Warm-up

Introduction to theAnimal Kingdom

What characteristicsare common to all animals?

Eukaryotic cells

NO cell wall

Multicellular

Cell specialization

Heterotrophic

Reproduction/Development

Categories of AnimalsInvertebrates: 95%; animals without backbones◦ Sea stars, worms, jellyfish, & insects

Vertebrates: 5%; animals with backbones◦ Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

7 Functions Animals Carry Out

1. Feeding

2. Respiration

3. Circulation

4. Excretion

5. Response

6. Movement

7. Reproduction

Types of Feeders

Type of Feeder Description

Herbivore Feeds on plants.

Carnivore Feeds on other animals.

Filter feeder Aquatic; strain tiny floating organismsfrom the water.

Detritivores Feeds on decaying plant and animal material.

All About AnimalsWhat does an animal do when it respires?◦ They take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.

What does the excretory system of most animals do?◦Helps maintain homeostasis by eliminating ammonia quickly or

converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.

Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve cells.

To move or not to move

Motile: ability to move.

Sessile: stationary in adult life form.

Reproduction

What type of reproduction maintains genetic diversity in populations? How? Sexual reproduction

What does asexual reproduction allow an animal to do?◦ It allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly

therefore increasing their chance of survival.

Early Development of AnimalsWhat is another name for a fertilized egg?◦ Zygote

What does a zygote form after it undergoes a series of divisions?◦ Blastula

Protostome: development of an animal from mouth to tail.

Deuterostome: development of an animal from tail to mouth.

Reproduction Sperm fertilizes an egg zygote.

Development

Mitotic cell division and cytokinesis, but NO cell growth

Animal SymmetryRadial Symmetry: body parts repeat around center. Starfish, jellyfish

Ex: Sea Anemone

Bilateral SymmetryA single plane divides that body into two equal halves. (humans, insects, cats)

Asymmetry Symmetry: No pattern (corals, sponges)

Animal SymmetryBilaterally symmetrical animals have:

Label the Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior and Posterior of the Crayfish◦ Dorsal (top) side and Ventral (bottom) side.

◦ Right and Left side.

◦ Anterior (head) and Posterior (tail) ends.

◦ Cephalization: the development of a head.

Ventral

Dorsal

Posterior

Anterior

Kingdom Animalia:Kingdom Animalia

1. Phylum Porifera (sponges)

2. Phylum Cnidaria (sea anemones, jellyfish, coral, hydra)

3. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

4. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

5. Phylum Annelida (segmented worms, earthworms, leeches)

6. Phylum Mollusca (clam, squid, snails, slugs)

7. Phylum Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)

8. Phylum Echinodermata (starfish)

9. Phylum Chordata (includes all vertebrates)

Animal Symmetry

Homeostasis and Feedback loops

VIDEO; FOR THE FIRST 8:15

Feedback Loops

Homeostasisrefers to the ability of an organism or environment to maintain stability in spite of changes. The human body is full of examples of homeostasis.

Homeostasis happens in ALLKingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,Plantae, and Animalia

The Human Body

The components of the human body, from cells, to tissues to organs to organ systems, interact to maintain homeostasis.

What is Homeostasis?The maintenance of a constant environment in the body.

Achieved by many different internal controlled mechanisms that detect deviations and make corrective actions.

Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a constant environment OR Dynamic Equilibrium

Homeostatic Loop: EXAMPLE

Body cells work best if they have the correct:

TemperatureWater levelsGlucose concentrationCalcium Concentrationblood pressure

Feedback MechanismsIn order to maintain homeostasis, the body uses feedback loops

There are two types:

1. Negative Feedback

2. Positive Feedback

Feedback MechanismNEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

(DECREASES EFFECTS)Stimulus produces a response which reducesthe original stimulus. (used for homeostasis)

Most are in this category

◦ Examples:

◦ Sweating (reduces being hot)

◦ Shivering (reduces being cold)

◦ Insulin (reduces blood sugar)

◦ Stomata's and guard cells in plants (reduce water loss in transpiration)

POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

(INCREASES EFFECTS)Stimulus produces a response which increases the stimulus.

Examples:◦ Drug addicts (needs more drugs)

◦ Apple ripening (ethylene is increased)

◦ Hormone produced to speed up contractions in childbirth (increasesfaster childbirth)

Feedback LoopsNEGATIVE POSITIVE

Difference Between Negative and Positive Feedback Loops

Negative feedback: the response is moved to the target set point

Positive feedback: the response is moved awayfrom the target set point

PAP Homework

Body System Video

• Worksheet for Video: Click for Link

• Amoeba Sisters worksheet with video or

Human Body Systems:

All of the systems within the body interact with

one another to keep an organism healthy

Levels of Organization

The levels of organization in a multicellular organism include cells,

tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Cell: Basic unit of

structure and function

Tissue: Group of Cells

working together

Organs: Group of tissues

working together

Organ System: Group of

organs working together.

Cell Types and Tissue

Cells are specialized for their specific function.

Tissues are groups of cells that perform a specific

function.

Muscle Tissue: along the bones, enables body to move.

Epithelial Tissue: glands and tissues that cover interior

and exterior body surfaces.

Connective Tissue: provides support for the body and

connects its parts.

Nervous Tissue: transmits nerve impulses throughout

the body.

Nervous System

Function:

Recognizes and coordinates the

body’s response to changes in its

internal and external

environments.

Nervous System

What is a neuron?

Cells that transmit electricalimpulses in the nervous system.

What is a synapse?

The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell. (axon end)

What are neurotransmitters?

Chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

Neuron

DigestiveSystem

Function:

Converts foods

into simpler

molecules that can

be used by the

cells of the body;

absorbs food;

eliminates waste.

Digestive System

What is the difference between chemical digestion and mechanical

digestion?

Chemical digestion begins in the mouth; breaks the chemical bonds in

carbohydrates and releases sugars.

Mechanical digestion is the muscle contractions needed to move the fluids

and food from the stomach to the small intestine.

EnzymesEnzymes are also called catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions & reduces activation energy.• Enzyme

– helper protein molecule• Substrate

– molecule that enzymes work on• Products

– what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction

• Active site– part of enzyme

that substrate molecule fits into

– LOCK AND KEY

• Exergonic– Energy release: Digestion (ATP to ADP)

• Endergonic– Absorbing energy: (ADP to ATP)

• Lable the enzymes substrate complex in your notes

Effects of Digestive Enzymes

Active Site Enzyme Effect on Food

MouthSalivary

amylase Breaks down starches into disaccharides.

Stomach Pepsin Breaks down proteins into large peptides.

Small Intestine

(pancreas)

Amylase Continues the breakdown of starches.

Trypsin Continues the breakdown of proteins.

Lipase Breaks down fat.

Small Intestine

Maltase,

Sucrose,

Lactase

Breaks down remaining disaccharides into

monosaccharide's.

Peptidase Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids.

Excretory System

Function:

Eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain homeostasis.

What processes are involved in blood purification?

Filtration: to remove wastes.

Re-absorption: process by which liquid is taken back into the system.

How does the kidney help to maintain homeostasis?

They remove waste products from the blood; maintain blood pH; and regulate the water content of the blood (blood volume).

Lymphatic/Immune System

Function:

Helps protect the body from disease;

collects fluid lost from blood vessels

and returns the fluid to the circulatory

system.

Lymphatic System

What is the first line of defense?

Your skin.

What is the second line of defense?

Inflammatory response: a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage

caused by injury or infection.

What is the immune response?

Specific defenses that attack a particular disease-causing agent.

What are some examples of antigens (what causes the disease)?

Viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens.

Lymphatic System

How do antibodies help in the immune system?

They recognize and bind to antigens; attacking the pathogen.

How do lymph nodes change in response to an infection?

Lymph nodes act as filters, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms; swelling is a response to active lymph nodes.

What is the fluid collected by the lymphatic system called?

lymph

Integumentary System Function:

Serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps to

regulate body temperature; provides protection against

ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

What is the function of melanin?

Helps protect the skin from damage

by absorbing ultraviolet rays from

the sun.

How does the skin react with other parts

to maintain homeostasis?

By helping to regulate body

temperature.

Skeletal System

Function:

Supports the body; protects internal

organs; allows movement; stores

mineral reserves; provides a site for

blood cell formation.

Skeletal System

What are osteocytes?

Mature bone cells

List the 2 types of bone marrow and their function.

Yellow: made primarily of fat cells.

Red: produces red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets.

What is the function of ligaments?

To hold bones together in a joint.

What is the function of tendons?

To hold muscle to bone

Muscular System

Function:

Works with the skeletal system to

produce voluntary movement;

helps to circulate blood and move

food through the digestive system.

Muscle Filament

2 Types: Thin (actin) and Thick (myosin)

Sliding Filament Theory: describes a process used by muscles to

contract

Circulatory System

Function:

Brings oxygen, nutrients, and

hormones to cells; fights infection;

removes cell wastes; helps to

regulate body temperature.

Circulatory System

• What is the difference between the atrium and the ventricle?– Atrium: Upper chamber which receives

blood.– Ventricle: Lower chamber which pumps

blood out of the heart.

• List the 3 types of blood vessels.– Arteries, veins, capillaries

• List the 3 cellular portions of blood and their function.– Red blood cells: transport oxygen.– White blood cells: guard against infection,

fight parasites, attack bacteria.– Platelets and plasma proteins: make blood

clotting possible.

What is hemoglobin?

Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen

from the lungs to the tissues of the body.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVyzW7KQ0eM

This is kind of gory, I explain to them how arteries work.

Respiratory System

Function:

Provides oxygen needed for

cellular respiration and removes

excess carbon dioxide from the

body.

Endocrine System

Function:

Controls growth,

development, and

metabolism; maintains

homeostasis.

Endocrine System

What are hormones?

Chemicals that are released in one part of the body that travel through the

blood stream and affect the activities of cells in other parts of the body.

Hormones are controlled by feedback mechanisms.

(Positive and Negative Feedback Loops)

To maintain homeostasis.

Endocrine System

Gland Function

Pineal Gland Releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities.

Hypothalamus Makes hormones that control the pituitary gland.

Thyroid Gland Produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.

Parathyroid Gland Regulates the levels of calcium in the blood.

ThymusDuring childhood, releases thymosin which stimulates T-cell development &

proper immunity.

Pancreas Produces insulin and glucagon to regular sugar in the blood.

Adrenal Gland Release epinephrine and norepinephrine to respond to stress.

Ovary Produce estrogen and progesterone.

Testes Produce testosterone.

Reproductive System

Function:

Produces reproductive cells;

in females, nurtures and

protects the developing

embryo.

Worksheet and chart

Active inspireFor Concept map

CoordinationBrain

Regulate Temperature

Ligaments

Skeletal

Movement

KidneysWastes

BloodTransport

Food

Esophagus

Females

Testes

Reproductive

Thyroid