Collection of Municipal Solid Waste , Key issues for Decision-makers in Developing Countries
Waste Management in Developing Countries 2004... · Waste Management in Developing Countries ... ...
Transcript of Waste Management in Developing Countries 2004... · Waste Management in Developing Countries ... ...
TRASHWaste Management in Developing Countries
Policy Brief
Emily Walling, Alissa Walston, Emily Warren, Brian Warshay, and Erica Wilhelm
Overview
What’s the problem with Municipal Solid Waste?Environmental and Health ImpactsCase Study: NigeriaPolicy OptionsRecommendations
Landfill in MoroccoPhoto courtesy of Jeff Hughes
What’s the problem with Municipal Solid Waste?Environmental and Health ImpactsCase Study: NigeriaPolicy OptionsRecommendations
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Non-air and sewage emissions created within and disposed of by a municipality, including
household garbagecommercial refuseconstruction debrisdead animalsabandoned vehicles
Paper, vegetable matter, plastics, metals, textiles, rubber, and glass Umuahia, Nigeria
Drivers of MSW Problems
“The poor state of solid waste management in urban areas [of developing countries] is now not
an environmental problem but also a major social handicap.” (Daskalopoulos et al. 1998).
PovertyPopulation growthHigh urbanization rates Corrupt and under-funded governments
MSW Composition
Waste in developing countries is more dense (2-3 times) than in USWaste has a higher percentage organic material
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htmhttp://www.cee.mtu.edu/peacecorps/documents_july03/Waste_reduction_and_incineration_FINAL.pdf
Solid Waste Composition in Lagos, Nigeria
14%
60%
0%
3%
4%
19%
Paper
Vegetative
Plastic
Glass
Metal
Misc.
Magnitude of the Problem
Waste accumulates in urban areas and is often not removed for long periods of time(E. Nwanko interview)
Trash that is removed from urban areas is displaced to the side of the highway.Waste is subject to unregulated land filling, burning
Dumping trash on the side of the highway in Nigeria
Refuse collected at side of road in Aba, Nigeria
What’s the problem with Municipal Solid Waste?Environmental and Health ImpactsCase Study: NigeriaPolicy OptionsRecommendations
Environmental and Health Impacts
The four main ways of dealing with solid waste are:
Land filling, Incineration, Composting, Anaerobic Digestion
Current practice in developing countriesUnregulated land fillingUncontrolled burning (intentional and accidental)
Environmental Impacts
CO2 and methane production (global warming)
Air emissions (particulates, CO, NOx, acid gases, volatile organics, metals) (acid rain, global warming)
Bioaccumulation (toxins and heavy metals)
Ozone formation
CO2 and methane formation (global warming)
Ground water pollution (eutrophication)
Bioaccumulation (toxins and heavy metals)
Composting/Anaerobic Digestion
IncinerationLandfill
Health Impacts
Stress-causing odors
Noise
Respiratory damage by aerosolized microorganisms
Stress-causing odors
Surface water pollution
Air emissions (particulates, volatile organics, heavy metals)
Stress-causing odors
Noise
Ozone formation
Fire/Explosion hazards
Vermin (disease vectors)
Water pollution
Composting/Anaerobic Digestion
IncinerationLandfill
Health Effects
Why do we care?Green Rationalism (using alternative motivations to solve environmental problems)
(Photos: J. Fay)
What’s the problem with Municipal Solid Waste?Environmental and Health ImpactsCase Study: NigeriaPolicy OptionsRecommendations
Nigeria
Nigeria is the most populous nation in Africa with 130 million citizens
It occupies 15% of West Africa but has 56% of its people.
Large oil reservesPolitical corruption = Low accountability
In the country’s largest city, Lagos, 25% of budget goes to MSW removal (UNESCO 2003)Almost 90% of total budget goes to government officials (E. Nwanko)
Actors
National Governments Local GovernmentsNGOs (United Nations, World Bank)CommunitiesIndividuals
Scavengers
Individuals sort through trash already dumped or collect from residences to find valuable recyclables which they can redeem for
These people usually impoverishedHealth Implications from proximity to waste
Scavenger collecting recyclables in Aba City Dump (E. Warren)
Environmental Organizations and Legislation
Federal Environment Protection Agency (FEPA)- Established 1988
Vision 2010- a goal towards sustainable development
• Education• Collaborative approaches • Strengthening laws and regulation• Encouraging local/private participation
Case Study: Jurisdiction of MSW in Ibadan, Nigeria
1988- Environmental Sanitation Board1989- Local governments1991- Ibadan Urban Sanitation Committee (IUSC)
1994 estimate that 70 million NGN would be needed for the IUSC to work efficiently10 million NGN were actually collected from the local governments
What’s the problem with Municipal Solid Waste?Environmental and Health ImpactsCase Study: NigeriaPolicy OptionsRecommendations
A New Epoch for M + K
Epoch 0: Nothing is working and the government is incapable of managing solid wasteEpoch I: Will NOT work in this situation as it standsSkip to…Epoch II ½ : A combination of a privatized market and community based encouragement seems to be the most efficient way to begin the transition towards waste management
Institute for Environmental Research
Developing plan for Integrated MSW management in Southern Nigeria
Manned transfer stations to receive and separated from private collectorsTransfer trucks from pick up station to landfill siteNew and improved landfills
• Burial cells• Composting plant/pilot farm• Low cost incinerators• Cardboard and paper recycling• Glass and metal crushers• Enforcement of applicable laws
Source: Okolo, Chuka. e-mail interview. 29 April 2004
The “Scavenging Industry”
Organize and increase efficiency of current scavenging practices
Improve working conditionsCreate demand for recycled products to drive marketSource separation
Citizens have to separate their recyclables for the scavengers to pick up
Collected cardboard for recycling
Scavenging at the Aba City Dump
What’s the problem with Municipal Solid Waste?Environmental and Health ImpactsCase Study: NigeriaPolicy OptionsRecommendations
The Possibilities
An improved recycling and compostingprogram could save up to:
18.6% in waste management costs 57.7% in landfill avoidance costs
Source separation at most residences could save up to:
78% in waste management costs79.5% in landfill avoidance costs
Approaches
Involve NGOs through Green Rationalism approachCreate market for recycling/composting
InternationalLocal
Create enforceable environmental legislation
Moving Forward
“Municipal solid waste will increase at an annual rate of 2.7 percent through the year 2010.” (World Bank)Capital investment needed to improve infrastructure
Who will pay?
Thank you
Aba City Dump
Aba City Dump