WarmUp #4

• According to our discussion on the setup of feudal manors, visually depict the landscape of a manor.– i.e. draw/sketch a feudal manor

• include the estates for the lord• include the living quarters for the vassals and/or knights • include the church…& living quarters for the clergy

– reference previous notes and/or pgs. 382-386.

The Church & the Late Middle Ages

Role of the Catholic Church• Church: unifying force in Europe• the Great Schism split the Roman Catholic Church,

from the (Eastern) Orthodox Church– RC > Pope (bishop of Rome): head of church– EO > Patriarch: head of church

• monks: men dedicated to God – separated from society – followed rule for each day (St. Benedict) – lived in monasteries– got $$$ from nobles

• nuns: female monks, who lived in abbeys

• missionary effort• Western Europe converted by 1050 AD (St. Patrick)

Monastery/Abbey

Popes vs. Kings• the popes were BOTH the religious & political

authority: owned land in/around Rome (papal states)

• over time bishops/abbots: vassals to lords– chosen for political, not spiritual reasons

• popes exercised more power than expected– excommunication: kick people out of the Church

Catholic Church in High Middle Ages• sacraments: receiving God’s grace

– taught as necessary for salvation

• Mary, the mother of Jesus = highest saint• relics: physical objects from the saints

– worthy of worship (pieces of the cross, the head of John the Baptist etc.)

• pilgrimage to churches/monasteries that housed relics (Canterbury: Thomas a Becket)

• new orders of monks:– Franciscan: followed Francis of Assisi

• vow of absolute poverty– Dominican: followed Dominic de Guzman

• vowed to fight heresy (denying beliefs)– Inquisition founded as Church court combated heresy

Franciscan & Dominican Monks

Decline of Church Power• political ambitions of popes > clashes with kings• conflict between pope & the king of France

– king of France…got French pope elected

• 1305-1377 popes lived in Avignon, France• Pope Gregory XI back to Rome• Italian pope elected next…French elect their own pope!• Papal Schism

– 1378-1417: 2+ popes– finally Council called…which deposed popes– new pope was elected & followed

• weakened authority of the Church & the pope• Jan Hus: Czech reformer, who called for end to

corruption…was burned as a heretic!

Avignon Popes & Jan Hus

The Black Death• Bubonic Plague began in 14th Century• killed huge portions of population• 1347-1351 AD: 38 million died• total population: 75 million• up to 60% of a town might die…whole villages • unsure of causes…judgment from God?• waves of anti-Semitism: hostility toward Jews• economic consequences:

– lessened trade– increased wages for labor– decreased food prices– virtually, ended serfdom

The Black Death

Hundred Years’ War• England owned land in France • 1337: War between countries over the rightful king of France

– remember Eleanor of Aquitaine!

• English: – knights but also relied on peasant soldiers with longbows

• 1415 Agincourt: huge victory for English King Henry V• 1429 Joan of Arc: (French peasant girl) convinced French

dauphin (crown prince) to let her lead the French army– won Battle of Orleans – became the symbol of hope/determination for the French

• 1430: English captured her & burned her as a heretic• the French fought on & won the Hundred Years’ War, inspired

by Joan of Arc as a martyr• By 1453: French controlled their own territory

Joan of Arc: “Map Analysis”---pg. 421

Political Recovery• England: post-Hundred Years’ War:

– very weak…& in debt!– no heir to throne > War of the Roses (civil war)– Yorks vs. Lancasters– “Princes in Tower” of London

• Richard III becomes king, as a result of their death

– finally Henry Tudor…married Elizabeth of York• claimed throne as Henry VII

• Spain:– struggle between Christian states & Muslim kingdoms

• 1469: Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon – unifying Spain under Christian rule

• 1492: Spain kicked all Muslims & Jews out of country– Spanish Inquisition

• “to be Spanish = to be Roman Catholic”

Spain & England