WARMUP: 1. Does anyone have a textbook theyd like to turn in today? I need these by Monday. 2. Please have a seat and take out your Final Review Packet we will review any problems you may have questions with. Agenda: - Discuss Review Sheet - Last Chance Review Topics are up to you -Jeopardy Review (overview of course material) HWK: STUDY FOR FINAL BRING IN YOUR TEXT BOOK!!! O BJECTIVES 1/22/2015 1. 2. Chloroplast and Cell Wall 3.Mitochondria= Muscle cells Lysosomes= White blood cells 4. Cell Tissue Organ System F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 5. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes 6. Nucleus= cells genetic control center: 1. Stores DNA2. Makes RNA3. Makes ribosomes Plasma Membrane= surrounds the cell allowing some materials to enter. Ribosomes Ribosomes= protein factories made of RNA and Protein Mitochondria= powerhouse, changes chemical energy stored in food into ATP. Chloroplast= trap the energy of light and convert it into chemical energy (glucose). Lysosomes= vacuoles which contain digestive enzymes to break down material in a cell. Gogli Body= modify, sort and package proteins from the ER for storage in the cell or for excretion outside of the cell. Vacuole= saclike structures that are used for storage of water, salts, protein, & carbohydrates. Cell Wall= sturdy structure outside the cell membrane, supports cell shape and structure. Found in plants and some prokaryotes. F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 7. 8. Diffusion- movement of molecules down a concentration gradient. P Osmosis- the diffusion of H2O molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. P Facilitated diffusions- the movement of molecules by specific protein channels which requires no energy. P Endocytosis-Process that takes materials into the cell.A Exocytosis- Process that removes molecules from the cell.A F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS PASSIVEACTIVE 1. Concentration Gradient DOWNUP 2. Is ATP required?NOYES 3. Goal:Movement of molecules DOWN a concentration gradient requiring NO energy (F.O.D) Movement of molecules UP a concentration gradient requiring energy. 9. F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Hypertonic- Higher concentration of water inside the cell (water moves out). OR higher concentration of salt outside the cell. Cell shrinks!! Hypotonic- Higher concentration of water outside of the cell (water moves into cell). OR higher of concentration inside the cell. Cell swells!! Isotonic= Equal amounts of water/solute on both side of the cell membrane. Cell volume remains constant 12. Homeostasis= the ability to maintain a constant internal environment Chloroplast- plants, site of photosynthesis Mitochondria- Animals and Plants, site of cellular respiration Both= double membrane (endosymbiotic theory) F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS Energy 15. F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 light chlorophyll 666 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Sugar (glucose) 16. Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS MonomerPolymerFunction CarbGlucose, simple sugars Cellulose, polysaccharide starch Energy and storage LipidsGlycerol and fatty acids PhospholipidsWaxes, membranes, steroids, hormones, insulators ProteinAmino AcidPolypeptideCatalysts, transporters, regulate cell function Nucleic Acids NucleotideDNA, RNADirections to make proteins, genetic into. 18. Cohesion- waters attraction to other water molecules because of polar properties- Leads to surface tension. Hydrogen Bond- The attractive force between one water molecule and another. (MUST involve a Hydrogen atom) Nonpolar- equal sharing of electrons 21. Non-polar organic compound= lipids (fats, oils, waxes) F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS Low pH= Acidic High pH= Basic 22. F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 23. Enzymes-biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. 24.catalyst- a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 25. Temperature and pH 26.They denature enzymes- they can not function properly. 28. F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 29. Primary Function= to store and transmit the genetic information that tells cells which proteins to make and when to make them. Blueprints A-T, C-G Hydrogen Bonds F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 34. Codon= Each word of mRNA, 3 nucleotide long and they CODE for an Amino Acid. 35 mRNA: UUC GUU GGA ACC. A.A: Pheylalaine Valine Glycine Threonine DNA: AAG CAA CCT TGG 36.Gene mutation- small-scale alteration of genetic material.-a change in the nucleotide sequence of a particular gene. -Point and frame shift mutations Chromosome mutation- a large-scale alteration of the chromosomes - the number or the structure of chromosomes is changed - Genetic Disorders F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 37. F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS Transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA Transfer of genetic information in the RNA to a protein 34. Codon= Each word of mRNA, 3 nucleotide long and they CODE for an Amino Acid. 35 mRNA: UUC GUU GGA ACC. A.A: Pheylalaine Valine Glycine Threonine DNA: AAG CAA CCT TGG 36.Gene mutation- small-scale alteration of genetic material.-a change in the nucleotide sequence of a particular gene. -Point and frame shift mutations Chromosome mutation- a large-scale alteration of the chromosomes - the number or the structure of chromosomes is changed - Genetic Disorders 37. Compare and Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS At the end of Interphase Prophase MetaphaseAnaphase Telophase At the end of Interphase Prophase Metaphase AnaphaseTelophase Interphase Telophase I Anaphase I Metaphase I Prophase I Cytokinesi s Images from:What happens here?? What type of cell am I?? Coming from Meiosis I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Cytokinesis Images from: 40. Genotype- alleles on the gene Phenotype- what we see due to the combination of alleles Homozygous- the same allele ie/ RR or bb Heterozygous- different alleles ie/ Rr or Bb Dominant- mask/hide the other allele. Recessive - allele is hidden unless there are 2 copies of it. 41. How are these words related? DNA, gene, RNA, protein, trait F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 42. A.B. B=Blond b=Brown Parents= Bb and bb C. TY Ty tY ty F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS Tt TTTTt t tt bb BBb ?_b TYTytYty TYTTYYTTYyTtYYTtYy TyTTYyTTyyTtYyTtyy tYTtYYTtYyttYy tyTtYyTtyyttYyttyy 42. D. E. F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS XcY XcXcXcY XXcXXY Rr RRRRr RRRRr 43. F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 44.Genetic Diversity! Variation! 45. Diploid= 2n (humans= 46 chromosomes) our body or somatic cells Haploid= n (humans= 23 chromosomes) gametes or sex cells 46. Diploid= 52 Haploid= Karyotype: organized profile of an individuals chromosomes Sex chromosomes (23 rd pair) 46 chromosomes= healthy male 48.Nondisjuction- failure of homologous pairs to separate during meiosis. F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 49. Trisomy 21= Down Syndrome 50. A D G F B E H C I J 51. Stem cells= unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate. 52. Differentiation= process when unspecialized cells become specialized. 53.Placenta= structure where gas exchange and nutrient exchange occur between baby and mother. Umbilical cord is connected to the placenta and the baby. F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS 54. Virus vs. Bacteria 55. Bacteria are beneficial: -Digestion -Food Production -Clean oil spills (Decomposers) 56. Antibiotic Resistance- bacteria can mutate quickly and therefore they can become resistant to antibiotics. Resistant vs. Nonresistant bacteria 58. Virus mutate quickly and therefore new vaccines are needed. Vaccine= weakened form of the virus to help produce antibodies (immune response) 59. Virus= Protein coat (capsid) and genetic Info 60. Retrovirus- virus containing RNA (HIV) F INAL R EVIEW - H ONORS