Water and Minerals: The Ocean Within

BIOL 103, Chapter 10-2

Today’s Topic

• Trace Minerals: – Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine, Copper, Manganese,

Fluoride, Chromium, Molybdenum

• Other Trace Minerals and Ultratrace minerals

Trace Minerals

• Cofactors for _____________• Components of _________________• Participate in many chemical reaction• Essential for:

– ______________________– Immune System

Iron• Functions:

1. ______________ transport (as part of hemoglobin and myoglobin)

• Hemoglobin: carries oxygen in __________________• Myoglobin: moves oxygen into ______________________

2. Cofactor for enzymes• Participates in reactions involving energy production, amino

acid metabolism, muscle function, etc.3. _____________________ function4. Brain function

• Nerve cell ________________________: iron helps produce myelin sheath • Nerve cell ________________: iron helps produce

neurotransmitters

Regulation of Iron in the body• Iron absorption depends on:

1. ________________ (primary factor)• Absorption varies, depending on the person’s needs• _________________ absorption when circulating iron and

iron reserves are low.2. GI function

• Depends on __________________________3. ______________________________ of iron in food

• 2 types of iron found in food:– Heme iron: found in the hemoglobin and myoglobin of animal

foods– Non-heme iron: iron in plants and animal foods that is not part of

hemoglobin or myoglobin.

Problem Set 10, Q3

• Explain the difference between heme and non-heme iron. Which is absorbed better?

Iron• Iron absorption is affected by the following dietary factors:

– Enhance (for non-heme iron): ______________________– Inhibit:

• _______________________________________bind to non-heme iron

• ______________________________________compete for absorption• Transport and storage:

– Transporter: _______________________________– Storage form of iron: ________________________

• Turnover and losses:– Rapid growth and blood expansion (infant young children)– ____________________________ (menstruation, feces, sweat)– _________________________(ulcer, cancer, parasitic infection)

Iron

• Food sources:– Red meat, oyster, legumes, tofu, whole grains

• Deficiency:– ________________________________

• Toxicity:– Adult doses can cause poisoning in children– Hereditary hemochromatosis – a genetic disorder in

which ____________________ results in abnormal iron deposits in the liver and other tissues.

Zinc Functions1. Enzymes

– Helps provide _______________ or ___________ catalytic ability• Ex: In the retina, zinc must interact with enzyme that activates vitamin A

night vision2. Gene regulations

– Helps small proteins to fold so that the proteins can interact with ____________ “turns on” gene _________________________ ________________________________________

3. Immune system– Helps develop and maintain immune system

4. Others:– Taste perception– ______________________________________

Regulation of Zinc in the Body• Absorption:

– Similar to ________________– Depends on body’s needs, zinc content of the meal,

and presence of competing minerals– ______________ and supplemental calcium inhibit

absorption• Transport, distribution, and excretion:

– Zinc circulates in the bloodstream bound to protein, traveling to the liver and tissues.

• Food sources:– Red meats, seafood

Zinc

• Deficiency: – Uncommon, but may occur in people with illness that

impair absorption• ______________ and ____________________________

• Toxicity:– Usually rare– Can cause copper deficiency:

• Q: Why is this is beneficial for those with Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder that increases copper absorption)?

Selenium

• Functions:– Part of _________________ enzyme – __________ metabolism: selenium-dependent

enzymes __________ the major thyroid hormone.– _______________ function

• Absorption and excretion:– Bound to amino acid (MET or CYS)– Enhance absorption: ________________– Inhibits absorption: _________________

Selenium

• Food sources:– Organ meats, fish, seafood, meats

• Deficiency:– Increase susceptibility to some infections– Keshan disease: enlarged heart disorder in children– Worsens _________________ (low thyroid hormones

slowing of mental/physical functions)

• Toxicity:– _________________________

Iodine• Function: _____________________production• Food sources:

– __________________, fish, seafood, dairy• Deficiency:

– Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland• Low iodine low thyroid hormone produces more

___________________________ thyroid gland grows bigger – Cretinism: mental retardation

• Occurs during pregnancy– Can be caused by ________________ deficiency

• Toxicity: – ____________________

• Too much iodine inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis less thyroid hormone thyroid gland grows bigger.

Problem Set 10 Question #4:

Q: Explain two ways someone can have hypothyroidism. (Hint: which two minerals are involved?)

Copper

• Functions:– _______________________________production– Immune function– Involved with antioxidant enzyme – Works with ceruloplasmin, a copper-dependent

enzyme required for ______________________.• Absorption and storage:

– Absorption varies from ___________________– Interferes with absorption: ________________

Copper

• Deficiency:– Causes ___________________

• Because copper deficiency reduces production of red and white blood cells

– Poor immune function• Toxicity:

– Relatively non-toxic• Food sources:

– Organ meats, shellfish, nuts, legumes

Manganese• Functions:

– ________________ production– ________________ formation– Antioxidant enzyme systems

• Food sources:– Tea, nuts, cereals

• Deficiency:– Some illness may cause suboptimal Magnesium status:

•__________________________________: a progressive disease that destroys myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord

• Toxicity:– Incidents due to ___________________________

• Symptoms: hallucinations, memory/motor coordination.

Fluoride

• Functions:– _____________________ structure by promoting

deposits of calcium and phosphorous.• Fluoride Sources (Problem Set 10 Question# 5):

– Fluoridated water– Fluoride supplements, toothpastes, mouthwash

• Toxicity:– Excess can cause fluorosis: ______________________

____________________________________• The fluoridation debate

Chromium

• Functions:– __________________ metabolism

• Enhances insulin’s ability to move glucose into cells.

• Food sources:– Mushrooms, dark chocolate, nuts, whole grains

• Deficiency and toxicity:– Difficult to determine deficiency– ______________

Molybdenum

• Functions:– _______________ cofactor

• Food sources– Peas, beans, organ meats, some breakfast cereals

• Absorption:– Inhibit: ________________

• Deficiency/Toxicity:– Deficiency: _____________– Toxicity: _______________

Other Trace Minerals and Ultratrace Minerals

• Ultratrace minerals: Iodine, Fluoride, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium

• (Pages 429-430)– Other Trace Minerals: Arsenic, Boron, Nickel,

Silicon, Vanadium