Wars and Independence in Latin Wars and Independence in Latin America America

Section III (Pages 473-478)Section III (Pages 473-478)

Wars and Independence in Latin Wars and Independence in Latin America America

Section III (Pages 473-478)Section III (Pages 473-478)

This section is about:This section is about: The class structure of The class structure of

colonial Latin American colonial Latin American society.society.

How enlightenment How enlightenment thinkers influenced Latin thinkers influenced Latin American leaders.American leaders.

How Haiti won its How Haiti won its independence and how independence and how other Latin American other Latin American countries gained their countries gained their independence by 1825.independence by 1825.

Back to the Americas: also some changes to get rights for the people.

This section is a time period right after the American Revolution – which influences some of the events in Latin America.

Look at the Main Ideas on page 473.

The map on 476 is also a good thing to look at before we get started.

Social Structure in Latin Social Structure in Latin AmericaAmerica

(Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean)(Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean) The Spanish controlled The Spanish controlled

much of this area still in much of this area still in the late 1700the late 1700’’s.s.

But, Portugal still But, Portugal still controlled Brazil.controlled Brazil.

The French, Dutch, and The French, Dutch, and British had little pieces.British had little pieces.

There were two major There were two major influences on the culture influences on the culture of Latin America:of Latin America:

1.1. The culture of the The culture of the governing countries.governing countries.

2.2. The culture of the natives The culture of the natives and slaves.and slaves.

Classes of Society Classes of Society (we saw this before)(we saw this before)

PenisularesPenisulares (the highest – came (the highest – came from the peninsula of Spain and from the peninsula of Spain and Portugal): had the best, most Portugal): had the best, most powerful jobs and made the powerful jobs and made the most money.most money.

Criollos/CreolesCriollos/Creoles (whites who (whites who were descendants of were descendants of penisulares): owned the land penisulares): owned the land and most of the mines, a little and most of the mines, a little less important and jealous of the less important and jealous of the peninsulares.peninsulares.

MestizosMestizos (part Native American (part Native American and part Spanish) and and part Spanish) and MulattoesMulattoes mix of Europeans and Africans): mix of Europeans and Africans): viewed as inferior – usually had viewed as inferior – usually had skilled jobs and could read/write, skilled jobs and could read/write, but not allowed to own land.but not allowed to own land.

Native Americans and AfricansNative Americans and Africans: : the lowest – viewed as peasants the lowest – viewed as peasants or slaves who or slaves who mightmight be able to be able to buy their freedom.buy their freedom.

The Role of the ChurchThe Role of the Church The ruler of Spain was also The ruler of Spain was also

the head of the Church in all the head of the Church in all itit’’s colonies.s colonies.

Made all decisions about Made all decisions about money, leaders, new money, leaders, new churches, missionaries, etc…churches, missionaries, etc…

The Latin American Church The Latin American Church was very wealthy (in Mexico was very wealthy (in Mexico they owned about 1/3 of the they owned about 1/3 of the land).land).

The Church usually The Church usually supported the government supported the government and society in the colonies, and society in the colonies, but didnbut didn’’t say much about t say much about the treatment of Native the treatment of Native Americans and slaves (the Americans and slaves (the Church actually even owned Church actually even owned thousands of slaves).thousands of slaves).

Challenges to the SystemChallenges to the SystemThe Age of Enlightenment Reaches Latin The Age of Enlightenment Reaches Latin

AmericaAmerica

The Enlightenment affected Latin The Enlightenment affected Latin Americans who had contact with Americans who had contact with European ideas (of Locke, European ideas (of Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, etc…). Voltaire, Rousseau, etc…).

They wanted some of these They wanted some of these changes in Latin America, too.changes in Latin America, too.

They also heard about the They also heard about the Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Independence, George Washington, and the George Washington, and the American Revolution.American Revolution.

Then, they heard about the Then, they heard about the French Revolution.French Revolution.

They also hoped to rise up They also hoped to rise up against their rulers and demand against their rulers and demand their rights (especially Criollos, their rights (especially Criollos, Mestizos, Mulattoes, Natives, and Mestizos, Mulattoes, Natives, and Slaves).Slaves).

Independence for HaitiIndependence for Haiti The first successful uprising The first successful uprising

was at Saint Domingue (Haiti).was at Saint Domingue (Haiti). It was FranceIt was France’’s wealthiest s wealthiest

colony (sugar and coffee colony (sugar and coffee plantations with ½ million plantations with ½ million slaves).slaves).

News of the French Revolution News of the French Revolution led to a Mullato and slave led to a Mullato and slave uprising – they wanted the uprising – they wanted the same rights as French same rights as French settlers.settlers.

One of the main leaders: One of the main leaders: Francois Dominique Toussaint.Francois Dominique Toussaint.

He was a slave who learned to He was a slave who learned to read and write and helped his read and write and helped his owner family be safe during owner family be safe during the start of the revolt.the start of the revolt.

He decided to do even more He decided to do even more and called himself Land called himself L’’Ouverture Ouverture (the Opening).(the Opening).

……………………………………....

Toussaint and his army were Toussaint and his army were successful in the revolt – France successful in the revolt – France passed a law freeing all slaves.passed a law freeing all slaves.

Toussaint was made Lieutenant Toussaint was made Lieutenant Governor and made many Governor and made many reforms, eventually taking total reforms, eventually taking total control.control.

But Napoleon was in charge in But Napoleon was in charge in France (and didnFrance (and didn’’t like slaves or t like slaves or the idea an ex-slave was running the idea an ex-slave was running a French colony).a French colony).

Napoleon sent Napoleon sent 20,00020,000 troops to troops to re-take the island, Toussaint was re-take the island, Toussaint was captured, taken to France, and captured, taken to France, and died in prison.died in prison.

Others took over Others took over ““the causethe cause”” and and eventually got rid of the French.eventually got rid of the French.

They called their new country They called their new country Haiti.Haiti.

This ended NapoleonThis ended Napoleon’’s hopes of s hopes of establishing an empire in the establishing an empire in the Americas.Americas.

Haiti served as an inspiration to Haiti served as an inspiration to the rest of Latin America.the rest of Latin America.

The Revolution SpreadsThe Revolution Spreads

When Napoleon invaded When Napoleon invaded Portugal, the old King Portugal, the old King (Prince John) and his (Prince John) and his family went to Brazil.family went to Brazil.

Then, Napoleon forced Then, Napoleon forced King Charles IV out of King Charles IV out of Spain and put his Spain and put his brother (Joseph B.) in brother (Joseph B.) in charge.charge.

It was a great time for It was a great time for Latin American Latin American countries to start to countries to start to break away from their break away from their mother countries.mother countries.

Simon Bolivar as LiberatorSimon Bolivar as Liberator One of the One of the ““liberatorsliberators”” of of

South America wasSouth America was Simon Simon BolivarBolivar..

He had been a Creole He had been a Creole aristocrat who had traveled to aristocrat who had traveled to Europe and had heard all Europe and had heard all about the Enlightenment.about the Enlightenment.

He led independence He led independence movements in Venezuela and movements in Venezuela and then New Grenada, until then New Grenada, until Spanish troops drove him to Spanish troops drove him to Haiti.Haiti.

He gathered supplies and He gathered supplies and troops and went back (this troops and went back (this time defeating the Spanish).time defeating the Spanish).

He became the new president He became the new president of a union of Venezuela, of a union of Venezuela, Columbia, and Panama, and Columbia, and Panama, and later Ecuador.later Ecuador.

Jose de San MartinJose de San Martin San MartinSan Martin was trying to was trying to

liberate South America for liberate South America for years.years.

He took his army into the He took his army into the Andes Mts. and then into Chile, Andes Mts. and then into Chile, where he was victorious.where he was victorious.

His aide, Bernard OHis aide, Bernard O ’’Higgins led Higgins led the new Chilean government.the new Chilean government.

San Martin kept going and San Martin kept going and liberated most of Peru.liberated most of Peru.

Bolivar helped him win the rest, Bolivar helped him win the rest, controlling all of Peru and a controlling all of Peru and a place theyplace they’’d call d call BoliviaBolivia..

Brazil was different. When King Brazil was different. When King John went back to Portugal, he John went back to Portugal, he left his son in charge.left his son in charge.

They decided to make Brazil a They decided to make Brazil a constitutional monarchy.constitutional monarchy.

Mexico and Central America Mexico and Central America (1810)(1810)

A priest named A priest named Miguel Miguel Hidalgo y CostillaHidalgo y Costilla led a led a peasant peasant revoltrevolt against the against the Spanish army.Spanish army.

He wanted reform and He wanted reform and independence, support for independence, support for Native Americans, Native Americans, Africans, and Mestizoes, Africans, and Mestizoes, and an end to slavery.and an end to slavery.

Before long, he was Before long, he was arrested and executed.arrested and executed.

Another priest, Another priest, Jose Maria Jose Maria Morelos y PavoMorelos y Pavon took up n took up the cause and issued a the cause and issued a Declaration of Declaration of Independence.Independence.

He was also captured and He was also captured and executed.executed.

……………………………………

In 1821, Augustin de In 1821, Augustin de Iturbide (a Spanish Iturbide (a Spanish Creole general) joined Creole general) joined the rebels.the rebels.

With his help, Mexico With his help, Mexico declared itdeclared it’’s s independence, and independence, and Iturbide continued as Iturbide continued as the new countries the new countries emperor.emperor.

Mexico at the time Mexico at the time included parts of Central included parts of Central America, but by 1838, America, but by 1838, they wanted their own they wanted their own countries.countries.

They then became They then became Guatemala, El Salvador, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.and Costa Rica.

There were only a few There were only a few small Caribbean islands small Caribbean islands left that were still left that were still British, French, or British, French, or Dutch.Dutch.

the date is observed to commemorate the Mexican army's unlikely victory over

French forces at the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862,

Reaction in the United Reaction in the United StatesStates

All those Latin American wars All those Latin American wars cost a lot of money (for the L.A. cost a lot of money (for the L.A. countries). countries).

Spain and Great Britain still had Spain and Great Britain still had some money and power and some money and power and thought about going and getting thought about going and getting them back.them back.

The United States liked that they The United States liked that they were gone – and back in Europe.were gone – and back in Europe.

In 1823, the United States (and In 1823, the United States (and President Monroe) made a President Monroe) made a statement:statement:

It said, The U.S. would not It said, The U.S. would not interfere in Europe's business or iinterfere in Europe's business or itt ’’s colonies that were left, but… s colonies that were left, but… Europe needed to stay away from Europe needed to stay away from the rest of the the rest of the Western Western HemisphereHemisphere or there would be or there would be problems.problems.

This was called This was called ““The Monroe The Monroe Doctrine.Doctrine.””