warnings. Emotion - Purduewillia55/120/Lecture_EmotionSpr09.pdfthe emotions of anger and rage....
Transcript of warnings. Emotion - Purduewillia55/120/Lecture_EmotionSpr09.pdfthe emotions of anger and rage....
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Emotion
Chapter 13Psy12000.003Spring, 2009
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EmotionEmotions are our body’s adaptive response. They help
energize, they communicate, they give us and otherswarnings.
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Theories of Emotion
Emotions are a mix of 1) physiologicalactivation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3)
conscious experience.
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Controversy
1) Does physiological arousal precede or followyour emotional experience?
2) Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion(feeling)?
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Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart startsbeating faster. First comes conscious
awareness, then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha
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James-Lange Theory
William James and CarlLange proposed an
idea that wasdiametrically opposedto the common-sense
view. The James-LangeTheory proposes thatphysiological activity
precedes the emotionalexperience.
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Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon andPhillip Bard
questioned the James-Lange Theory andproposed that an
emotion-triggeringstimulus and the
body's arousal takeplace simultaneously.
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Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter andJerome Singer
proposed yet anothertheory that suggestsour physiology and
cognitions createemotions. Emotions
have twofactors–physical
arousal and cognitivelabel.
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Embodied Emotion
We know that emotions involve bodilyresponses. Some of these responses are very
noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when feararises), but others are more difficult to discern
(neurons activated in the brain).
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Misattribution of Arousal
• Suspension bridgestudy (Aron et al)
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Emotions and Autonomic NervousSystem
During an emotional experience, our autonomicnervous system mobilizes energy in the body
that arouses us.
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Arousal and Performance
Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. Weperform better under moderate arousal, but
optimal performance varies with taskdifficulty.
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Physiological Similarities
Physiological responses related to theemotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are
very similar.
Excitement and fear involve a similarphysiological arousal.
M. G
recco/ Stock Boston
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Physiological DifferencesPhysical responses, like finger temperature and
movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage,and joy.
The amygdala shows differences in activation duringthe emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left
hemisphere is different from the right for emotions.
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Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we think(cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing ourthinking?
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Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over intoour response to the next event.
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, whichmay lead to rioting. “Transference of arousal”
AP Photo/ N
ati Harnik
Reuters/ Corbis
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Rage, Spilling, and Cognitions
• Emotions overwhelmrationality
• Road rage →homerage
• Change cognitions fortriggering events
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Cognition Does Not Always PrecedeEmotion
A subliminally presented happy face can encouragesubjects to drink more than when presented with an
angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003).
Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a)then through the cortex (b) for analysis.
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Cognition Does Not Always PrecedeEmotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented tosubjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels ofactivity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).
Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD
, Dartm
outh College, w
ww
.whalenlab.info
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Two Routes to Emotion
Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that someemotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal.Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that
appraisal determines emotions.
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Expressed Emotion
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body,and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal
language of emotion universal?
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Ekman’s Research on the Universalityof Emotional Expression
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Nonverbal CommunicationMost of us are good at deciphering emotions
through non-verbal communication. In a crowdof faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster
than a single happy face (Fox et al. 2000).
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Gender, Emotion, and NonverbalBehavior
Women are much better at discerning nonverbalemotions than men. When shown sad, happy, andscary film clips women expressed more emotions
than men.
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Detecting and Computing Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceivingemotions. Even trained professionals like policeofficers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists
detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?
Dr. Paul Elkm
an, University of California at San Francisco
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Hindu Dance
In classical Hindu dance, the body is trained toeffectively convey 10 different emotions.
Netw
ork Photographers/ Alam
y
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Culture and Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown basicfacial expressions, they did fairly well at
recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).Elkm
an & M
atsumoto, Japanese and
Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion
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Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculatedthat our ancestors
communicated withfacial expressions in
the absence oflanguage. Nonverbalfacial expressions led
to our ancestor’ssurvival.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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The Evolution of Disgust
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Analyzing Emotion
Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.
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The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowingbrows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tipstouch causes the brow to furrow.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael K
ausman/
The New
York Tim
es Pictures
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Experienced Emotion
Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most ofthem are present in infancy, except for contempt,
Shame, and guilt.
Lew Merrim
/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Nancy B
rown/ The Im
age Bank
Tom M
cCarthy/ R
ainbow
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Marc G
rimberg/ The Im
age Bank
Bob D
aemm
rich/ The Image W
orksM
ichael New
man/ P
hotoEdit
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Dimensions of Emotion
People generally divide emotions intotwo dimensions.
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Fear
Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, andpreoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be
adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, itbrings us closer as groups, and it protects us from
injury and harm.
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Learning Fear
Watson (1878-1958)
We learn fear in two ways, either throughconditioning and/or through observation.
By M
onik
a Su
tesk
i
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The Biology of Fear
Some fears are easier to learn than others. Theamygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear
with certain situations.
Courtesy of N
ational Geographic M
agazine and Laboratory of Neuro Im
aging (LO
NI) at U
CLA
. Art and brain m
odeling by Am
anda Ham
mond, Jacopo
Annese, and A
uthur Toga, LON
I; spider art by Joon-Hyuck K
im
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Anger
Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, 70-19B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato 234-
149 B.C.).
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Causes of Anger
1. People generally become angry with friendsand loved ones who commit wrongdoings,especially if they are willful, unjustified, andavoidable.
2. People are also angered by foul odors, hightemperatures, traffic jams, and aches andpains.
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Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger through action or fantasy achievesan emotional release or “catharsis.”
Research, however, tends to show that expressinganger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement
it is habit-forming.
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Cultural & Gender Differences Boys respond to anger by moving away from that
situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen tomusic.
Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to anintolerance towards immigrants and Muslims.
The expression of anger is more encouraged incultures that do not promote group behavior than incultures that do promote group behavior.
Wolfgang K
aehler
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Happiness
People who are happyperceive the world asbeing safer. They are
able to make decisionseasily, are more
cooperative, rate jobapplicants more
favorably, and livehealthier, energized,and more satisfied
lives.42
Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy we are more willing to helpothers.
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Subjective Well-Being
Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feelingof happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on
new “positive psychology” is on the rise.
http://web.fineliving.com
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Emotional Ups and Downs
Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more
or less the same throughout the day.
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Emotional Ups and Downs
Over the long run, our emotional ups and downstend to balance. Although grave diseases can bringindividuals emotionally down, most people adapt.
Courtesy of Anna Putt 46
Wealth and Well-being
Many people in the West believe that if they werewealthier, they would be happier. However, data
suggests that they would only be happytemporarily.
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Wealth and Well-being
In affluent societies, people with more moneyare happier than people who struggle fortheir basic needs.
People in rich countries are happier thanpeople in poor countries.
A sudden rise in financial conditions makespeople happy.
However, people who live in poverty or in slums arealso satisfied with their life.
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Does Money Buy Happiness?
Wealth is like health:Its utter absence can
breed misery, yethaving it is no
guarantee of happiness.
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Happiness & Satisfaction
Subjective well-being (happiness + satisfaction)measured in 82 countries shows Puerto Rico and
Mexico (poorer countries) at the top of the list.
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Values & Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than moneyreport higher life satisfaction.
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Happiness & Prior Experience
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Like theadaptation to brightness, volume, and touch,
people adapt to income levels. “Satisfaction has ashort half-life” (Ryan, 1999).
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Happiness is not only relative to our past, butalso to our comparisons with others. Relative
Deprivation is the perception that we arerelatively worse off than those we compare
ourselves with.
Happiness & Others’ Attainments
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Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happythan others?