32

5

6

7

8

Warmup

1

Name ___________________________________ Per _______

Tentative Assessment Schedule

Quiz 1 _______________________

Quiz 2 _______________________

Unit 9 Test Friday, April 10th

Retest Deadline Friday, April 17th

Section 28.3 thermoregulation Section 28.1 determination differentiation tissue organ organ system Section 28.2 homeostasis feedback negative feedback positive feedback Section 30.1 circulatory systems respiratory systems trachea lung alveoli (singular: alveolus) diaphragm heart artery vein capillary Section 30.2 red blood cell (erythrocyte) hemoglobin Section 30.3 atrium ventricle pulmonary circulation systemic circulation

Section 30.4 blood pressure Section 30.5 platelet plasma white blood cells (leukocytes) Section 32.1 mineral vitamin Section 32.2 digestion digestive system esophagus peristalsis stomach chyme small intestine bile Section 33.2 muscular system skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle Section 32.3 absorption villi microvilli Section 32.4 excretory system kidney ureter urinary bladder nephron glomerulus dialysis

Section 29.1 nervous system endocrine system stimulus central nervous system (CNS)

peripheral nervous system (PNS) Section 29.2 neuron dendrite axon synapse terminal neurotransmitter Section 29.4 reflex arc Section 29.6 hormone gland hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland Section 31.2 immune system phagocyte T cell B cell antibody Section 31.3 inflammation antigen memory cell Section 31.6 leukemia HIV/AIDS

Section 30.6 lymphatic system lymph node lymphocyte Section 34.2 luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

estrogen testosterone progesterone

Unit 11 Vocabulary

2

T

op

ics

Le

arn

ing

Ta

rge

ts

Ad

dit

ion

al

Te

rms

1.

Hu

ma

n S

yste

ms

- In

tera

ctio

ns

(28

.3)

- O

rgan

izat

ion

(28

.1)

- F

eed

bac

k (

28.2

)

A. L

ist

and

des

crib

e th

e sy

stem

s o

f th

e b

od

y an

d t

hei

r fu

nct

ion

s (R

esp

irat

ory

, C

ircu

la-

tory

, D

ige

stiv

e,

Imm

un

e,

Re

pro

du

ctiv

e,

Ex

cre

tory

, N

ervo

us,

In

teg

um

en

tary

, M

usc

ula

r, S

ke

leta

l, L

ym

ph

ati

c)

B. D

escr

ibe

ho

w t

he

vari

ou

s sy

stem

s in

tera

ct a

s a

coh

esiv

e u

nit

. C

. Des

crib

e th

e le

vels

of

bio

logi

cal o

rgan

izat

ion

(ce

lls,

tis

sue

s, o

rga

ns,

org

an

sys

tem

, o

rga

nis

m)

D. E

xpla

in t

he

role

of

fee

db

ack

mec

han

ism

s in

mai

nta

inin

g h

om

eost

asi

s E

. Co

mp

are

and

pro

vid

e ex

amp

les

of

po

siti

ve

an

d n

eg

ati

ve

fee

db

ack

det

erm

inat

ion

, d

iffer

enti

atio

n,

th

erm

ore

gula

-ti

on

2. C

ircu

lato

ry/

Re

spir

-a

tory

Sys

tem

s -

Fu

nct

ion

s (3

0.1

) -

Res

pir

atio

n (

30.2

) -

Tra

nsp

ort

(30

.3 p

.88

0,

30.4

p8

82-

88

3)

- B

loo

d (

30.5

)

F. D

escr

ibe

the

role

of

cap

illa

rie

s fo

r ab

sorp

tio

n a

nd

exc

han

ge b

etw

een

cel

ls a

nd

th

eir

surr

ou

nd

ings

. G

. Des

crib

e th

e fl

ow

of

blo

od

th

rou

gh t

he

two

pat

hw

ays

(pu

lmo

nar

y a

nd

sys

tem

ic)

H. D

escr

ibe

the

thre

e ty

pes

of

blo

od

ves

sels

(ar

teri

es,

vei

ns,

ca

pil

lary

) I.

Des

crib

e th

e co

mp

osi

tio

n o

f b

loo

d (

pla

sma,

pla

tele

ts,

red

blo

od

ce

lls,

wh

ite

blo

od

ce

lls)

lun

g, t

rach

ea,

bro

nch

us

(bro

nch

i),

bro

nch

iole

, al

veo

lus

(alv

eoli

),

eryt

hro

cyte

, le

uko

cyte

,

3. N

utr

ien

t A

bso

rp-

tio

n &

Wa

ste

-

Nu

trie

nts

(32

.1p

.928

-9

30)

- D

iges

tive

Sys

tem

(3

2.2)

-

Mu

scle

s (3

3.2)

-

Ab

sorp

tio

n (

32.3

) -

Exc

reto

ry S

yste

m

(32.

4)

J. D

escr

ibe

the

six

typ

es o

f n

utr

ien

ts n

eed

ed t

o m

ain

tain

ho

meo

stas

is (

wa

ter,

ca

rbo

hy-

dra

tes,

pro

tein

s, f

ats

, vit

amin

s, m

iner

als

) K

. Id

enti

fy t

he

role

of

tee

th,

ton

gu

e,

eso

ph

agu

s, s

tom

ach

, li

ve

r, g

allb

lad

der

, p

an

-cr

ea

s, s

mal

l in

test

ine

, vil

li, m

icro

vil

li,

larg

e i

nte

stin

e, r

ect

um

an

d a

nu

s.

L. G

ive

exam

ple

s o

f h

ow

en

zym

es

aid

in

dig

esti

on

M

. E

xpla

in h

ow

fo

od

/nu

trie

nts

go

fro

m i

ts o

rigi

nal

fo

rm t

o o

ne

that

can

en

ter

the

blo

od

st

ream

. N

. Des

crib

e h

ow

th

e m

usc

ula

r sy

stem

aid

s in

dig

esti

on

(p

eris

tals

is)

O. E

xam

ine

and

des

crib

e th

e th

ree

mu

scle

typ

es (

smo

oth

, sk

ele

tal,

ca

rdia

c)

P. D

escr

ibe

ho

w t

he

ex

cre

tory

sys

tem

use

s fi

ltra

tio

n, r

eab

sorp

tio

n, a

nd

exc

reti

on

to

re

mo

ve w

aste

an

d m

ain

tain

ho

meo

stas

is

Q. I

den

tify

an

d l

abel

a n

eph

ron

(g

lom

eru

lus,

Bo

wm

an

’s c

ap

sule

, lo

op

of

He

nle

)

amyl

ase,

pep

-si

n,

bil

e, b

olu

s,

chym

e, c

olo

n,

dia

lysi

s

31

1

2

3

4

Warmup Name __________________________ Per ___

30

3

4.

Re

gu

lati

on

–

Ho

w o

rgan

s co

m-

mu

nic

ate(

29.1

) -N

euro

ns

(29

.2)

- C

entr

al a

nd

Per

iph

eral

N

ervo

us

Syst

ems

(29

.4)

- E

nd

ocr

ine

Syst

em &

H

orm

on

es (

29.6

)

R. I

den

tify

th

e ro

les

of

bra

in,

ner

ve

s, a

nd

ne

uro

ns

S. D

raw

an

d l

abel

th

e st

ruct

ure

of

a n

euro

n (

cell

bo

dy,

axo

n,

de

nd

rite

s, m

yeli

n

she

ath

, a

xo

n t

erm

ina

ls)

T. D

escr

ibe

the

diff

eren

ces

bet

wee

n c

en

tral

an

d p

erip

her

al

ne

rvo

us

syst

ems

(re

fle

x

arc

– p

.851

) U

. Id

enti

fy t

he

role

of

hyp

oth

alam

us,

pit

uit

ary

, p

an

cre

as,

th

yro

id,

par

ath

yro

id

5. D

efe

nse

-

Imm

un

e Sy

stem

(31

.2)

- Im

mu

ne

Res

po

nse

s (3

1.3)

-

Dis

ease

s (3

1.6

) -

Lym

ph

atic

Sys

tem

(3

0.6

)

V. I

den

tify

th

e ro

les

of

blo

od

, lym

ph

, a

nti

bo

die

s, T

-Ce

lls,

B-C

ell

s in

th

e im

mu

ne

sys-

tem

W

. Des

crib

e n

on

spe

cifi

c im

mu

nit

y (i

nfl

am

mat

ion

, fe

ver

) X

. Des

crib

e sp

eci

fic

imm

un

ity

(an

tig

en

s, m

emo

ry c

ell

s)

Y. I

den

tify

th

e st

ruct

ure

s o

f th

ymu

s, s

ple

en

, lym

ph

no

de

s, l

ymp

h v

ess

els

in t

he

lym

-p

hat

ic s

yste

m

ph

ago

cyte

s,

lym

ph

ocy

tes,

ti

ssu

e re

ject

ion

8.

Re

pro

du

ctio

n P

ro-

cess

(34

.2)

Z. C

om

par

e an

d c

on

tras

t g

ame

tog

en

esi

s in

fem

ales

an

d m

ales

A

A. G

ive

exam

ple

s o

f h

ow

ho

rmo

ne

s p

lay

a ro

le i

n f

emal

e an

d m

ale

rep

rod

uct

ive

sys-

tem

s

LH

, FSH

, est

ro-

gen

, p

roge

ster

-o

ne,

te

sto

ster

on

e

4

29

28

Section 34.2 Reproductive Processes (p. 979 — 984)

Potential egg

Meiosis I 23

23

23 23

23 23 23 23

23

23

46 Potential sperm

First polar

body

Meiosis II Second polar

body

All sperm have 23

chromosomes

Meiosis II

Uterus lining de-taches and flows out of the body along with some blood and other fluids. All hormones are low.

Increase in FSH and LH stimulates maturing and release of egg (ovulation) Increase in estrogen caus-es lining to thicken *FSH– follicle stimulating hormone *LH– luteinizing hor-mone

Corpus luteum formed

Release of progesterone and

estrogen stops production fo

FSH and LH

Increases number of blood ves-

sels in lining

5

Section 28.3 Interactions Among Systems (p. 826 — 829)

Hypothalamus receives info, compares it to set range of body temps, and sends mes-sages to counteract change

Nerves and circulatory system carry messages to target or-gans to tell them how to re-spond to change

Messages activate sweat glands, dilate blood vessels in skin, and increase heart and breathing rates

= regulating temp

Short– term disruption

Long– term disruption

Lasts only a few days or weeks, usually no lasting harm

Can cause damage to more and more organs

6

Section 28.1 Lev-

Stem cells

determination Differentiation

muscle

Cardiac, skeletal, smooth muscle

Determination: committing to being one cell type; can’t become any other type now

Differentiation: acquiring specialized structures and functions

cell

tissue

organ

Organ system

organism

Smallest form

of life

Groups of cells with similar function

Tissues that func-tion togeth-

Two or more organs working together

Collec-tion of organ systems working together

27

Section 31.6 Diseases That Weaken the Immune System (p. 918 — 921 ) Section 30.6 Lymphatic System (p. 890 — 891)

Leukemia

1. Is:___cancer of the bone marrow______

a. Characterized by:___immature white blood cells_____

b. Causes:____weakened immune system____

2. Leads to: __opportunistic infection___________

a. Occur because:___white blood cells cannot fight infections___

b. But if the immune system was healthy, it could fight infection

Main function: collect interstitial fluid, clean and filter it, and return it to circulato-ry system; defend body against pathogens and remove foreign materials and dead cells from lymph

Lymph vessels

Lymph nodes

thymus

spleen

Collect lymph,

circulate it to

nodes, and even-

tually return it to

circulatory system

Clean and filter lymph

to trap and destroy

pathogen and other

materials

Tonsils and spleen clean and

filter lymph

Thymus and spleen develop

and contain many lymphocytes

and other white blood cells to

destroy harmful bacteria and

foreign organisms

26

Section 31.6 Diseases That Weaken the Immune System (p. 918 — 921 )

Leukemia

1. Is:___cancer of the bone marrow______

a. Characterized by:___immature white blood cells_____

b. Causes:____weakened immune system____

2. Leads to: __opportunistic infection___________

a. Occur because:___white blood cells cannot fight infections___

b. But if the immune system was healthy, it could fight infection

Bodily fluid

Pathogen reproduces in T cells and then destroys them

Body cannot replace the dying T cells fast enough

T cells cannot help in immune response

The condition of having several opportunistic infections

and a very low amount of T cells

7

Section 28.2 Mechanisms of Homeostasis (p. 826 — 829)

Homeostasis: keeping the internal environment within set ranges

Gather info about internal and external conditions and relay info to a control center

Carry messages through nerves or blood to target organs, telling them how to respond to changes

Receives messages, change level of activity to help restore homeostasis

Receive info from sensors, compare it to set values, send messages through communication net-works

Positive feedback increases change (ie: cut finger makes body increase clotting and then release chemicals to dissolve clot)

8

Section 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions (p. 870 — 873)

Brings oxygen into body and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor

Trachea– breathing tube

Lungs– absorb gas

Alveoli– where O2 actually gets absorbed and CO2 is released

Bronchioles– passage in the lung

Bronchi– passage in the lung

Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries waste and oxygen-poor blood back to heart and lungs

Heart– muscle that pumps blood

Arteries– large blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from heart

Veins– large blood vessel carried blood BACK to heart

Capillaries– tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to tissues

25

Section 31.3 Immune Responses (p. 908 — 912)

Nonspecific immune responses are those that are the same every

time no matter what the pathogen is

Examples:__fever____ and ___inflammation___

Tissue rejection occurs when white blood cells recognize donor tissue

as foreign and attack and destroy the tissue

antigens Acquired immunity

Cellular immunity Humoral immunity

T cells B cells

Infected by body

cells antibodies

Memory cells

24

Section 31.2 Immune System (p. 903 — 906)

The immune system is: ___body system that fights infection and prevents illness_______.

Physically blocks pathogens from entering body

In nose and throat; traps particles before they enter

Transports cells of the immune system

Cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens

Destroys infected body cells

Produces antibodies

Protein that causes pathogens to clump or become ineffective

Protein that stops viruses from reproducing

9

Section 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange (p. 874 — 876)

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the blood Gasses move by diffusion from high pressure to low pressure The lining of the alveoli must be moist to help diffusion

From capillary

Into alveoli

From alveoli

Into capillary

Carbon dioxide

into lungs

An iron-rich protein

that allows more

oxygen to enter the

red blood cell (RBC)

Oxygen away from

lung

alveolus capillary

10

Section 30.3 The Heart and Circulation (p. 877 — 880)

Heart and lungs

Heart and body

How blood travels through heart

1. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor

blood from body and pumps it into the

right ventricle

2. The right ventricle pumps oxygen-

poor blood into lungs

3. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich

blood from lungs and pumps it to the

left ventricle.

4. The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich

blood to all parts of the body

23

Regulates metabolism, growth, devel-opment; surrounded by parathyroid

Makes hormones that cause white blood cells to mature; stimulates them to fight infection

Fight or flight; increase breathing rate, blood pressure, and alertness

Makes digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate how much glucose the body stores and uses

Gonads: influence sexual

development and functions

22

Section 29.6 The Endocrine System and Hormones (p. 858 — 863)

Word Details

Gland • organ of endocrine system

Hormone • chemical signal of endocrine system

• produced by glands

• travels through blood stream

• affects cells with matching receptors

Hypothalamus • gland found in brain

• a structure of nervous and endocrine systems

• produces releasing hormones which are sent to

the pituitary gland

Pituitary gland • gland below hypothalamus in brain

• controls growth

Releasing

hormones

• hormones that stimulate other glands to produce

and release hormones

Hormone

imbalances

• cause illness

hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

11

Section 30.4 Blood Vessels and Transports (p. 882 — 884)

-Carries blood away from heart -Carries oxygen-rich blood to cells -Have 3 layers -Muscular and elastic to keep blood moving

-Only one layer -One cell thick -Carries blood between cells and arteries/veins -Form dense capillary beds -Materials diffuse into and out of them

-Carries blood to heart -Carries oxygen-poor blood from cells -Large diameter, valves -Need activity of muscles to keep blood moving

-epithelial layer

-transport blood, gasses, and other materials

-found in all parts of the body

-all part of circulatory system

12

Section 30.5 Blood (p. 886 — 889)

Plasma

-55% of blood

-molecules diffuse in and out of

plasma

-contains proteins that stabilize

blood volume

-contains clotting factors

-contains immune proteins

Red blood cells

-40-45% of blood cells

-transport oxygen to cells and

carry away carbon dioxide

-have NO nuclei

-contain hemoglobin

White blood cells

-fight pathogens and destroy

foreign matter

-no hemoglobin

Platelets

-help form clots that control

bleeding

** bone marrow manufactures

most of blood components

21

Section 29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems (p. 847 — 852)

Sensory receptor generates signal

Passes signal to CNS

CNS interprets signal

CNS passes signal to PNS

PNS stimulates a response

Brain

Brainstem

Spinal cord

Somatic nervous

system

Autonomic

nervous system

Sympathetic

nervous system

Parasympathetic

nervous system

Processes and inter-prets signals and generates response

Controls life-sustaining processes

Delivers signals the length of the body

Voluntary responses

Involuntary responses

Excites body

Calms body

Cerebellum, cerebrum, cerebral cortex Breathing, heart rate Works in reflex arcs Connects CNS to target organs Digesting food Fight or flight; raises heart rate Lowers blood pressure and heart rate

20

Section 29.2 Neurons (p. 838 — 841)

Cell body– has nucleus and organelles

Dendrites- Receive impulses

Axon- Carries impulses

Schwann cell- Myelin sheath that insulates axons

Synapse- Gap between neuron and next cell

Terminal- Part through which impulse leaves

Sensory neuron– detect stim-

uli and transmit signals to

brain and spinal cord

Interneurons- (in spine and

brain) receive signals and relay

them

Motor neurons– pass mes-

sage from nervous system to

body tissues, like muscles

13

Section 32.1 Nutrients and Homeostasis (p. 928 — 932)

Nutrient Function Found In Foods Like:

Water

Carbohydrates

Types:

Proteins

Fats

Types:

Minerals

Vitamins

Types:

55-60% of

body

Complex and

simple

Amino acids

Saturated and

unsaturated

Inorganic

molecules

Water-soluble (B, C)

Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K)

-involved in chemical reactions -helps digest food and eliminate waste -maintains blood volume -regulates body temp -keeps skin smooth

Main source of energy

-raw materials for growth and repair -make up all enzymes and many hormones

-provide energy -key component in cell membranes, neuron, and certain hormones

-used to carry out cell processes -build or repair tissue

-work with enzymes to regulate cell functions, growth and development

water

Dairy, leafy greens,

legumes, nuts meats,

seafood, whole grain

Fruits, vegetables, honey,

sugar, grains, potatoes

Meat, diary, eggs, some

plant foods

Red meats, dairy, plant

oils, some fish and fish

oils

Dairy, leafy greens,

legumes, nuts meats,

seafood, whole grain

14

19

Section 29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate (p. 836 — 837)

A stimulus is something that causes a change or response

Endocrine System Nervous System

Is made up of

Organs not connected Highly connected

network of tissues

and cells

Rate of

communication

slow

Fast;

through neurons

Types of

signals

Chemical

(glands > hormones >

target cells)

Electrical and

chemical

Examples of processes

controlled

Growth; reproductive

cycles; digestion;

sweating when warm

Movement;

thoughts; emotion;

eyes response to

light

Divisions

NONE Central nervous

system; peripheral

nervous system

18

Section 32.4 Excretory System (p. 942 — 947)

cortex

medulla

Ureter

(goes to

bladder)

Glomerulus

Filter and clean blood

Bowman’s capsule

Hold the filtrate; molecules are reabsorbed into the capillaries to bal-ance blood chemistry

Loop of

Henle

(water re-

absorbed or

not here)

Collecting

ducts

(collect urine

and send it to

ureter)

Nephron– filtering unit

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

15

Section 32.2 Digestive System (p. 933 — 936)

Mouth

Chew and shred food

Amylase begins digestion of carbohydrates

Esophagus

Peristaltic movement moves

food into stomach

St0mach

Begins digestion of proteins

Mixes and churns food into

chyne

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas Produces bile to digest fats; produces enzymes to digest fats; finish protein digestion

Small intestine Completes digestion of pro-teins and sugars; digests fats

Large intestine, rectum/anus

Absorbs water and forms solid

wastes; eliminates wastes from body

16

Section 33.2 Muscular System (p. 960 — 965)

Three Types of Muscle

a. Skeletal muscle:

-attaches to the skeleton by tendons

-tendons connect muscle to bone

-skeletal muscles are mostly voluntary

b. Smooth muscle:

-lines organs and is involuntary

-moves food through digestive organs

-empty liquid from bladder

-control width of blood vessels

c. Cardiac muscle:

-only in heart

-pumps blood throughout body; involuntary

-controlled by pacemaker

-contains more mitochondria than skeletal muscles

17

Section 32.3 Absorption of Nutrients (p. 938 — 940)

microvilli

villus

Blood vessels

capillaries

Lymph vessels

Simple sugars, amino acids, minerals

Glucose, some amino acids, vitamin C, most B vitamins, some water

Ileum Fat-soluble vitamins, B12, fatty acids, cholesterol, some water

Large intestine Solid waste