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AUSTRIA SHOWCASE

WASTE-to-ENERGYin AUSTRIA

AECC Aberdeen Exhibition & Conference Center, Scotland

19.05.2010

Franz P. NeubacherDipl.-Ing. Chemical Engineering (TU Graz)

M.S. Technology & Policy (M.I.T.)

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Table of Content

• Development of waste management in Austria

• Status-Quo of waste management in EU countries

• Separated collection: Recycling and Waste-to-Energy

• Development of emission standards for waste incineration

• Examples for Waste-to-Energy projects in Austria

• Waste-to-Energy: Reduction of GHG - emissions

• Site criteria for new Waste-to-Energy projects

• Overall cost of a Waste-to-Energy plant

• Activities and time-schedule for project implementation

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Legally Registered Waste Dumps in Austria 1984

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History of Waste Management Legislation in Austria

Integrated waste management began in Austria about 30 years ago withincreasing public awareness, environmental regulations and subsidies:

• Technical guidelines for control of waste dumps 1977

• Hazardous and special waste management act 1983

• Federal legislation on the Environmental Protection Fund 1983

• Guidelines for Waste Management in Austria 1988

• Federal legislation on clean-up of landfills and contaminated sites(including a disposal tax on landfill operations for clean-upactivities) 1993

• Ban on disposal of hazardous wastes to landfills (except of inorganicwastes encapsulated in closed salt formations) by July 2001

• Decree on landfills including the ban on disposal of waste exceeding5 % TOC (Total Organic Carbon) for new landfills by the beginning of1997 and for existing landfills at the beginning of 2004 (limited legalexemptions until end of 2008, and limited exemptions for stabilizedresidues from MBT Mechanical Biological Treatment)

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Landfill Tax in Austria

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Future-oriented Concept for Integratedand Sustainable Waste Management

© UV&P

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Waste Prevention: The Danube begins here …

© EbS, Austria

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Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste in EU

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Limitations for Disposal to Landfills

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More efficient use of crude oil for production of valuable materials,including recycling and recovery of energy from waste.

Use of Non-renewable Resources: Crude Oil

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Separate Collection of Recyclable Materials

Example: Separated collection, processing and recycling of sorted PET material

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„Green Waste“ for Production of Compost

Mobile shredder for green waste and wood Turning machine for the composting process

Mobile screening trommel for recoveryof high-quality compost material

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Anaerobic Treatment for Kitchen and Market Wastes

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Separated Collection of Municipal Waste

Specific treatment and utilization of:

• separate collection and treatment ofinfectious and other hazardous organicwaste (hazardous waste incineration)

• mixed municipal waste (garbage)

• bulky municipal waste

• construction and demolition waste

• materials for recycling(e.g. paper, cardboard, glass, PET)

• green waste

• food and kitchen waste

• materials for specific treatment(e.g. batteries, tires)

Separated collection of

Experience in Austria:

approx. 50% Recycling (incl. Composting) + approx. 50 % Waste-to-Energy

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Waste-to-Energy from Separated Collection

Type of waste fractionIncinerationin % weight Comments

Paper, cardboardapprox.

5 - 15Sorting and processing

Packaging plastics andcomposite materials

approx.

30 - 70

Content of „Plastic Packaging Bag“ and„Ökobox“

Packaging glass,

Laminated glass

approx.

2 - 10Labels, plastics, composite films

Construction wasteapprox.

10 - 40

Wood, shavings, packaging, Plastic pipes,foils, carpetings

Biological wasteapprox.

5 - 10Plastics, non-biodegradable materials

Bulky waste, scrap tiresapprox.

70 - 90without metals and recyclable fractions

Non-recyclable municipal waste fractionsapprox.

50 - 95

without metals, due to biological processes(MBT)

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Overall Scheme for Thermal Waste Treatment

Atmospheric air/polluted air Transport of waste

Control, separation, intermediate storage

Pretreatment

Incineration

Flue-gastreatment

Liquid residuetreatment

Solid residuetreatment

Watereffluent

Solid residuedisposal

Materials forutilization

Energy forutilization

Atmosphericemissions

Auxiliarymaterial

Potential emissions ofodor and bio aerosols?

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Development of Emission from Waste Incinerationaccording to State-of-the-Art in Austria,CH,Germany

Dust Cd HCI SO2 NOx Hg PCDD/F*

1970 100 0,2 1.000 500 300 0,5 50

1980 50 0,1 100 100 300 0,2 20

1990 1 0,005 5 20 100 0,01 0,05

2000 1 0,001 1 5 40 0,005 0,05

Source: Vogg (values for 1970 - 1990), RVL (values for 2000)

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* Values in ng/m3N = 10-6 mg/m3

Values given in mg/m3N (11% O2, dry):

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Weniger als 0,02% desAbgasvolumenssind Schadstoffe

C-orgCO

NOx, NH3

SO2

dust

Hg

HCl

HF

CO2

ca. 9,6%

N2ca. 71,0%

H2Oca. 13,4%

O2

ca. 6,0%

Control of Cleaned Flue-Gas from Waste Incineration(Example: RVL Lenzing)

Comparison of Emission Limits:Figures in mg/m3

N (11 %O2, dry)

RVL Lenzing

ParameterEU-

Directive2000/76

RVL-Project1994

Measuredvalues2002

Dust 10 8 0,6

Hg 0,05 0,05 0,007

HCl 10 7 0,8

HF 1 0,3 0,02

SO2 50 50 4,1

NOx 200 (400) 70 27,5

CO 100 50 2,3

C-org 10 8 0,6

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NOx Pollution in Europe

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Parameter

Incineration technology

Grate Fluidized-bed Rotary kiln

Maximum thermal fuel capacity per lineapprox. 90

MWapprox. 160

MWapprox. 40

MW

Excess air ratio(specific quantity of flue-gas)

medium low high

Acceptable range of calorific value for fuel low high medium

Fuel processing requirements low high medium

Controllability of incineration and shut-downoperation

medium high low

Comparison of incineration technologiesfor thermal waste treatment

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Type of waste

Incineration technology

Grate Fluidized-bed Rotary kiln

Residual waste well suitedPre-treatment

requiredsuitable

Sewage sludgelimited in terms of

quantitywell suited suitable

Waste water rakings suitablePre-treatment

requiredlimited suitability

Crushed plasticslimited in terms of

quantitywell suited limited suitability

Whole tires limited suitability unsuitable limited suitability

Shredded wastelimited in terms of

quantitywell suited limited suitability

Crushed waste wood well suited well suited suitable

Lacquer and paint sludge unsuitable suitable suitable

Hazardous wastes in small containers(e.g. laboratory wastes)

limited suitability unsuitable suitable

Allocation of specific wastesto incineration technologies

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Development of the Utilisation of Alternative Fuelsin the Austrian Cement Clinker Industry 1988 - 2009

Alternative fuels 2009: approx. 382.000 tSubstitution of primary fuels 2009: 57%

Source: Association of Austrian Cement Industry, Vienna 2010

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

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Integrated Waste-to-Energy in IndustryExample RVL Lenzing, Austria

Fuel Mix in 2007at Lenzing AG:

Fuel input: 12.600.863 GJ / a

Source: Rosenauer, 2008

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RVL - Industrial Utilization of wastesin a Fluidized-Bed Power Boiler

Planning (UV&P): 1993/94

Start Up: 1998

Technology: Fluidized bed

Fuel capacity: 110 MW

Efficiency: ca. 80 %(co-generation)

Steam production: 120 t / h(80 bar, 500°C)

Electrical production: ca. 16 MW(16.000 kWh/h)

Average wastethroughput: up to 1.000 t/d

Fuels: packaging waste,refuse-derived fuel,sewage sludge

Investment: 70 Mio. Euro(1996-1998)

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Location of RVL Reststoffverwertung Lenzing

The waste-to-energy

plant RVL is integrated

in the industrial site of

Lenzing Austria – with

advanced environmental

technology to protect

the natural environment

in the famous tourist

region around Lake

Attersee.

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Waste Incineration Plant Spittelau, Vienna

Start Up: 1989

Site: City of Vienna

Technology: Grate firing

Capacity: 85 MW

Efficiency: up to 90 %(co-generation)

Steam production: 2 x 50 t / h(32 bar, 240°C)

Average wastethroughput: up to 780 t / d

Fuel: municipal waste

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Green-House-Gas Reduction by Municipal WasteIncineration compared with Landfilling in Vienna

Source: Kirchner, IIR Conference: Efficient future Waste Treatment Technologies, August 2008

CO2-Emisson Waste to Energy Plant

CO2-Reduction from Waste to Energy Plant

CO2- Net Reduction

CO2- equivalent [kg/ton waste]

Reduction in household heating from Waste toEnergy Plant (district heating)

Reduction from reduced landfilling due toincineration in Waste to Energy Plant

Reduction from electricity generated from Waste toEnergy Plant

UNO Climate Summit 2006 in Nairobi: EU-wide ban on landfilling of municipal waste, allows for reductionof 110 Mio. tons CO2-equivalent per year, equivalent to 10 % of total European reduction target!

Worldwide greenhouse gas emissions resulting from waste management sector in 2005 amounted to 1.4Billions tons CO2-equivalent, incl. approx. 53 % from landfilling of untreated municipal waste (McKinsey).

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Planned Waste-to-Energy Project 2009for MMK, Frohnleiten, Austria

Planning: UV&P 2005/07

Start Up: ca. 2012

Technology: Fluidized bed

Capacity: 2 x 80 MW

Efficiency: ca. 80 %(co-generation)

Steam production: 190 Mg / h(70 bar, 470°C)

Average RDFthroughput: up to 1.360 Mg / d

Fuels: Refuse derived fuel,residues frompaper recycling,waste wood,sludge from wastewater treatment

Investment: ca. 250 Mio. Euro

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Future view from Gschwendtberg, Frohnleiten, Austria

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Site Criteria and Recommendations for SuccessfulImplementation of Waste-to-Energy Plants

1. Demand for all year-around heat recovery with maximum energy efficiency(e.g. combined generation of electricity and heat for industry or district heating andcooling)

2. Reduction of environmental pollution (e.g. replacement of old boiler systems,use / elimination of existing exhaust air from production by integration into thecombustion process, improvement of local transport infrastructure, etc.)

3. Compliance with the spatial planning requirements such as restrictions in protected andrecreational areas; adaptation and enrichment to the local architectural appearance

4. Favourable meteorological and topographical site conditions for the new facility and thedischarge of unavoidable residual emissions

5. Option for discharge of treated chloride effluent from the flue-gas scrubber into a largeriver, or the implementation of an effluent-free process

6. Good transport connections and a favourable site within the main waste collection area(including rail connection)

7. Available infrastructure and technical facilities (e.g. transport, laboratory, fire fightingservice, turbine and generator, water supply, smoke stack) and experienced technicalteam for operation and maintenance of the industrial facility

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Overall Costs of a Waste Incineration Plantin a Lifetime Period of approx. 40 years

© UV&P

Concept- and Feasibility Study approx. 0.2 – 0.5 Mio. Euro

Management, Consulting & Engineering approx. 5 – 15 Mio. Euro

Supply and Construction approx. 100 – 200 Mio. Euro

Operation and Maintenance of Plant(approx. 40 years) approx. 600 – 1,600 Mio. Euro

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Activities and time schedulefor project implementation

* based on experience made in Austria

4 – 6Months

4 - 6Months

12 - 24Months

9 - 12Months

20 – 24Months

12 - 18Months

Feasibility Study

Concept-Phase

Planning /Environmnetal Impact Assessment

Tender Documents / Evaluation of bids /Placing of services

Plant erection/Put into operation

Supervision of Trial Operation

Necessary time from project start until start-up of operation: approx. 4 to 6 years*

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State-of-the-Art for Storage of Wastes in Bales

Calorific value of 1 bale of RDF equals 2 to 3 barrels of crude oil

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Safe Storage of Waste-Derived Fuel(Patent Applications A1037/2008, PCT/EP2009/050238)

State-of-the-art: cylindrical bales with approx. 1,2 m diameter and 1,2 m heightCapacity per packing machine approx. 30 bales/h, 3.000 to 4.000 h/a ca. 60.000 to 120.000 t/a

Storage amount in dependence of height of pile: up to 60.000 t/ha storage area

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Waste-to-Energy: Facilities in Austria

Waste-to-Energy: Facilities in Austria (2008)

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The ultimate goal is quality of life

based on sustainable economics.

Controlled incineration of waste is –

according to the proven state-of-the-art in

Austria – a necessary part in sustainable

development. Our projects for waste

management demonstrate the highest

standards in environmental protection.• saubere Luft

We must protect the environment and

preserve the uniqueness of our planet.

We work together toward this goal,

and we cooperate with local partners.

UV&P Environmental Management - EngineeringNeubacher & Partner Ges.m.b.H.

A-1020 Vienna, Lassallestrasse 42/14Tel. ++ 43-1-2149520-16, Fax ++ 43-1-2149520-20

franz.neubacher@uvp.at http://www.uvp.at

.

Renewable Resources, Recycling and Recoveryfor Sustainable Development

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In cooperation with local Partners!

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Fluidized-Bed Waste-to-Energy PlantEffluent free Concept for Flue-Gas Treatment

Example: Scheme of a Waste-to-Energy Plant

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Options for Energy Recoveryfrom Mixed Municipal Waste

Separation of mixedmunicipal waste into:

Metal scrap forrecycling

+

Fine fraction forlandfill / bio-reactor with

recovery of gas

+

Refuse-derived fuel forwaste-to-energy plants

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Recovery of landfill-gas from the old municipal landfill in Vienna allows for production

of 7.908 kWh electricity per hour, i.e. approx. 60 Mio. kWh per year

(1 ton of waste generates approx. 100 - 200 m³ gas).

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Recovery of Landfill-Gas for Energy Production

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Consulting and Know-How-Transferby UV&P Austria & Partners

1. Concept Analyses of Status-Quo and Prognosis Master-Plan for Project Implementation General Concept for Project Design Pre-Feasibility Study

2. Planning, Procurement Project Design Feasibility Study Environmental Impact Assessment Basic Engineering Tender Documents Evaluation of Bids

3. Construction Detail Engineering Project Control Training of Operating Personnel Supervision of Start-up

4. Operation Maintenance Supervision Environmental Audit

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3

4

1

Technical cooperation with local institutions and firms