44: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
RCAC
Robotic “Noise Loggers”
Placed in remote areas Turn themselves on when noise
is at a minimum (2 a.m.) Listen for leak noises, then shut
themselves off after a few hours Transmit data wirelessly during
daylight hours Moved to other areas as needed
![Page 45: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
RCAC
Leak Detection Technology
Portable contact (probe) devices
Unpowered geophones (stethoscope)
Amplified acoustic microphone systems
Multi-channel acoustic correlators
Portable noise loggers
![Page 46: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
RCAC
Typical Equipment Cost
Portable contact (probe) devices - $1500-$2000
Unpowered geophones - $30-$350 Amplified acoustic detection systems -
$2500-$3800 Multi-channel acoustic correlators -
$17,000 - $23,000 Portable leak noise loggers - $200-$600
per unit depending on quantity
![Page 47: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
RCAC
Equipment options
Purchase (good investment) Rent / Lease Hire a contractor Borrow from neighboring
agency Vendor demo units
![Page 48: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
RCAC
How Is A Leak Survey Done?
Map out a grid of water system
Experienced crew should cover 6 to 8 miles per day
Conduct preliminary survey using contact (probe) equipment
Return to pinpoint suspected leak locations using correlation
![Page 49: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
RCAC
Water Conservation measures
Table 3
![Page 50: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
RCAC
Public Education & Outreach
Understandable water billUsage, rates and charges
Information available on requestBrochures, etc.
Informative water billConservation tips
Water bill inserts
![Page 51: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
RCAC
Water conservation incentives through rate structuring
Flat fee Uniform rate Decreasing block rate Increasing block rate Seasonal rates
![Page 52: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
RCAC
Apportioning costs fairly
Cost distribution spreadsheet
![Page 53: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
RCAC
Resources
AWWA M52
Water Conservation
Manual
![Page 54: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Resources
![Page 55: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
RCAC
Resources
http://epa.gov/watersense/pubs/guide.htm
![Page 56: Water Conservation](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070409/56814495550346895db13371/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
RCAC
Questions?