Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes

Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:

1) Describe an aircraft propeller? 2) Explain the difference between the spin of

the tip of an aircraft propeller and the hub.3) Describe the instrument monitored when

using a fixed-pitch propeller and its operation?

4) Describe the two main controls with a constant-speed propeller and their use?

5) Describe the instrument monitored when using a constant-speed propeller and its operation?

Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes

Questions / Comments

Aircraft SystemsPropeller

• The propeller is a rotating airfoil, subject to induced drag, stalls, and other aerodynamic principles that apply to any airfoil.

• The engine power is used to rotate the propeller, which in turn generates thrust very similar to the manner in which a wing produces lift.


• The tip of the blade travels faster than the part near the hub, because the tip travels a greater distance than the hub in the same length of time.


• In a fixed-pitch propeller, the tachometer is the indicator of engine power.

• A tachometer is calibrated in hundreds of rpm and gives a direct indication of the engine and propeller rpm.

• The instrument is color coded, with a green arc denoting the maximum continuous operating rpm.

Aircraft SystemsPropeller• An aircraft with a constant-

speed propeller has two controls: • the throttle and the

propeller control.

• The throttle controls power output and the propeller control regulates engine rpm.

• This in turn regulates propeller rpm which is registered on the tachometer.


• On aircraft equipped with a constant-speed propeller, power output is controlled by the throttle and indicated by a manifold pressure gauge.

• The gauge measures the absolute pressure of the fuel/air mixture inside the intake manifold and is more correctly a measure of manifold absolute pressure (MAP).

January 28

• 1871 — The last balloon to leave Paris during the Persian siege takes off with orders for the French fleet to bring food and supplies to replenish the French capital, an armistice having been signed.

• The flight of the General “Cambronne” ends a period of almost exactly 5 months during which the advantages of balloons were put to efficient use.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION

January 28

• 1945 — The Burma Road is reopened.


January 28

• 1945 — The USAAF 8th AF observed its 3rd birthday with a 1,000 plane raid on Germany.


SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY

1 2 3 4

5 6

Chapter 5 Flight Controls

Primary Flight Controls

7 8


Ailerons

Adverse Yaw Elevators Stabilators

9 10


Quiz

11

12 13 14


Canards

Flaps

15 16


Trim Systems

Autopilot

Chapter TEST

Grades Due

17

NO SCHOOL

18

19 20

NO SCHOOL

21 22

Chapter 6 Aircraft Systems

23 24


25

26 27 28


29 30


31

January 2014

Chapter 6 – Aircraft SystemsFAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

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Mission: Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft.

Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems.

EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the

student pilot learning to fly.

Today’s Mission Requirements

Aircraft SystemsInduction Systems

• The induction system brings in air from the outside, mixes it with fuel, and delivers the fuel/air mixture to the cylinder where combustion occurs.

• Outside air enters the induction system through an intake port on the front of the engine cowling.


• This port normally contains an air filter that inhibits the entry of dust and other foreign objects.

• Since the filter may occasionally become clogged, an alternate source of air must be available.


• Usually, the alternate air comes from inside the engine cowling, where it bypasses a clogged air filter.


• Two types of induction systems are commonly used in small aircraft engines:

• 1. The carburetor system, which mixes the fuel and air in the carburetor before this mixture enters the intake manifold.


• 2. The fuel injection system, which mixes the fuel and air immediately before entry into each cylinder or injects fuel directly into each cylinder.

Aircraft SystemsCarburetor Systems

• Carburetors are classified as either float type or pressure type.


• The float type of carburetor is probably the most common of all carburetor types.


• In the operation of the float-type carburetor system, the outside air first flows through an air filter.


• This filtered air flows into the carburetor and through a venturi, a narrow throat in the carburetor.


• When the air flows through the venturi, a low-pressure area is created, which forces the fuel to flow through a main fuel jet located at the throat.


• The fuel then flows into the airstream where it is mixed with the flowing air.


• The fuel/air mixture is then drawn through the intake manifold and into the combustion chambers where it is ignited.


• The flow of the fuel/air mixture to the combustion chambers is regulated by the throttle valve, which is controlled by the throttle in the flight deck.


• The chief disadvantage of the float carburetor, however, is its icing tendency.


• Since the float carburetor must discharge fuel at a point of low pressure, the discharge nozzle must be located at the venturi throat, and the throttle valve must be on the engine side of the discharge nozzle.


• This means the drop in temperature due to fuel vaporization takes place within the venturi.

• As a result, ice readily forms in the venturi and on the throttle valve.

Aircraft SystemsMixture Control

• Carburetors are normally calibrated at sea-level pressure, where the correct fuel-to-air mixture ratio is established with the mixture control set in the FULL RICH position.

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• However, as altitude increases, the density of air entering the carburetor decreases, while the density of the fuel remains the same.


• This creates a progressively richer mixture, which can result in engine roughness and an appreciable loss of power.


• The roughness normally is due to spark plug fouling from excessive carbon buildup on the plugs.


• Carbon buildup occurs because the rich mixture lowers the temperature inside the cylinder, inhibiting complete combustion of the fuel.


• To maintain the correct fuel/air mixture, the mixture must be leaned using the mixture control.


• Leaning the mixture decreases fuel flow, which compensates for the decreased air density at high altitude.


• During a descent from high altitude, the mixture must be enriched, or it may become too lean.


• An overly lean mixture causes detonation, which may result in rough engine operation, overheating, and a loss of power.


• Since the process of adjusting the mixture can vary from one aircraft to another, it is important to refer to the airplane flight manual (AFM) or the pilot’s operating handbook (POH) to determine the specific procedures for a given aircraft.

Class Summary Induction Systems

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Class Summary - Propellers

• Understanding the control and interaction of the throttle pitch are critical

• Two instruments covered include the tachometer and the manifold pressure indicator

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Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1

3. List 3 things you learned today.

1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.

2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson.

Warm-Up – 1/28 – 10 minutes

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