Warm Up 3/28

A dog’s pituitary gland produces the hormone ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Cortisol helps regulate body weight, mineral balance, the structure of connective tissue, the production of white blood cells, and skin health. When cortisol levels are low, the pituitary gland secretes ACTH. When cortisol levels are high, the pituitary gland stops secreting ACTH. Based on this information, which of the following would most likely be the cause of elevated levels of cortisol in a dog?

A Undersized adrenal glandsB An excess of ACTHC An inactive pituitary glandD An immune response to the excess level of cortisol

2007-2008

DomainBacteria

DomainArchaea

DomainEukarya

Common ancestor

Kingdom: Animalia

Domain: Eukarya

INVERTEBRATES!!!!

Heterotrophs must ingest others for

nutrients Multicellular

complex bodies No cell walls

allows active movement Sexual reproduction

no alternation of generations no haploid gametophyte

Porifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms

Nematoda

Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata

Annelida Echinodermata

mollusks

multicellularity

Ancestral Protist

tissues

bilateral symmetry

body cavity

segmentation

coelom

starfish vertebrates

endoskeleton

segmentedworms

insectsspiders

backbone

specialization & body complexity

specialized structure & function,muscle & nerve tissue

distinct body plan; cephalization

body complexity digestive & repro sys

digestive sys

body size

redundancy,specialization, mobility

body & brain size, mobility

radial

bilateral

Space for organ system development increase digestive &

reproductive systems increase food

capacity & digestion increase gamete

production Coelem

mesoderm & endoderm interact during development

allows complex structures to develop in digestive system ex. stomach

ectoderm

ectoderm

mesodermendoderm

ectodermmesoderm

endoderm

mesodermendoderm

acoelomate

pseudocoelomate

coelomate

coelom cavity

pseudocoel

Sponges: Name means 'full of holes' no distinct tissues or organs

do have specialized cells (amoebocytes and choanocytes)

no symmetry sessile (as adults)

food taken into each cell by endocytosis

Sponges Diffusion is the method used for

circulation, gas exchange and excretion of wastes

Reproduction Asexual – Fragmentation Sexual – Hermaphrodites: release egg and

sperm; produce flagellated, swimming larvae

Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral tissues, but no organs two cell layers predators

tentacles surround gut opening

extracellular digestion release enzymes

into gastrovascular cavity absorption by cells

of gastrodermis

Medusa = motilePolyp =

sessile

hydra

Cnidocyte (stinging cell)with nematocyst

trigger

dischargednematocyst

undischargednematocyst

tentacles

mouth

sensorycell

stingingcell

Nerve Net: not centralized, can respond equally on all sides

Use diffusion for circulation, gas exchange and excretion of wastes

Reproduction Asexual – Budding (polyp) Sexual – External

fertilization/development (medusa)

Flatworms tapeworm, planaria mostly parasitic bilaterally symmetrical

cephalization = concentration of nervous system and sense organs in anterior end Eye spots Lateral flaps(smell)

increase specialization in body plan

ectoderm

mesodermendoderm

Animals nowface the world

head on!

acoelomate

Gastrovascular Cavity – one opening for mouth and anus

Use diffusion for transport and gas exchange

Protonephridia Network to excrete ammonia Flame bulbs Nephrostomes

Locomotion Cilia used to move along

mucus Muscles used to undulate

(swim)

Roundworms bilaterally symmetrical many are parasitic

Hookworm Nerve ring

Exhibits cephalization Longitudinal muscles = thrashing motionLongitudinal muscles = thrashing motion

C. elegans

Complete digestive system tube running through length of body (mouth,

esophagus, midgut, rectum, anus) Midgut secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients

Material circulate body in fluid of pseudocoelom Gas exchange occurs by diffusion Wastes collected by simple structures leading to

excretory pores in body wall Nitrogenous waste usually ammonia, but Nitrogenous waste usually ammonia, but sometimes sometimes

ureaurea Reproduction = sexual

Internal fertilization/external development Zygote = resistant cell – can survive harsh environmentZygote = resistant cell – can survive harsh environment

Rigid cuticle shed periodically

slugs, snails, clams, squid soft bodies, mostly protected by hardd shellsshells General body plan:

Muscular foot (movement) Visceral mass (contains internal organs) Mantle (fold of tissue over visceral mass creating mantle

cavity) Nerve ring & nerve cords – exhibit cephalization– exhibit cephalization Locomotion via muscular foot, or jet propulsionfoot, or jet propulsion

Differentiated digestive tract Radula: belt of curved teeth for scraping up food

Open circulatory System: 3-chambered heart pumps hemolymph

Gas exchange via gills in mantle cavity Use countercurrent exchange

Nitrogenous waste removed by metanephridia Nephridiopore discharge into mantle cavity

Reproduction: most reproduce sexually Many snails hermaphroditic Ciliated larvae = trochophore

Segmented worms earthworms, leeches segments

increase mobility redundancy in body

sections Setae (Bristles) =

traction for burrowing

Longitudinal + Circular muscles = peristaltic or slinky type movement

fan worm leech

Complete Digestive tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus)

Closed cirulatory system Separted body fluids

(blood and interstitial) hemoglobin as

repiratory pigment Moist skin = respiratory

surface (gas exchange)

Excretory system = metanephridia in each segment Nephrostome Nephridiopore Waste usually

ammonia Reproduction

Some asexual – regeneration

Sexual – hermaphrodites that cross fertilize

insects6 legs, 3 body parts

crustaceansgills, 2 pairs antennaecrab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp

arachnids8 legs, 2 body partsspiders, ticks, scorpions

Spiders, insects, crustaceans most successful animal

phylum (most abundant on Earth)

segmented specialized segments

(head, thorax, abdomen) allows jointed

appendages specialized for swimming, walking or flying

exoskeleton chitin + protein Molting – shed

exoskeleton periodically

Extensive cephalization Well developed sense Well developed sense

organs (eyes, organs (eyes, olfactory, antennae)olfactory, antennae)

Complete digestive Complete digestive tract (foregut, midgut, tract (foregut, midgut, hindgut)hindgut)

Excretory SystemExcretory System Malpighian tubulesMalpighian tubules Waste = uric acid Waste = uric acid

(terrestrial)(terrestrial) Waste = Waste =

ammonia/urea ammonia/urea (aquatic) (aquatic)

Open circulatory system Open circulatory system (hearts and body (hearts and body movement circulate movement circulate hemolymph)hemolymph)

Gas exchange:Gas exchange: Gills (aquatic)Gills (aquatic) Book lungs (terrestrial)Book lungs (terrestrial) Tracheal system (terrestrial)Tracheal system (terrestrial)

SpiraclesSpiracles TracheaeTracheae

Reproduction – SexualReproduction – Sexual Internal Internal

fertilization/external fertilization/external developmentdevelopment

MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

Name means 'spiny skin' Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber

Bilateral larvae; radially symmetrical as adults spiny endoskeleton Nerve Ring with radial nerves Short Digestive tract Gills for gas exchange Excretion:

Coelomocytes Phagocytize wastes andCarry to discharge sites

Circulation Water Vascular system: madreporites take

in water from environment; water flows through tubes terminating in tube feet (used for locomotion)

Hemal System: fluid moves through tubes due to peristalsis and cilia

Reproduction Asexual – Regeneration Sexual – external fertilizationfertilization

and development

Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Which group is the sponges? Which are the flatworms?

…segmented worms?…roundworms?

Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?

Which two groups have radial symmetry? What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral

symmetry? Which group has no symmetry?

Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata