Waste Water Reuse in Buildings - SSWM · Flushing water Toilets, kitchen waste grinder Blackwater...
Transcript of Waste Water Reuse in Buildings - SSWM · Flushing water Toilets, kitchen waste grinder Blackwater...
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Waste Water Reuse in
BuildingsBuildings
Univ. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf OtterpohlDirector
Institute of Wastewater Managementand Water Protection
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Inefficient Water Usage, Loss of Soil Fertility,
Pollution of Rivers, Lakes and the Seas
Major problems related to Wastewater (Miss)Management:
Pollution of Rivers, Lakes and the Seas
Scarcity is often a consequence of inefficient Water Usage
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Loss of Soil Fertility (slow but dramatic, global scale)
counteraction by returning treated biowaste and faecals
(Map from WWW.FAO.ORG)
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The 3 dimensions of Innovation
Concept Innovation Formal Innovation
Source: Prof. G. Teodorescu, Stuttgart
Technical Innovation
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End of pipe to reuse systems in industry
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€€
€
€
€
€
€
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€
€ € €
€
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Urine
~ 500
Feaces
~ 50
(option: add
biowaste)
Greywater
25.000 -100.000
Yearly Loads
kg/(P*year)
Flushwater
can be saved
6.000 - 25.000
Can the same work in housing areas?
Added value through reuse
Full reuse = Zero Emissions
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Urine
~ 500
Feaces
~ 50
(option: add
biowaste)
Greywater
25.000 -100.000
N ~ 4-5 ~ 3 % ~ 87 % ~ 10 %
Yearly Loads
kg/(P*year)
Flushwater
can be saved
6.000 - 25.000
N ~ 4-5 ~ 3 % ~ 87 % ~ 10 %
~ 34 %K ~ 1,8 ~ 54 % ~ 12 %
P ~ 0,75 ~50 % ~ 40 %~ 10 %
COD ~ 30 ~ 41 % ~ 12 % ~ 47 %
Reuse / Water Cycle
Treatment
Fertiliser
Biogas-Plant
CompostingTreatment
Soil-Conditioner
S, Ca, Mg and trace
elements
Geigy, Wiss. Tabellen, Basel 1981, Vol. 1, LARSEN and GUJER 1996, FITSCHEN and HAHN 1998
€ € €
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Toilets and resulting Dilution
Type of Toilet Daily Flow per P. Pro and Con's
Flushing
toilet
+ widely accepted
- waste of water- high dilution
Vacuum-toilet
+ low water demand+ well developed (ships)
- high-tec / expensive
Separating
toilet
+ little water / little dilution
+ simple fertiliser reuse
- little experience- little experience
Waterless
Urinal
+ no water / no dilution
- maintenance required
Composting-
toilet
+ no water needed
- high space demand- maintenance needed
Desiccation toilet ++ Desiccation for hot climates
Low/,on-diluting toilets are
the key for new sanitation concepts
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1. Blackwater and integrated
systems design
2. Dry sanitation / Low Cost
The 3 main Development lines
2. Dry sanitation / Low Cost
solutions
3. Urine-Diversion with flush
sanitation
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Vacuum technologyVacuum technologyVacuum technologyVacuum technologyMarine installations = Water Efficientcy
•1660 Vacuum Toilets• > 2km of Vacuum pipes
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Settlement Lübeck-Flintenbreite
Water consumption 65 l/capita/day
Double-Houses
Terraced Houses
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Vacuum-Toilet 0.7 litres per flush
Roediger Vacusatec
Seit 2009: Neues Ventilsystem, sehr leise
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Community Building with central technical
Devices, Lübeck-Flintenbreite
Cellar: Vacuumstation, Biowaste Grinder, Hygienisation, Biogas Plant
Above ground: Seminar/Party room, Office, 4 Flats and HPG
(Otterwasser GmbH, Lübeck, Germany, 2001)
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Vacuum Pumping
Station for
Blackwater
to Digester
Bio-Waste Inlet
and Grinder
Sanitisation of
Blackwater and
biowaste
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Vacuum-Biogas-System:
32 houses in Sneek, The ,etherlands
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Hamburg Water Cycle by Hamburg‘s Water UtilityVacuum-biogas system for 2.000 inhabitants, production of
electricity and heat from waste Start in 2010
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Evapo-
Greywater
Tap water
Freshwater
demand:
10 to 20 litres
/person/d
Highest possible
water efficiency
for very dry
areas
Flushing water
Toilets, kitchen
waste grinder
Blackwater
Bath, kitchen,
washing
Freshwater
demand (rain,
lake, river):
groundwater (natural or artifical)
Evapo-
ration
losses
RO-Tap water
processing
LooLoop
plant (MBR)
Pumping
stationBlueLoop
plant (MBR)
Compost,
fertilizer
Biogas
Infiltration,
irrigationExtraction
Soil
energy
savingsOption:
seawater
lake, river):
10 to 20 litres
/person/d
INTAQUATMAGworldwide patents
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Sorting-Toilet
(Gustavsberg, Sweden)Waterless Urinal
(Keramag)
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State of the art waterless urinal
Low maintenance
(Keramag)
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Urine – containers and pre-composters for 106
flats in Linz, Austria Reserach project of Linz AG , Water and Power Utility of the city
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The Netherlands: Fertiliser
production form urine 1.000 m³/a
• MB
• Waterschap
Rivierenland Rivierenland
• STOWA
• LeAF
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Biodiesel from algae grown in urine
,orwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) Prof. Petter Jenssen
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Here: Low-cost, high efficiency for
large scale implementation:
• Urban, peri-urban areas are far more
difficult that rural situations
• Multi storey houses• Multi storey houses
• Ventilation is not an option for large
scale, otherwise the whole region will
smell bad
• An ancient concept offers new
perspectives: Terra Preta Sanitation
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Ecological Sanitation in modern
times, low-tech war develeoped
in Sweden, EcoSanRes
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WECF: Women in
Europe for a
Common FutureCommon Future(Holland)
in co-operation with
TUHH
www.wecf.org
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Neue Schultoilette, Ukraine (TUHH/WECF)
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:. Trockentrenntoiletten in mehrstöckigen Gebäuden
Drawings: Ole Jebens, TU Braunschweig
TU BS
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:. Trockentrenntoiletten in mehrstöckigen Gebäuden
TU BS
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Soil degradation is stupid,
future generations will need land, tooP
Poor soil can become highly fertile with
clever management of biowaste and sanitation
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Productive fertile soil is a nonrenewable,
endangered ecosystem!
• About 2 billion hectares of soil (15% of Earth's land) have been degraded by human activities
• About 2 million hectares of agricultural lands are lost every year due to severe land degradation
• For the past 40 years nearly one-third of the world's cropland (1.5 billion hectares) has been unproductive and abandoned because of soil erosion and degradation
It takes approximately 500 years to replace 25 millimeters (1 inch) of topsoil lost to erosion (minimal soil depth for agricultural production is 150 millimeters)
http://www.treehugger.com/Land-Degradation_Endanger.jpghttp://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/earth/food-and-soil.php
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Percentage of micronutrient
deficiencies of important agricultural
soils of the world Zn B Mo Cu Mn Fe
Zn
B
49%
31% B
Mo
Cu
Mn
31%
15%
14%
10%
3%
Boron and Zinc are the most problematic
and significantly affect crop yields! Factura (2010)
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Why soil deficiencies occur
• Sandy texture and strongly leached –
B,Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn
• High soil pH (>7) – B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn
• High calcium carbonate content, (>15%)
calcareous soils – B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn
• High salt content – Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn
• Acid soils – Mo, Cu, Zn
Factura (2010)
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Human Micronutrient
Deficiency
• Highly prevalent in low-and-middle-income
countries consuming monotonous, low-quality
diets based on plant foods
• Global deficiency conditions result from • Global deficiency conditions result from
inadequate amounts of iodine, iron, vitamin
A, and zinc
• 2 million child deaths globally a year is
attributed to zinc, vitamin A, and iron
deficiencies - WHO
Factura (2010)
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Poor soil condition because of lack
micronutrients
Poor crop productivity
Low quality diets
Micronutrient deficiency and
MalnutritionFactura (2010)
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Old Amazonian cultures
• All they left was highly fertile soil that could
produce food with a very low footprint
• They gave us a key element for the future of our • They gave us a key element for the future of our
societies:
- urban and peri-urban agriculture can be
combined with biowaste utilisation and sanitation
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Terra Preta:
- 2000 – 7000 years old
- around 10 % of the Amazon Region
- 16. century millions of people,
today 350.000
- up to 20 meters deep, partly hills- up to 20 meters deep, partly hills
- fertile without adding fertilizer
- multiple yield
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Historic Amazon: Forest Argriculture in three layers GEO 3/2009
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GEO, March 2009
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Naturally very
poor tropical
soil
degrades very
soon with
The same
soil:
highly fertile
and carbon
rich over many
generations
long ago with
- lactofermentedsoon with
lack of organic
matter
- lactofermented
vermicomposted
biowaste and
faecal matter
- 10% charcoal
Terra Preta
Poor soil can become highly fertile with
clever management of biowaste and sanitation
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• Increases in soil fertility through charcoal addition
is well known
• Applications of charcoal which inevitably contain
ash add free bases such as K, Ca, and Mg to the
soil solution, increasing the pH value of the soil soil solution, increasing the pH value of the soil
and providing readily available nutrients for plant
growth
soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), water
holding capacity + organic matter = Highly fertile
soil
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An ancient pathway for today:
TERRA PRETA SANITATION
Production of super-fertile soils
Composed of biowaste, feacal matter, bones
and charcoal
Production through lactofermentation
(addition of bacteria) followed by
vermicomposting
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Terra Preta is ideally
produced with dry toilets
with seperate urine
collection
However, if it shall be
flush for legal or cultural
reasons, this can be done
in combination with in combination with
separate urine collection
and a fermentation tank (formerly rottebehälter or
pre-composting tank)
Urine colletion with
individual bottle like in
hospitals or Pippinette
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First step: Keep Urine
separateThe most simple approach, personal
collector,
female / male version
Pippinette
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Second step: Feacal matter
collection
Dry toilet shop, Hamburg:
www.bergerbiotechnik.de
Terra preta / EM-Shop:
Example: Mobile-toilet „toa-standard“
with a closing lid for the bucketafter usage: cover with ½ cup of a mixture of
2,5 kg ground charcoal, 1 kg dolomite-lime, 1:100 EM A
or leachate of lactofermented sauerkraut,
some forest-soil for fungi, some stone-dust
operation ok when smell is ok leave lactofermenting for minimum
3 weeks to some month, then vermicomposting in closed composter
Terra preta / EM-Shop:
www.triaterra.de
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Third step: Vermicomposting of feacal
matter
Breakthrough in solids treatment at TUHH
(BMBF / IPSWaT)
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Bucket system
Pilot set-up at TUHH
Collection Storage Vermicomposting
Factura et al.(2010)
• Addition of charcoal
• Separation of urine
• Partly aerobic/anaerobic condition
• Closed air tight (minimum one month) with addition of lactofermenters
• Addition of worms
• Aerobic condition (minimum two months)
All in one and the same bucket!
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What we have found out so far
• Charcoal eliminates bad faecal odour
• Faeces can be stored in a bucket (closed air-
tight) for longer period without odour problemstight) for longer period without odour problems
• Vermicomposting of stored faecal substrate (with
combination of fine woodchips) works well and
produces the fertile organic matter
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Terra Preta Sanitation
• One bucket system from collection, lactofermentation, and vermicomposting
• Does not need a huge space
• No more need for a ventilation system
• No more need for a dehydration system
• Easy handling of faecal matter (including biowaste)
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Pilot installations
• Eco-house of Dr. Haiko Pieplow near
Berlin
• Pilot set-up of Dr.Jürgen Reckin near
BerlinBerlin
• Plant experiments of Joachim
Böttcher, Areal GmbH, Germany
• Scientific studies at TUHH
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The eco-house of Haiko Pieplow produces highly
fertile soils: Terra Preta
It is surrounded by a greenhouse that provides
passive solar energy harvest and a pleasant
Mediterranean climate in the North, near
Berlin, Germany
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Dr. Reckin‘s Backyard
Garden bio-wastes are
collected and shredded
(like woodchips)
Formed into heaps of compost
and made ready for terra preta
transformation
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Dr. Reckin‘s Backyard
Coal mixtures are prepared
(charcoal, brown coal,
and coal ash)
Mixed together And spread over the heaps
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Dr. Reckin‘s Backyard
Mixture of bacteria is used in fermenting
urine (to prevent loss of nitrogen)
And spread over the heaps of
mostly slice-cut woods where
vermicomposting is taking place
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Dr. Reckin‘s Backyard
When you dig in the heaps, you
will see big healthy worms (doing
vermicomposting process)
transforming the bio-wastes into
the nutrient-rich terra pretathe nutrient-rich terra preta
Worms
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Experiments of Areal GmbH:
characteristics equals original Terra Preta, even better
Joachim Böttcher
Production boxes Trial field Groth experiments
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Growth experiments of Areal GmbH in 2008:
Potatoes yield per plant 2.9 to 3.5 kg
no irrigation and fertilisation
Calculates to 120 tons/ha (nomal 25 to 35)
Joachim Böttcher
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Amazing: bio-degradation of organic
matter is strongly reduced, instead
biomass is converted
to stable carbon-structures
adapted, from Joachim Böttcher
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Integrated urban bio-systems
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Zentrale der Commerzbank, Deutschland, Frankfurt am Deutschland, Frankfurt am Main, 1994-1997"Wie kann man Arbeit und �atur in den Grenzen eines Bürogebäudes miteinander in Einklang bringen?" fragt Foster.
http://www.architektur.tu-darmstadt.de/powerhouse/db/248,id_21,s_Papers.fb15
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Thank You
for your attention!
www.tuhh.de/aww www.ecosan.org (IWA SG)
www.gtz.de/ecosan www.ecosanres.org
www.otterwasser.de