Water Challenges - Past, Present, and Futurease.tufts.edu/water/pdf/PerryMcCartyPowerPoint.pdf ·...
Transcript of Water Challenges - Past, Present, and Futurease.tufts.edu/water/pdf/PerryMcCartyPowerPoint.pdf ·...
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Water Challenges Water Challenges --Past, Present, and FuturePast, Present, and Future
Perry L. McCartyPerry L. McCartyDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Stanford UniversityStanford University
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Water Supply and Distribution
Listed by the National Academy of Engineering as among the Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century
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50 Years Ago -
The arrival of new problems - bring a paradigm shift
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Cuyahoga River, Cleveland, Ohio -1952 - “Burn on, Big River, Burn on”
Photographer - James Thomas
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San Francisco - 1971 Oil Spill
National Geographic magazine photographs
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TorontoToronto
ChicagoChicago Los Angeles CountyLos Angeles County
San JoseSan Jose
Aerobic - Activated Sludge Treatment
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ABS Synthetic Detergents – 1950s
Photographer - Bruce M. Wyckoff
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Whittier Narrows, CA1962 Wastewater Reuse
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1962
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1965 - South Lake TahoeAdvanced Wastewater Treatment
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1968 - Direct Potable Reuse, Windhoek, Namibia
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Orange County, California1976 - Water Factory 21
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Super Fund - 1980
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Global Annual Production of Synthetic Organic Material (Source UNEP, 1987)
0
100
200
300
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Mill
ion
Tons
per
Yea
r
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Emerging Chemicals of Concern
• Perchlorate (ClO4-)
• Nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA)
• 1,4-Dioxane• Fire retardants– PBDE– Perfluoros
• Pharmaceuticals• Endocrine disrupters– Fish Feminization
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Worldwide Problem
• Over 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water
• 2.4 billion lack access to adequate sanitation facilities
• In 1998, 2.2 million people estimated to have died of diarrhealdiseases
• Millions suffer from parasitic worm infections
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“…Supreme Court ruled that carbon dioxide and other so-called greenhouse gases
are air pollutants…”Wall Street Journal, April 3, 2007
New York TimesApril 3, 2007
San Jose Mercury NewsApril 3, 2007
Wall Street JournalApril 3, 2007
An Inconvenient Truth
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Question
What is impact of wastes and waste treatment
on greenhouse gas emissions?
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Global Warming PotentialCO2 = 1
310Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
21Methane (CH4)
1Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
GWPGas
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Global Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions
US EPA, Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases, June 2006, EPA 430-06-005
CO2
76%
CH4
15%
N2O8%
Other 1%
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Anaerobic Digestion, Elsevier (1981)
Anaerobic Pathways to Methane Formation
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Anaerobic Treatment
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Anaerobic Treatment in China
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2000 Non-CO2 Emissions -% of Total CO2eq
US EPA, Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases, June 2006, EPA 430-06-005
0
5
10
15
20
25
World USA
Perc
ent
FossilFuels
Wastes
OtherAgricul-
ture
EntericFerment
Rice
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2000 Waste CH4+N2O Emissions -% of Total CO2eq
US EPA, Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases, June 2006, EPA 430-06-005
0
1
2
3
4
5
World USA
Perc
ent
Waste-Water
Manure
SolidWastes
CH4
N2O
1.8
1.0
1.3
2.1
0.90.6
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TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 2007 SAN JOSE MERCURY NEWS
SAN JOSEMERCURY NEWS
TUESDAY,NOVEMBER 6, 2007
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Water-Related Energy Consumption in California (2001)
California Energy Commission, CEC-700-2005-001-SF (2005)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2
% o
f CA
Ene
rgy
Usa
ge
Electricity Natural Gas
Heating &Cooling
End UseT & T
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kWh/Million Gallons for Urban Water in California
12,7003,950Total
2,5002,500Wastewater Treat.
1,2001,200Water Distribution
100100Water Treatment
8,900150Supply & Convey
SouthNorth
California Energy Commission, CEC-700-2005-001-SF (2005)
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Rene Dubois
“Think globally, act locally”
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2005 - U. S. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Source: US EPA, Inventory of U. S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:1990-2005, Draft, February 20, 2007
Passenger Car8.7%
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Question
How can we reduce energy consumption and
greenhouse emissions from wastewater treatment?
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2007 Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
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Palo Alto Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Primary settling
• Aerobic BOD removal
• Nitrification
• Sludge incineration
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San Jose Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Primary settling
• Aerobic BOD removal
• Nitrification
• Sludge digestion
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Sunnyvale WTPSunnyvale WTPStabilization PondsStabilization Ponds
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
PrimaryTanks
Influent
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
StabilizationPonds
PrimaryTanks
Influent
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
StabilizationPonds
PrimaryTanks
Influent
Flotation
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
Nitrification
Flotation
StabilizationPonds
PrimaryTanks
Influent
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
Filtration
Nitrification
Flotation
StabilizationPonds
PrimaryTanks
Influent
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
Disinfection
Filtration
Nitrification
Flotation
StabilizationPonds
PrimaryTanks
Influent
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
Effluent
Disinfection
Filtration
Nitrification
Flotation
StabilizationPonds
PrimaryTanks
Influent
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
PrimaryTanks
Digesters
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
Flotation
PrimaryTanks
Digesters
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
COCO22 + CH+ CH44
Flotation
PrimaryTanks
Digesters
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2007Google-Map Data ©NAVTEQTM
DryingBeds
COCO22 + CH+ CH44
Flotation
PrimaryTanks
Digesters
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5O25CO2+2H2O+NH3Soluble
C5H7O2NBOD
ParticulateC5H7O2N
BOD Conversion to Algae
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Cogeneration at Sunnyvale Wastewater Treatment Plant
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CO2 & N2O Release in Nitrification
NH3 + 202 + NaHCO3 = NaNO3 + 2H2O + CO2
CO2
PowerAir
Plus trace of N2O
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CO2 Equivalents (1000 kg/day)Treatment of 10,000 kg BOD5 /day
6.212.229.0Total
(6.6)(3.3)2.2Energy Usage
1.22.82.8Nitrification
1.41.1CH4 Loss (1%)
6.85.4CH4 Oxidation
3.42.6Digestion-CO2
20.4Incineration
3.63.6BOD Removal
Algae + Digestion
Aerobic + Digestion
Aerobic + Incineration
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Energy Costs - US$1000/yearTreatment of 10,000 kg BOD5 /day
(366)(97)236Total
(378)(299)Excess Power
122458CO2 Penalty
178178Oxygen Supply
Algae + Digestion
Aerobic + Digestion
Aerobic + Incineration
CO2 penalty = US$20/tonC
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Water Reuse in Monterey County
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Monterey RegionalWater Pollution Control Agency
• Largest wastewater recycle in U.S. for irrigated crops• Irrigates 12,000 acres• 34.2 billion gallons produced since 1997
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Water Reuse in Monterey County
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Conclusions for Sustainability
• A reevaluation of waste treatment alternatives is needed because of climate change concerns
• Methane from wastes must be contained
• Desired alternatives are those that reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and power consumption
• Anaerobic treatment is likely to be an attractive component of the alternatives
• Wastewater is a resource for water, energy, and plant nutrients
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Rene Dubois
"Trend is not destiny"
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Ancient Chinese Proverb
"Unless we change our direction, we are likely to end up where
we are headed"
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Thank you!Thank you!