Warm-up / EOC Prep1. Oxygen was not present in the early atmosphere. Which of the following describes the first

organisms who lived in this environment?

A Homologous B VestigialC Anaerobic D Aerobic

2. Structures that were once useful but no longer have any function, like the human appendix, are called…

A homologous structures B vestigial organsC vital organs D mutations

Agenda

• Warm-Up• Notes• Classification Worksheet• Whiteboards • Textbook Review Questions• Clean-up• Cool-Down

Announcements

• Evolution Quiz Tuesday

The History of Classification

• The classification of organisms has a long history, but it keeps changing as new knowledge is generated by the research of evolutionary relationships.

• It all started more than 2,000 years ago, when the Greek philosopher Aristotle classified groups plants and animals by similar structures.

• The science of naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy.

• Starting in the Middle Ages, scientists began using Latin names to classify animals. When this kind of system was first developing many names were used, which became very confusing.

However, a simpler system was developed by the Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s.

• Linnaeus used a two-word Latin name for each species, and this two word system is called binomial nomenclature.

• This two part name is called the organism’s scientific name. The two parts are as follows:

1. Genus-category containing similar species (share a lot of characteristics) The first letter of the genus is always capitalized.

2. Species-most basic level of the classification system-one particular organism. The first letter of the species name is lowercase.

Examples of Common Scientific Names

• Canis familiaris - dog • Felis domesticus - cat • Canis lupus - wolf • Vulpes vulpes - fox • Populus deltoides - cottonwood

There are estimated to be 5-10 million species

in this world

We have scientifically identified 1.5 million of them.

• Both parts of the scientific name are italicized or underlined. For example, the name for a bee is Apis mellifera.

• The scientific naming system allows scientists to communicate regardless of their native language. No two organisms can have the same scientific name, and the name must conform to the rules established by an international commission and to the rules of Latin grammar.

• DOMAIN• KINGDOM• PHYLUM• CLASS• ORDER• FAMILY• GENUS• SPECIES

• DangerKeepPondsCleanOrFrogsGetSick

• DumbKingsPlayCardsOnFatGreenStools

The Hierarchical System

DomainKingdom

PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus Species

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Figure 10.5

• The science of naming and classifying organisms is called….

• taxonomy

• The levels of classification from largest to smallest are…

• Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species

• Illustrate the levels of classification on white paper.

• Use Chapter 14 in the textbook to help.

• Turn it in when you are done.

Cool-Down

1. List the different levels of the classification system in order.

2. What is between order and genus?

3. Who came up with this system?

• Clean up this room!!

• That means…• No paper or trash on the floor• Chairs tucked under the desks• Desks straight

• THANK YOU!!

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Which of these is necessary for natural selection to

occur?A. Genetic engineering B. Genetic variationC. Budding D. Environmental Stability

2. Which of the following is the best definition of biological evolution?

A Humans came from monkeysB Only the strongest surviveC Genetic change in organisms over timeD The process organisms use to improve

Agenda

• Warm-up• Notes• Kingdom Worksheet• Kingdom Comparison Posters• Clean-up• Cool-down

• EVOLUTION QUIZ TOMORROW!

The Five Kingdoms

• Linnaeus began his system based on observations of organisms that are similar to one another. For example, a tiger resembles a gorilla more closely than either resembles a fish. Darwin then believed that organisms that are more similar to one another have descended from a more recent common ancestor.

• Therefore, classification should include an organism’s phylogeny-evolutionary history.

• A branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships is called a phylogenetic tree or cladogram.

• The closer organisms are on the tree, the more closely they are related and the more recently they shared a common ancestor.

• However, some similarities evolve in organisms that are not closely related to one another, because the organisms live in the same kind of place. The process by which this happens is called convergent evolution. Similarities that come about through convergent evolution are called analogous characters. Ex:Bird wing and insect wing

• The biggest classification group is Domain. There are 3 domains-Eukarya, Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are prokaryotic domains and Eukarya is a eukaryotic domain.

REMEMBER:

• Eukaryotes = nucleus, membrane bound organelles, ribosomes, bigger

• Prokaryotes = no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, ribosomes, smaller.

• A biological species is a group of natural populations that are interbreeding or that could interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

• However, sometimes individuals of different species interbreed and produce offspring called hybrids. Ex: A donkey + a horse = a mule

• In the beginning of classification there were only 2 kingdoms-Plants and Animals.

• Prokaryotic kingdoms = Eubacteria and ArchaebacteriaProkaryotic, Unicellular,

• Ex: Bacteria • Often called Monera

Monera• Prokaryotic• Unicellular• Bacteria

• Note**

• Monera Kingdom is the Bacteria Kingdom!!

• Some scientists split Bacteria into Eubacteria (normal bacteria) and Archaebacteria (extreme bacteria).

*WAS DISCOVERED IN 1976

*UNICELLULAR MARINE ORGANISM

*BELIEVED TO BE SIMILAR TO THE BACTERIA WHICH EVOLVES TO FORM CHLOROPLAST

• There are four Eukaryotic kingdoms (within the Eukarya Domain) in the modern classification system :

1. Protista• Eukaryotic• Single celled /

simple multicellular• Heterotrophs and

Autotrophs• Includes organisms

that “don’t fit”• Ex: amoeba,

euglena, kelp

Can be found in pond water

Gets it’s name from Greek word amoibe

Has no permanent shape

Multiplies by dividing into 2

2. Fungi• Eukaryotic• Chitin in wall

(soft cell wall)• Heterotrophic• Reproduce by

spores• Ex: mushrooms,

yeasts, bread mold

Discovered by Discovered by Alexander FlemingAlexander FlemingIn London,EnglandIn London,England

Discovered in 1929Discovered in 1929

11stst miracle drug miracle drug

Used to treat Used to treat wound infectionswound infections

3. Plantae• Eukaryotic• Multicellular• Cells with

cellulose in cell wall

• Autotrophic• Photosynthetic• Ex: trees, grass

Official state tree of North CarolinaOfficial state tree of North Carolina

Can be found in the Can be found in the southeast United Statessoutheast United States

The Longleaf Pine can growThe Longleaf Pine can grow to be 100 feet tallto be 100 feet tall

Produces resin, Produces resin, turpentine, & timberturpentine, & timber

4. Animalia• Eukaryotic• Multicellular• Cells without

walls• Heterotrophic• Ex: elephants,

tigers, lemurs

Is found in Central Asia

Weighs 77-121 lbs.

1.8-2.3 meters long

Snow leopards are able to kill Snow leopards are able to kill prey twice their size.prey twice their size.

Snow leopards are nocturnal.Snow leopards are nocturnal.

Cubs are born blind.Cubs are born blind.

5 Kingdoms of life

Moneran Fungi Protist Animal Plant

•one cell•prokaryote •Sessile/motile•decomposers & autotrophs

• one or many•Eukaryote•Sessile•Takes food

• One or many• Eukaryote• Sessile/motile• Takes or makes

• many cells• Eukaryote• most sessile• makes food

• many cells• Eukaryote• motile• takes food

FOUR QUESTIONS:1)One or many cells?2)Prokaryote or

Eukaryote?3)Sessile or Motile?4)Take or Make food?

Split poster paper into five sections. One section for each kingdom-Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Include the following items in each section:

1. Title (name of the kingdom)2. Description, which includes:

1. How they get food (autotrophic –make own food or heterotrophic-get food from others)2. Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular)3. Can they move?4. Eukaryotic or prokaryotic5. Something unique about the kingdom6. 3 examples from the kingdom7. Picture

5 Kingdoms of life

Moneran Fungi Protist Animal Plant

•one cell•prokaryote •Sessile/motile•decomposers & autotrophs

• one or many•Eukaryote•Sessile•Takes food

• One or many• Eukaryote• Sessile/motile• Takes or makes

• many cells• Eukaryote• most sessile• makes food

• many cells• Eukaryote• motile• takes food

REVIEW

• What are the 3 domains?

• Eukarya, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria

• How does a cladogram work?

• Closer organisms are on tree, closer they are related, more recent common ancestor

• What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Kingdom Comparison PostersSplit poster paper into five sections. One section for each kingdom-Bacteria, Protista,

Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Include the following items in each section:

1. Title (name of the kingdom)2. Description, which includes:

1. How they get food (autotrophic –make own food or heterotrophic-get food from others)

2. Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular)3. Can they move?4. Eukaryotic or prokaryotic5. Something unique about the kingdom6. 3 examples from the kingdom7. Picture

Groups of one or two only!!

• Clean up this room!!

• That means…• No paper or trash on the floor• Chairs tucked under the desks• Desks straight

• THANK YOU!!

Cool-Down

1. What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?

2. A unicellular, prokaryotic organism belongs in what kingdom?

3. How does a cladogram work?

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. The Industrial Revolution had the following effect on the Peppered

Moth population in London: A The population of all black Peppered Moths increasedB The population of spotted Peppered Moths increasedC Nothing changedD Both the all black and spotted Peppered Moth populations increased

2. Which would a breeder use to produce cows which give more milk? A artificial selection B natural selectionC gene mutation D acquired characteristics

Agenda

• Warm-up• Evolution Quiz• Dichotomous Keys• Classification Stations• Finish Kingdom Poster• Clean-up• Cool-down

Let’s say I was using a dichotomous key to identify a tiger, jaguar, leopard, cheetah, and lion.

1. A Has spots-go to # 2 B Does not have spots-go to # 3 2. A Has solid black dots for spots-cheetah.

B Has bigger circular black rings for spots-go to # 4 3. A Has stripes-tiger B Does not have stripes-lion 4. A Inside the black rings there are small black dots- jaguar B Inside the black rings there are no black dots-

leopard

Classification Stations• Each student needs

– Pen / pencil– One sheet of paper to write your answers on

• Be sure to label which questions go with which stations!

• Rotate among the stations … (there are 10)– Answer all the questions – Identify each snowman

• Make sure you turn it in before you leave!

1.Write a number down 1-92.Add this to the next higher number 3.Add 9 4.Divide by 2 5.subtract your starting number.

What number do you end up with?

Snowman Dichotomous Key1. a. Snowman has a hat-go to 2. b. Snowman does not have a

hat-go to 3. 2. a. has a carrot nose-go to 4. b. has a circle charcoal nose-go

to 5. 3. a. Has a scarf-go to 6 b. Does not have a scarf-go to

7. 4. a. Has two arms-go to 8. b. Has one arm-Jack 5. a. Has buttons on the middle-

go to 9 b. Does not have buttons-

Dave

6. a. Has a striped scarf-go to 10 b. Has a solid scarf-Becky 7. a. Has one arm-Maggie b. Has no arms-Mike 8. a. Has mittens-Bob b. Does not have mittens- Josh 9. a. Has a charcoal mouth- Megan b. Does not have a charcoal mouth-Ashley 10. a. Has boots and buttons- Jesse b. Has no boots or buttons- Liz

Split poster paper into five sections. One section for each kingdom-Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Include the following items in each section:

1. Title (name of the kingdom)2. Description, which includes:

1. How they get food (autotrophic –make own food or heterotrophic-get food from others)2. Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular)3. Can they move?4. Eukaryotic or prokaryotic5. Something unique about the kingdom6. 3 examples from the kingdom7. Picture

5 Kingdoms of life

Moneran Fungi Protist Animal Plant

•one cell•prokaryote •Sessile/motile•decomposers & autotrophs

• one or many•Eukaryote•Sessile•Takes food

• One or many• Eukaryote• Sessile/motile• Takes or makes

• many cells• Eukaryote• most sessile• makes food

• many cells• Eukaryote• motile• takes food

Cool-Down

1. What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?

2. A unicellular, prokaryotic organism belongs in what kingdom?

3. How does a cladogram work?

• Clean up this room!!

• That means…• No paper or trash on the floor• Chairs tucked under the desks• Desks straight

• THANK YOU!!

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. A genetic pedigree showing that only males are affected by a certain disorder is

evidence of what type of inheritance? A. Dominant B. Sex-linked

C. Recessive D. Passive2. Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction. Which of the

following best represents this flow?A. DNAproteinRNAB. ProteinRNADNAC. RNAproteinDNAD. DNARNAprotein

Agenda

• Warm-up• Kingdom Comparison Chart• Mid-term Exam Review• Clean-up• Cool-down

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b). A blue-eyed man

marries a heterozygous brown-eyed woman. What genotypes will their children have?

A. All bb B. All BB C. All Bb D. Bb and bb

2. Which two scientists are credited with the discovery of the double helix as the structure of DNA?

A. Gregor Mendel and Charles DarwinB. John Wilson and Frank CartwrightC. James Watson and Francis Crick D. Carl Linnaeus and James Watson

Agenda

• Warm-up• BINGO review• Mid-term Exam• Clean-up• Cool-down

BINGO Words- Day 1

Warm-Up / EOC Prep1. Gilly weed normally has 12 chromosomes in the body cells. How many chromosomes will an

egg cell of the weed have? A. 6 chromosomes B. 12 chromosomes C. 18 chromosomes D. 24 chromosomes

2. Photosynthesis is important for almost all life on Earth because it A. Produces oxygen B. Uses simple elements C. Is responsible for most decayD. Releases usable forms of nitrogen

Agenda

• Warm-up• BINGO review• Mid-term Exam• Clean-up• Cool-down

BINGO Words- Day 2