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![Page 1: Warning Coloration: coloration or markings to warn off predators. Warning Coloration: coloration or markings to warn off predators. Copyright © 2010 Ryan.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020308/5697c02e1a28abf838cda063/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Warning Coloration: coloration or markings to warn off predators.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Don’t Die
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Don’t Die
Make lots of babies
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Examples: stinger spray skin toxin
Defensive Chemicals: Irritating or poisonous chemicals
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• You don’t want to camouflage, you want to stand out and be known.
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• This butterfly tastes horrible to birds and is mildly poisonous,
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• This butterfly tastes horrible to birds and is mildly poisonous, the other tastes good.
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• This butterfly tastes horrible to birds and is mildly poisonous, the other tastes good.
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If you don’t wantto die look like a snake.
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Learn more about mimicry (advanced) at… http://www.preservearticles.com/2012032228608/types-of-mimicry-1-protective-mimicry-2-aggressive-mimicry-3-conscious-mimicry.html
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• Video Link! (Optional) Warning Coloration– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MC5OBblol0
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• Short readings and great images to explore at…– National Geographic Readings with Pictures.
Twany Frogmouths
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Symbiosis: A long term relationship between two or more different species.
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• Three types of symbiosis– - Parasitism– - Mutualism– - Commensalism
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Parasitism: One organism benefits while the other is harmed.
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“I’m sick of studying dumb
stuff” “Why should I care
about studying parasites?”
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• 1 in 3 American suffers in some form from a parasite. – Learn about them to help yourself.
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“I’m sorry that I yelled earlier.” “I
didn’t know that.”
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• Caution! Disgusting parasites ahead.– Be prepared to be grossed out. Close your
eyes if needed.
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• Caution! Disgusting parasites ahead.– Be prepared to be grossed out. Close your
eyes if needed.
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• Caution! Disgusting parasites ahead.– Be prepared to be grossed out. Close your
eyes if needed.
BE WARNED NOW!
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• Parasites damage their host by consuming tissues, and releasing toxins.
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• Ascaris Infection “Worm Ball”– Removed from 10 year old boy.
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• Human Intestine post surgery.– This section of the intestine was removed as
the worms created a blockage.
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• Human Intestine post surgery.– This section of the intestine was removed as
the worms created a blockage.
“I’m a parasitic worm, I have one mission…
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• Human Intestine post surgery.– This section of the intestine was removed as
the worms created a blockage.
“I’m a parasitic worm, I have one mission…Don’t Die and make lots of babies…”
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• Hookworm
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• Chiggers
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• Ticks
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• Bed bugs
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• Parasitic Wasp and Caterpillar Host– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWy
NcAs&list=PL49802F5E8EA511F6
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• Video Link! Optional, Zombie Snail– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Go_LIz7kTok
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• Video – Wasp parasite and aphids– Are all parasites bad to humans?– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLtUk-W5
Gpk
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• Mosquito– A parasite that carries the malaria parasite.
Malaria kills about 1.2 million people every year…Learn more about malaria at… http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/mosquitoes/
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• Video Link! Leeches NOVA podcast (Optional)– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKUAroimQrk
Learn more about Annelida at… http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/annelida.html
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• The Candiru or toothpick fish sucks blood and can enter any open human orifice.
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• The Candiru or toothpick fish sucks blood and can enter any open human orifice.
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• The Candiru or toothpick fish sucks blood and can enter any open human orifice.
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• The Candiru or toothpick fish sucks blood and can enter any open human orifice.
Note: Urinating in tropical waters mightnot be the best idea.
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• Video Link! The Candiru– http
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQWgUht-ObI
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Mistletoe is a common
plant parasite
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Mutualism: Both organisms benefit.
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• Look how the majority of the this plants roots are connected to the symbiotic fungi.
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• Fungus breaks down organic molecules and helps return those nutrients to plants.
RootFungal
filaments
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Is this bird going to bedinner?
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Is this bird going to bedinner?
answer….
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Is this bird going to bedinner?
answer….
No, This is a dental visit
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• Cleaning symbiosis: One species gets food and shelter, the other has parasites removed.
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• Cleaning Symbiosis: Starts 2 minutes in.– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1JMkPi3_oE
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• Video Link! Review of Symbiosis– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q
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• Video! Caterpillar and Ant defensive mutualism.– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOWFhMGl2ag
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• Defensive mutualisms: One species protects the other and gets some benefits for its help.
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• Video Link (Optional) Ants and defensive mutualisms.– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm2qdxVV
Rm4
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• The Sea Anemome and the Clownfish are a mutualism.
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• The Sea Anemome and the Clownfish are a mutualism. – The Anemome gets small scrapes from the
clownfish, and the Clownfish gets protection.
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• Video Link! Bulldozer Shrimp and the Goby. – Defensive, Cleaning / Shelter Building.– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSTk2pui5X4
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• Dispersive mutualisms: One species receives food in exchange for moving the pollen or seeds of its partner.
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Pollinator – Insects transfer pollen from one flower to the next, insects gets nectar.
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• Pollination – Insects transfer pollen from one flower to the next, insects gets nectar.
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“Wow!” “Look how this flower has evolved to be white, and shaped in a way so I can visit it.”
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• Seed dispersal
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Commensalism: One organism benefits while the other doesn’t benefit, or suffer harm.
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• The remora just hitches a ride to grab some scraps after the kill.Shark
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• The remora just hitches a ride to grab some scraps after the kill.Shark
Gets food scraps, protection, and a free ride.
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• The remora just hitches a ride to grab some scraps after the kill.Shark
Isn’t hurt by the Remora but also doesn’t benefit.
Gets food scraps, protection, and a free ride.
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• The remora just hitches a ride to grab some scraps after the kill.Shark
Isn’t hurt by the Remora but also doesn’t benefit.
Gets food scraps, protection, and a free ride.
Commensalism
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“I’m not a cleaner bird.”“I’m just here for the protection”
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“After my nap, can you please
feed me…Thanks.”
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Coevolution: When two or more species influence each others evolution.
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• Animals have special teeth and mouth parts to eat plants.
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• Ladybugs eat aphids. – -
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• Ladybugs eat aphids. –They’re vicious predators.
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Check out that
warning coloration.
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Or is it just a mimic?
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• Crushing mouth parts
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• Really sharp incisors for snipping plants and cutting through trees.
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• Have long tongues to avoid dangerous plant ant mutualisms.
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• Knock trees over / break branches to reach leaves and fruits.
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• Burrow underground to eat tubers and the roots of the plants. (Naked Mole Rat)
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• Many animals (living and extinct) swallow stones. The round stones smash plant matter together in the stomach as it rumbles to aid in digestion.
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• Video Link! Leaf Cutter Ants• Multiple Symbiosis (Ants, Fungus, Bacteria)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RH3KYB
MpxOU
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• Four chambered stomachs (many herbivores) – Uses bacteria to break down difficult plant
matter.
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• Herbivores have gut bacteria that help them digest plant matter. The bacteria are fed plants, they grow, and then the cow processes the bacteria.
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• Take in plant toxins: You are able to eat poisonous plants.
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• Repair quickly and let them eat the non-essential parts of you.
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• Mechanical Defenses: Thorns and serrated edges, and sap.
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• This grass is very sharp and can cut skin easily.
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• Stinging nettles.
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• Chemical Defenses such as toxins: Plants become poisonous (nicotine, mustard, caffeine).
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• Be extremely hard to digest.
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• Think about celery, then be ten times harder to chew.
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• You have protective insects, birds, or mammals that attack predators.– You feed your friends a bit (mutualism).