Other Renewables-2BSS-7lecture 8bioenergy bioenergyBioenergy is renewable energy made from any organic non fossil material of a biological origin such as from plants or animals. definitionsP!RO-"ROPS-seed oils-essential oils-e#udates $e#tractsBiomass refers to the sources of bioenergy and includes agricultural and forestry residues% municipal solid wastes% industrial wastes% and terrestrial and a&uatic crops grown solely for energy purposes. Biofuels biomass con'erted directly into li&uid fuels% most commonly ethanol and biodiesel.Biopower% or biomass power% is the use of biomass to generate electricity (S total reser'esbio energyheat, electricitybioenergybio energyheat, electricitybiomass con'ersion Biochemical )anaerobic digestion% fermentation* !hermochemical )pyrolysis% gasification% li&uefaction% ammonia production% combustion* "hemical )acid hyrdrolysis* Physical )densification* Physical )densification*production processesbiomass gasification Pyrolysis +ir-gasification O#ygen gasification ,ydrogen gasificationDirect-fired systems burn biomass fuel is in a boiler to produce high-pressure steam. Co-firing in'ol'es substituting biomass for a portion of coal in an e#isting power plant furnace. system typesGasifiers operate by heating biomass in an en'ironment where the solid biomass brea-s down to form a flammable gas through a partial combustion route% by restricting the air supply. Modular systems employ some of the same technologies mentioned abo'e% but on a smaller scale that is more applicable to 'illages% farms% and small industry. supply chain.,. emissionsconsiderations-Site conditions for high yields-Pro#imity to resource for transportation costs-Suitable for remote areas-Baseload capacity for higher efficiencycogeneration cogenerationwaste heat heating, cooling, powercombined heat and power )",P*waste heat heating, cooling, powercogeneration cycle",P technologies reciprocating engines steam turbines gas turbines micro-turbines fuel cellsS/+00 S"+0 S1S!/Smicroturbinesfuel cellsfuel cells",P applicationsdistrict heating2cooling"ost of utility powerPea- 's. non-pea- rates of utility supply"ost of electric 's. natural gas2biofuel"onnecti'ity to utility powerReliability of utility supply in relation to program typeBase load re&uirementsconsiderationsBase load re&uirements3et metering a'ailabilityn'ironmental emissions from fuel mi# used"ombination of use types+ssessment of life cycle economicswaste recovery waste recovery/+!R4+0 RSO(R"S/BO545 3R.1% !R+3SPOR!+!4O3 3R.1%PRO"SS43. 3R.1 PRO"SS43. "OS!S.R3,O(S .+S /4SS4O3Simpacts of waste.R3,O(S .+S /4SS4O3S364RO3/3!+0 PO00(!4O37 waste typically from common household garbage but also includes some large-scale industrial wastes and materials. !hese wastes and materials are not specifically ha8ardous% and 7 waste with properties that ma-e it dangerous or potentially harmful to human health or the en'ironment. !his waste #hibitsat least one of four characteristics - ignitability% corrosi'ity%not specifically ha8ardous% and ha'e opportunities for reduction% reuse% and recycling. non-hazardous waste- ignitability% corrosi'ity% reacti'ity% or to#icity. hazardous waste Municipal solid waste: commonly -nown as trash or garbage. ndustrial solid waste: made up of a wide 'ariety of non-ha8ardous ndustrial solid waste: made up of a wide 'ariety of non-ha8ardous materials that result from the production of goods and products. non-hazardous waste!aste management is the collection% transportion% processing% recycling or disposal% and monitoring of waste materials. !he management of waste is generally underta-en to reduce impacts on health% en'ironment% and aesthetics.addressing reuse and disposalpromoting coordinated mi#reducing or eliminating wastepromoting recycling and reco'erypreferred order9. source reduction first2. recycling and composting second :. disposal in landfills or waste combustors last !aste reduction or minimi8ation is aimed at reducing the production of waste through education and impro'ed design% production% and processes of usage toreduce the amount and to#icity of what gets thrown away. "ecycling in'ol'es processing used materials into new products to pre'ent waste of potentially useful materials% reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials% and reduce waste 'olumes and associated impacts. !aste disposal is the process of collecting and remo'ing waste and relocating it to a place where it will sit% be combusted% or be recycled. waste separation