Was Pakistan Created in the Name of Islam_ _ Yasser Latif Hamdani - Academia
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Was Pakistan created in the name of Islam?
1WASPAKISTANCREATEDIN
THENAMEOFISLAM?
ImaintainthatHindu-Muslimisaconditionprecedent-
nay it is a sine qua non- before any constitution can be
completedfortheGovernmentofIndia
(Jinnah,SpeechonFederalStructureSub-committeeon13
January1931)
"Imustrecordmyownbelief,thatanyattempttoestablishthe
reignofHindunumericalmajorityin India willneverbeachieved
withoutacivilwar...TheMuslimsnumbering90million..theword
minorityhasnorelevanceorsensewhenappliedtomassesof
humanbeingsnumberedinmanyscoresofmillions(Winston Churchill, December 13th 1946 at House of
Commons)
Oneofourmostpersistentnationalmythsputforwardby
boththestateanditsdetractorsisthatPakistanwascreatedin
thenameofIslam.ItissaidthatPakistanwascreatedwiththe
useoftheslogansIslamindangerandPakistankamatlab
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2 Jinnah:MythandReality
kya,Laillahailallah,bothsloganswhichironicallywere
neverusedbyQuaid-e-Azamhimself.IndeedJinnahruledout
Pakistankamatlabkiya,Laillahaillallahwhenhecensureda
LeagueratthelastsessionoftheAllIndiaMuslimLeagueafter
partition in these words: Neither I nor the Muslim League
WorkingCommittee ever passeda resolution Pakistanka
matlabkiyayoumayhaveusedittocatchafewvotes.
Nevertheless,thefactthatPakistanwascreatedasaresultof
agroupsnationalism,whichwasbasedinwhateverwatered
down form on common religious beliefs, has damned
Pakistantoaperpetualidentitycrisisthatcontinuestosapits
vitality.ThatnooneontopsinceSeptember11,1948hasbeen
able to talk sense in this country has only aggravated ourpredicament.
Fundamentaltothisidentitycrisisisthenationalconfusion
surrounding theTwoNationTheory, which is hailed as the
ideologicalfoundationofthestateofPakistan.Itisoneofthe
mostmisunderstoodideasinmodernhistory,bothintermsof
whatitclaimedandhowithasbeenappliedbyvariouscurrents
inourhistory.
BothIndiaandPakistandonotdisagreeonwhattheyconsider
theessentialsofthetheory,butwhileinIndiaitisasymbolof
exclusivismandcommunalism,inPakistanitispartoftheIslamic
ideologicalnarrative.Thisisthepublicistsviewofhistory,butnot
necessarilyone that is accepted withoutquestion by historians.
Perhapsthe timehas come to turn such conventionalcommon
(non)senseabouttheTwoNationTheoryonitshead.
The Two Nation Theory, as adopted by Jinnah and the
MuslimLeaguein1940,wasamererestatementoftheminority
probleminnationaltermsandnotaclarioncall,touseDrAyesha
Jalalsvocabulary,forpartition.WhatJinnahwasaimingforwas
whatinrecentyearshasbeencoinedasconsociationalism,a
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WasPakistancreatedinthenameofIslam? 3
powersharingbetweendisparateethnicandcommunalgroupsin
multinationalandmultiethnicstates.Thoughthetermwascoined
onlyadecadeorsoago,consociationalismasapoliticalsystemis
quiteoldandistriedandtestedinstatesliketheNetherlands,
SwitzerlandandCanada.
WhentheQuaid-e-AzamarticulatedtheTwoNationTheory,
he referred to language, culture, family laws and historical
antecedents.Hewas,asanadroitlawyer,makingthecasefor
changingthestatusofaminoritytothatofanationandnotfor
separationofIslamfromIndiaasisallegedbyhisdetractors.JinnahsideaofPakistanwasnotpredicatedonthepartition
ofIndia.HisideaofPakistanwasapowersharingarrangement
betweentheMuslimsandHindus.HisTwoNationTheorydid
not,atleastnotuntilDecember1946,suggestthattheHindusandMuslimsmust be separatedand even then he spoke of
MuslimIndiaandHinduIndia.Still,eveninMay1947,Jinnah
waspleadingagainst the partitionof Punjaband Bengal by
arguingthataPunjabiisaPunjabiandaBengaliisaBengali
beforeheisaHinduoraMuslim.
Muchofthisisconfirmedbyoneofthemostextraordinary
piecesof prescience leftbehindbyH VHodson,whowasthe
ReformsCommissionerinIndiain1941.Hodsonwroteinclear
termsverysoonaftertheLahoreResolutionthateveryMuslim
Leaguer from Jinnah down to the last one interpreted the
Pakistanideaasconsistentwiththeideaofaconfederationof
India. Hodson believed that Pakistan wasa revolt against
minority status and a call for power sharing and not just
definingrulesofconducthowamajority(inthiscaseHindu)
wouldgovernIndia.Hespokeof anacuterealisationthatthe
minoritystatuswithallthesafeguardscouldonlyamounttoa
Cinderellawithtradeunionrightsandradiointhekitchenbut
stillbelowthestairs.JinnahscommentwasthatHodsonhad
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4 Jinnah:MythandReality
finallyunderstoodwhattheLeaguewasafter,butthathecould
notpubliclycomeoutwiththesefundamentaltruths,asthese
werelikelytobemisunderstoodatthetime.
TheoriginsoftheTwonationtheory
OntheMuslimsidethefirstarticulationofthetwonation
theory came from the famousMuslim modernist, Sir Syed
AhmedKhan,whodecidedaftertheexperienceofUrdu-Hindi
controversyof1867thatMuslimsandHindusweretwoseparate
nations, andwere like two eyes of India, whoshouldhave
sovereignparity.WhenCongresswasfoundedbyAOHume
(1885),SirSyedAhmedKhanpersuadedmostoftheMuslims
nottojointheCongressPartybecausehefelttheMuslimswere
notreadyeducationallysocially,andpoliticallytofacetheHinducommunityinthemainstreamofpoliticsyet.Hewassupported
intheseviewsbyotherMuslimmodernistsofthetimelikeSyed
AmeerAli.
Thetwonationtheoryfinallyreachedaculminationinthe
form of theseparate electorates whichwere demanded by a
delegationoftheMuslimelite,andintelligentsiaintheirmeeting
withViceroyMinto.LordCurzonspartitionofBengalwasalso
on thesame lines. Partition of Bengalwas annulled dueto
Swadeshimovement.
ABriefHistoryoftheAll India MuslimLeague
TheAll India MuslimLeaguewasfoundedin1906withthe
expresspurposeof safeguardingMusliminterestsin aunited
India.LiketheCongressParty,itstartedoffasapartyloyalto
British Government. By1913,theLeaguewaspersuadedby
MohammedAli Jinnah oftheCongressPartytoabandonitspro-
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WasPakistancreatedinthenameofIslam? 5
Britishstanceandassumeastancewhichwasmoreinlinewith
theCongress.Hewasunablehowevertobudgetheleagueonits
stanceonseparateelectorates.In1916MohammedAli Jinnah
managedtobringtogethertheLeagueandtheCongressonone
platformworkingtogetherfortheIndependenceofIndia.During
theKhilafatMovementandthenon-cooperationmovement,the
Leaguebecamesidelinedwhen Gandhi ledCongresswentover
theleagueandmadeallianceswiththeKhilafatConferenceand
Jamiat-e-ulema-Hind, two radically Islamic organizations
agitatingforthesafeguardoftheIslamicinstitutionofKhilafat.
By1928thereweretwofactionsoftheMuslimLeague:Pro-
British faction led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and the Pro-
CongressfactionledbyMohammedAli Jinnah.AfterJinnahs
brief exit from all India politicsin1931,theLeaguevirtually
ceased to exist. By 1935 the beleaguered leaguers were
clamouringforJinnah tocomeback.In1935 Jinnah emergedoutofhisself-imposedexiletoreorganizetheleague.Withtheexit
ofShafi, Jinnah hadafreehand,andfrom1935-1937 Jinnah and
theLeaguewerethestaunchestsupportersoftheeffortsofthe
CongressPartyinsideandoutsidethecentrallegislativebody.
The Pakistan idea
InAllahabadin1930,Dr.MuhammadIqbalissaidtohave
giventheideaofaMuslimstateinthenorthwestof India within
orwithouttheBritish India. Readingtheaddress,itbecomes
clear that Iqbal was talking about an autonomous Muslim
ProvincewithintheBritishEmpireandbyimplicationwithinthe
IndianUnion.Thisideahadhithertobeenunarticulated,butit
wasalready there inmanydifferent forms. 1 The demand for
1
KKAzizmentions88differentschemescontainingpartitionofIndiabeforeIqbalfinallygavehisidea.
6 Jinnah:MythandReality
autonomyhadalwaysbeenthereintheNorthWest,andIqbal
wasonlygivingitamoreconcretepicture.Iqbalsconcernwas
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clearlytheMuslimMajorityareas,andnottheMuslimsinHindu
majorityareas.HenceIqbalsviewwasincontradictiontothe
officiallystatedLeaguepositionwhichwasbestexpressedinthe
LucknowPact.
By1933RahmatAli,astudentatCambridgeUniversity,
cameoutwithaneccentricschemewhichhecalled Pakistan :
OurFatherland.LaterthatyearhetriedtoenlistMohammedAli
Jinnah,theninEngland,forthiscause. Jinnah dismissed this
ideaasameredream,earningforeverthewrathofCh.Rahmat
Ali.
The elections of1937
Thefirst elections heldunderthe Government of India act
1935sawCongressemergingasthemajorityparty.Itwon711outoftotalof1585seats,andcouldform government in5/11
provinceswithout the supportof any party. Out of these 711
seats only 26 seats were Muslim seats, thereby increasing
CongresssrelianceonlocalHinduleaders,whichallowedfor
theiragendatobeimposedontheCongress.
MuslimLeagueontheotherhanddidwellontheMuslim
seatsintheHinduMajorityprovinceswinning29outof35seats
intheUP.Theleaguehowevercouldntdowellagainstthe
regionalpartiesinMuslimMajorityareas.
CongressandtheLeague
"ISir,standherewithaclearconscienceandIsaythatIam
anationalistfirst, anationalistsecondandnationalistlast...I
oncemoreappealtothisHouse.WhetheryouareaMussalman
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