Wash inaugural

FirmFirm

DignifiedDignified

CautiousCautious

Aware that he would set Aware that he would set precedentsprecedents

Should not propose legislationShould not propose legislation

Qualities of Washington as PrezQualities of Washington as Prez

John Jay first Chief Justice

of the Supreme

Court

•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

FIRST SUPREME COURTFIRST SUPREME COURT

Washington's First CabinetWashington's First Cabinet

Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

cabinet

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Department of Treasury---Financial affairs•Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the TreasuryDepartment of War-------------------Military affairs•Henry Knox----Secretary of WarAttorney General----------------------Legal affairs•Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice

HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON

•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and our country would go economically, politically and

socially. socially.

6

Objectives•Create a unified nation

•Centralized govt. with power to protect property and maintain order

•Rich should be given a “distinct permanent share in govt

Proposals•Permanent Senate

•Executive for life•Chosen indirectly by electors from states•Chosen from the economically superior

•To pacify the people let them elect lower House

Report on Public Credit• Bind the wealthy to the govt by utilizing their

own self-interest

• Secure investment from abroad

• How?

• Call in outstanding bonds

• Issue new interest-bearing bonds at full face

• Creates a permanent debt

Foreign Debt$11,710,000

National War Debt$42,414,000

State Debt$21,500,000

CustomDuties

(Tariffs)

ExciseTax

on Whiskey

Misc.Revenue

HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLANHAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLAN

Congress & Sec. of Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt Hamilton solve debt

problems:problems:

•Pay off $75.6 million debt

•Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products

•Tariff: a tax on imports

•Establish good credit with foreign nations

•Create a national bank with a national currency

•Raise money for govt backed by gold silver

Compromise w/ TJ and Madison called the Assumption Act led to the creation

of Washington, D.C.

“Assumption” of State Debts

“Assumption” of State Debts

• Funded in same manner

• Benefitted speculators, members of Congress, even Asst. Sec. of Treasury

• Benefitted Northern states

• Strengthens the national govt

• What about original bond-holders???

• Let’s make a deal

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Create a Bank of the United States

jointly owned by private stockholders and national govt

make loans to merchants

handle govt funds

issue bank notes

BANK OF THE U.S.

HAMILTONHAMILTON•Safe place to deposit and

transfer money•Provide loans to

government and state banks•A national currency---$$$$$•An investment by people to

buy stock into US bank•Constitution did not forbid a

national bank….Loose construction of Constitution

•National debt good for country

JEFFERSONJEFFERSON•Against the Constitution

•State banks would collapse•Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control

bank then control the government

•Hurt the common man•Strict construction…If it is

not mentioned in the Constitution than there

can’t be a national bank.•Against a national debt

BUS

Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision

Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision

Northern Federalists supported Hamilton

Southern Federalists aligned w/ TJ and Madison

began to call themselves Democratic Republicans or Republicans

Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision

Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision

southern planters and western farmers

wage labor = no economic and political independence

vision of the independent yeoman farm family

“Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of

God.”

TJ in Notes in the State of VA (1785)

“Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of

God.”

TJ in Notes in the State of VA (1785)

International division of labor

Our meat and grain would feed Europeans

Europeans manufacture in exchange clothing and other products

Turmoil in Europe brings TJ’s Vision Closer to Reality

Turmoil in Europe brings TJ’s Vision Closer to Reality

1793: Fighting b/w France and Britain

disrupts European farming

guess who becomes #1 supplier of wheat?

guess who experiences a boom in cotton exports?

whiskeymap

Whiskey Rebellion

Hamilton wanted additional revenue

Excise tax on home grown whiskey

Hamilton wanted frontiersmen to feel the authority of the govt

Hamilton wanted additional revenue

Excise tax on home grown whiskey

Hamilton wanted frontiersmen to feel the authority of the govt

•Farmer’s revolt Farmer’s revolt in western in western

Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.

•Refused to pay Refused to pay Hamilton’ s Hamilton’ s excise tax excise tax

•Believed it was Believed it was an unfair tax.an unfair tax.

•Were called the Were called the ““Whiskey RebelsWhiskey Rebels””

WHISKEY REBELLIONWHISKEY REBELLION

•Issue at hand was Issue at hand was testing the power testing the power

of the new of the new ConstitutionConstitution

•Another Boston Another Boston Tea Party?Tea Party?

Outcome:Outcome: •Demonstrated to the Demonstrated to the people that this new people that this new

constitution was constitution was powerful enough to powerful enough to put down domestic put down domestic

rebellions, rebellions, “mobocracy”“mobocracy”

•Showed the power of Showed the power of the national the national governmentgovernment

President Washington reviews 13,000 troops President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort of the Western Army assembled at Fort

Cumberland, Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Cumberland, Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.Rebellion.

WhiskeyWHISKEY REBELLIONWHISKEY REBELLION

FRENCH REVOLUTIONLIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY

FRENCH REVOLUTIONLIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis

•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete•similar to King George

•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis

•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete•similar to King George

•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

French Rev

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

French Rev

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie Antoniette in

1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were

beheaded.

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie Antoniette in

1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were

beheaded.

FRENCH REVOLUTIONLIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY

FRENCH REVOLUTIONLIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY

Whereas it appears that a Whereas it appears that a state of warstate of war exists between exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Austria, Prussia, Sardinia,

Great BritainGreat Britain and the United and the United Netherlands, of the one part Netherlands, of the one part and and FranceFrance on the other; and on the other; and

the duty and the duty and interest of the U.S. require, that they interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a adopt and pursue a conduct friendly conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent and impartial toward the belligerent

powers.powers.

WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECHWASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH

farewell

neutrality

•President Washington’s response to the French President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European was to warn Americans to stay out these European

conflicts and remain conflicts and remain neutral neutral or avoid. or avoid. •Why?Why?

I have therefore thought fit by I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the these presents to declare the

disposition of the U.S. to observe disposition of the U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards the conduct aforesaid towards

those Powers respectfully; and to those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and exhort and warn the citizens of the warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoeverproceedings whatsoever, which , which

may in any manner tend to may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition….contravene such disposition….April April

17931793

WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECHWASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH

“Citizen” Genet“Citizen” Genet

French rep. trying to recruit privateers (not pirates)

Washington orders Genet to stop

Genet ignores; Washington demanded his withdrawal

Girondins overthrown by Jacobins; Genet to be arrested as soon as he gets back

Genet asks for asylum

Conflicts with Britain Conflicts with Britain and Frenchand French

Conflicts with Britain Conflicts with Britain and Frenchand French

• US traded with both• 1793: French and Brits seize 600 American ships• Dec: British seize 250 ships alone in West Indies.

No warning

– Impressed and imprisoned American sailors.

• Jeffersonians called for war

• Federalists resisted (financial system).

British forts on U.S. soil. Still haven’t

removed troops and supplying

Indians with weapons

Disputed land claims with

Spain..Cut off Mississippi

River

Other British ProvocationsOther British Provocations

•Conspire w/ McGillivary of the Creek to attack Southern frontier

•Atrocities

•Remember this for War of 1812

Andrew McGillivary

•President Washington

faced several Indian

problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with tribes with arms and arms and

ammunition to ammunition to attack US attack US settlers.settlers.

•President Washington

faced several Indian

problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with tribes with arms and arms and

ammunition to ammunition to attack US attack US settlers.settlers.

precedentsprecedents

War in the Old Northwest Territory

War in the Old Northwest Territory

Shawnee, Mingo and Miamis, led by Little Turtle scored early victories

(1790–91)

Defeated at Fallen Timbers by General

Anthony Wayne (1794)

War in the Old Northwest Territory

War in the Old Northwest Territory

Treaty of Greenville

• (1795) gave USA right to settle most of Ohio

• First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not ceded by

treaty

Map 13 of 45

Jays

Jay’s Treaty with EnglandJay’s Treaty with England….. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms

to Indians.•Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to

frontier.

IMPRESSMENTIMPRESSMENT

ImpressmentImpressment:: an act of kidnapping a an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French into your navy----the British and French

were doing this to us.were doing this to us.

impressment

Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794)• Pay pre-Revolution debts

• Submit claims for illegally seized goods

• THEN, Brits to remove troops and Indian agents from NW

• BUT NO MENTION OF ENDING IMPRESSMENT

• Narrowly ratified

• Angered pro-French Americans

John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans

believed he sold out to the British.

Consequences of Jay’s TreatyConsequences of Jay’s TreatyConsequences of Jay’s TreatyConsequences of Jay’s Treaty

• Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.

• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

Picnkneys

Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River, right of deposit at New Orleans (no

duties) and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between Spanish Florida and US……

Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River

and deposit their crops in New Orleans.

Federalist BeliefsFederalist Beliefs Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans

Leader

Appealed to

Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams

Thomas JeffersonJames Madison

Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored by seaboard cities

Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored by the South and West

Ideas of Government

Strong government over statesLoose ConstructionLoose Construction of Constitution

•Implied powersImplied powers

Wealthy and educated involved

Limit freedoms of speech & press

State’s rights over National Govt.Strict constructionStrict construction of Constitution

•Expressed/Enumerated powersExpressed/Enumerated powers

•Common man but educatedBill of Rights is sacredLesser government the better

DomesticPolicy

Supported National Bank—BUSSupported excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high

Against National Bank—BUSAgainst excise tax Against National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low

ForeignPolicy

Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with FrenchFavored the British

Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with FrenchFavored the French

RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIESRISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

•political partiespolitical parties

•permanent alliancespermanent alliances

•getting involved in European affairsgetting involved in European affairs

•sectionalismsectionalism

““Europe has a set of primary interests which to us Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a have none or a very remote relationvery remote relation….Our ….Our

detacheddetached and and distantdistant situation invites and enables situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true us to pursue a different course…..It is our true

policy to policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign worldany portion of the foreign world……Taking care ……Taking care

always to keep ourselves by suitable always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary posture, we may safely trust to temporary

alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796

WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL SPEECHWASHINGTON'S FAREWELL SPEECH

Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated

with all the British and foreign continents

Remember he stated this also in 1793 with his Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality.

No entangling alliancesNo entangling alliances…….…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to

trade with Europe

Neutrality = Isolation

US ISOLATIONISMUS ISOLATIONISM

Election of 1796• Federalists

• John Adams/Pinkney

• Republicans

• TJ/Burr

• Hamilton’s chicanery

• Adams stubborn

Quasi War & XYZ Affair• 1797: French launch attacks on shipping and

seize US vessels

• Hamilton’s dogs urge Adams to press for war

• Sends commission to France

XYZ Affair• To meet w/ Foreign

Minister

• 3 no-name operatives ask for $250,000 and a loan of several millions of $$$

• Adams makes it know to Congress

• High Federalists war cry gets louder

A Professional Army?• Federalists want an army to crush dissent

• GW to lead BUT only if Hamilton is 2nd in command

• May 1798: Established Navy Department

• Adams would not give Federalists what they wanted

Alien and Sedition Acts (Summer 1798)

• To protect the ppl in time of crisis (or eliminate threat of the Republicans

• Naturalization Law: 5-14 yrs

• Alien Enemies Act

• Alien Friends Act

• Sedition Act

• Enforcement left to federal courts

VA and Kentucky Resolutions• Last hope are the states

• Kentucky Resolution

• TJ

• Compact b/w states

• Nullification

• VA Resolution

• Madison

• States to defend rights of ppl

• But no 1 state could nullify federal law

Peace with France• Bonaparte signs Convention of 1800 (re-

established commerce)

• May 1800: fires Hamilton’s men; dismantles the army

• Hamilton out to destroy Adams

• A split Federalist Party limps to the Election of 1800

• Gangs of young Federalists and Republicans clash on the streets

•Jefferson and Burr (VP) tied

•House of Reps (after 36 ballots) elects TJ

•Hamilton convinced some Federalists to support TJ

•12th Amendment (1804)

Revolution of 1800• A quiet one

• Turnover of govt from one party to another

• Demonstrated the strength and resiliency of the govt

• In other parts of the world, this doesn’t happen