War of Independence F Vol 1

8/14/2019 War of Independence F Vol 1

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The Story of the Storm - 1857

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1THE STORYINTRODUCTION

OF THE

STORM - 1857

'If this be the policy it will be working its own ends and purpose... Oudh will become ano


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central authority and emergence of a new alien power of East India Company had resulted inHISTORY OF THE HISTORIANS

by Muslims or Hindus or both together. The veterans of these campaigns against the rebels

Most of the early writings about rebellion were by British who were involved in the histor


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of happenings inside Delhi while diary of Nanakchand give some glimpse of events in Cawnpo

comprehensive analysis due to obvious bias of Syed in favour of British. In early part of


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his own actions. Surely, Nawabzada Liaqat Ali Khan could be criticized for many of his polMILITARY ASPECT

The company's native army had performed very well for over a century winning large part of

was serving as deputy commissioner and Captain James an assistant commissioner. Similarly


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breakdown of law and order in affected areas would be a more powerful signal to the waveri

not wanted to confront their ethnic kin though separated by a time span of sixty years. Th


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local scene was spiced by the affair of pensioned nawab with the wife of an ensign Reginal

regiments was counterproductive. He never even carried any personal weapon with him while


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disarming and dismounting of native regiments caused panic and panic quickly escalated to

contingent which consisted of sepoys who were recruited on the pattern of Bengal Army. The


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assured that all sepoys who may not be agreeing with the plans of the rebels have now to t

Cawnpur and by rebels in Lucknow, it was successful. Enfield played a significant role but


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SOCIAL ASPECT

The rebellion has to carefully evaluate as any generalization would lead to wrong conclusi

in 1829. James Ramsay, the 10th Earl of Dilhousie became Governor-General of India in 1847


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revenue. Social and political fallout from their decisions and long-term negative effects

protection to the money lenders (Mahajans) who were able to acquire landed interests which


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Adding insult to injury, British dropped any pretense of respect to previous ruling class.

Nawab of Najibabad, Muhammad Khan and in Bareilly Khan Bahadur Khan). The rebels raised th


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the revolt of 1857 which is seen as a first organized attempt against colonial hegemony, 'NATIVE PLAYERS

Several authors had written a lot about the motives of different leaders of the rebellion.

Prachitgarh proclaimed himself king. Umrao Singh declared himself a raja after getting hol


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is no detailed account of the exploits of several local leaders of the rebellion like Mehd

the free school and became fluent in English and French. After working with several Englis


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hit the palace gate, the garrison panicked and soldiers fled away. The indomitable Hazrat

bravery in combat. She only trusted the five hundred Kabuli Pathans of her army, who escorCONCLUSION

1857 was the watershed in the history of sub-continent. It was such a confusing catalogue


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The Truth about the Indian Mutiny of 1857

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backward India into a modern society along the lines of an intrinsically western model'. T

2THE TRUTHABOUT THE OF

INDIAN MUTINY

1857

The Sepoy revolt of 1857 is an engrossing subject. The Government of India commemorated th


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of the mutiny of 1857. They had never been taken into confidence. They had neither been coNOTHING NATIONAL ABOUT MUTINY

or destroyed. Beyond this, there was no planned or organized scheme or effort on their parRELIGIOUS RIOT

The Sikhs could not volunteer to help these erstwhile enemies of the Punjab, nor could the

The mutiny at best was a religious riot of the Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the U.P. againBAHADUR SHAH, A PUPPET KING

It is true that, the Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah had been proclaimed king, in whose name


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was nothing more than a mere pretence to seek a cover for their crimes and misdeeds. His a

BAHADUR SHAH AND HIS FAMILY SEEK TO ASSIST THE BRITISH

The king himself had no faith in the sepoys or in the success of the mutiny. He therefore,SELFISH MOTIVES OF THE LEADERS OF THE MUTINY

Raja Nahar Singh of Ballabhgarh, Nawab Abdur Rahman Khan of Jhajjar and Rao Tula Ram of Re


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reasons. They did not rise against the British till their personal interests had been damaRANI OF JHANSI: A VICTIM OF CIRCUMSTANCES

The Rani of Jhansi had her own grievances. There is nothing on record to say that she hadTANTIA TOPE, A FUGITIVE

understanding between the Hindus and Muslims. Whereas, in the chaos and confusion that folRIVAL FACTIONS

Tantia Tope was neither an organizer nor a leader of the mutineers, but only a follower ofHINDU-MUSLIM CONFLICT

A close and critical study of the mutiny records reveals a very sad story of "everyone for

The mutiny having broken out all of a sudden, and nobody having an idea of the turn it wou


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HISTORICAL MISINTERPRETATION

With the sepoys not having the overthrow of the East India Company's rule as their objectiNOTED HISTORIAN'S VERDICT

fat which were used in lubricating the paper parcels of cartridges...."

"A number of dispossessed dynasts, both Hindu and Muslim, exploited the well-founded casteThe mutiny of 1857 failed not because the Sikhs, or the people of the Punjab, or of any ot

"The failure of the outbreak," according to Dr. Majumdar, may also be attributed to the fa

PART-II CONTROVERSIAL POINTS CLEARED

"The Sepoy Mutiny was not a fight freedom,' says, Sir Jadunath Sarkar. 'It was not a risin

History takes no cognizance of the sentiments of people coming a century after the event,


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which never belonged to it. My conclusions are based on fact which have not so far been coMURDER PLOT

"In July it came to the notice of the Commanding Officer that some of the Hindoostanees haThis is supported by the Punjab Mutiny Report by R. Montgomery, pp. 67-68, paragraphs 107-PANJABIS DID NOT LACK PATRIOTISM

According to regimental records, there was only one Sikh Regiment at Dera Ismail Khan when

It is true that the Panjabis were not devoid of patriotic fervor. I would be the last man


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The Poorbias alone did not constitute the Indian nation, nor was nationalism the name of wHINDU-MUSLIM UNITY LACKING

flag was hoisted and Muslims in Bareilly, Bijnor, Moradabad, and other places the MuslimsOn the authority of the Bidrohi Bengali of Durgadas Bandyopadhyaya, an eye-witness, Dr. MaMUTINEERS WORSE THAN PLUNDERERS

There is no denying the fact that there was no understanding between the Hindus and Muslim

"The communal hatred," says Dr. Majumdar, "led to ugly communal riots in many parts of U.P

That the mutineers behaved worse than bands of plunderers and professional dacoits is prov


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the rebels harmed only those (Indians) who either refused to give supplies to them or were

Gujjars of Aliganj, Mallanji, Hasangarh and Alapur 'are now engaged in highway robbery andBAHUDUR SHAH DISGUSTED

But who cared for the wishes and orders of poor Bahadur Shah, a helpless puppet in the han

"If you are not disposed to comply with these requests, let me be conveyed, in safety, toEven this had no effect, and there was no improvement in the attitude and conduct of the m


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India's First War of Independence

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was no plan for the Mutiny on an all-India basis. The nonPoorbias had not been consulted n

3INDIA'S FIRST WAROF

INDEPENDENCE

Many historians called this First War of Independence as a 'Sepoy Mutiny' of 1857. For thePERIOD JUST BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF INDIA'S FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

British had little respite from fighting against Indians as they tried to strengthen their


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Less then ten years after the last Anglo-Sikh war there was great unrest in India, specialFACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR UNREST AMONGST INDIAN MASSES

motivated the Indians to join the revolt in large numbers. Thus, the British drained IndiaBEGINNING OF FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1857)

The arrival of missionaries had also caused great unease among the Indians. Evangelica

People whispered of the old prophecy, which stated that 100 years after the battle of Plas


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officer, Captain Douglas, commanded Bahadur Shah's personal guard. From the walls high aboBATTLE OF KANPUR

leaders of the First War of Independence, Nana Saheb of Bithur was born in 1824. Nana SaheJHANSI AND GWALIOR

Kanpur was an important junction where the Grand Trunk Road and the road from Jhansi to Lu

Rani Laxmibai was born in 1830 at Banaras in a wealthy family and was named Manukarnika at


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the army rebelled and killed the British Army officers. Rani Laxmibai, the widow of the la

Lucknow At Lucknow War against British was led by the Begum of Awadh Hazrat Mehal who procAFTERMATH OF FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

In the early months of the British recovery, few Indian soldiers were left alive after the


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A hundred years after battle of Plassey the rule of the East India Company finally did com

4THE SEPOY MUTINYAs with any conflict or controversy there are always two sides to the debate, and the even


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as sparking the `war'. He questions that if the bullets were the cause why did the likes o

the name is not being pro Indian nationalist in the description of the events, which he re


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normally be one to two, ... [while] in Bombay and Madras ...one to three'. In an attempt t

of the white race. They could be categorised as being the superior members of an inferior


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284'. This situation of a Muslim decline in influence had long term effects on the MuslimFEROZEPORE

largest in Upper India, being entrusted to a few officers and sergeants of artillery. The

The actual Mutiny of the Bengal army broke out at Meerut on May 10, 1857. Events had happe


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I may be excused if I thus energetically offer my tribute of praise to that army, and more

them. We laughed at his fears, and dismissed from our minds all alarm, vaunting our superi

"What on earth is the matter?" we asked. Slowly, and as though uttered with considerable d


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Now this was rather a startling announcement, and somewhat premature, considering that we

Finally it was resolved that a general parade of Her Majesty's 61st Foot and the battery o


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entrenched camp, or, as it was generally called, the fort and arsenal of Ferozepore. The s

the rascals fight, or remain loyal and obedient to the orders of their officers?" The even


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The men were furious, and could hardly be restrained from marching forward, when, looking

Night came, and we still remained in line under arms without having moved a foot from wher


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That night more than twenty houses were burnt to the ground. The English church, we afterw

the destruction of the entrenchment and the annihilation of the European guard, we remaine


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The cantonment presented a complete scene of desolation. The church and chapel were a heap

The officers of these two corps were more fortunate than their comrades of other regiments


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escaped the action of the fire. It was a sorry sight to look on the total destruction of o

aid us in our trouble. They came at once in hundreds-nay, thousands-to enlist on our side.


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and only those are exempted who have lost limbs in fighting against the infidel. The joys

of the wretched creatures were marched off to the gallows, and placed with ropes round the


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men of my regiment. We had at length a prospect of entering upon a regular campaign, and t

Everything being ready, we paraded a little before sunset on the evening of June 13. The t


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and died, so that, unhappily, up to July 1 we lost in all thirty gallant fellows. This dis

in hackeries; the arrangement being that they should march halfway, then halt for coffee a


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force which had advanced across this plain on that eventful morn under a terrific fire froBEFORE DELHI

celebrated Flagstaff Tower. We mounted to the top: and shall I ever forget the sight which

A situation had already been marked out for our encampment, and, directed by an officer, w


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celebrated our entrance into camp that morning. Few cities in the world have passed throug

replying at intervals. We could plainly see the dark forms of the rebel artillerymen, stri


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part was defended by, I think, four bastions, named, respectively, the Water, Kashmir, Mor

I shall proceed to recount, as far as my recollection serves, the main incidents of the si


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July 4.-That night the sound of the enemy's guns to our rear was heard in the camp, and so

and presently, to our infinite disgust, we saw their infantry moving off to the left, foll


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many being struck down with apoplexy. About midday the infantry halted at the canal, the g

my men to the left of the bridge to reinforce the Light Company, who were being hard press


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all the time. When nearing camp we were met by the General, Sir Henry Barnard, who address

On one occasion I saw a party of native servants, carrying on their heads cooked provision


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enemies; and not only was this the case, but also the insurgents for some time wore the sc

picket of the Carabineers, making also for the two guns of Tombs' battery. The former, mos


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skirmishers, the guns opened fire-the country here being pretty open-and the action began.

dealing death amongst them. We saw them lying in heaps of twenty and thirty as we advanced


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like demons, the English soldiers putting to death every sepoy they could find. Their aspe

killed and wounded. It was computed that of the enemy more than 500 were killed, and proba


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I can remember no event of interest as occurring on July 12. Few shots were fired at us, a

under fire of the batteries, cut off from our force, and liable at any moment to be surrou


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most nauseating it has ever been my lot to experience. When off duty, it was the custom of

July 18.-For three days after the last sortie the enemy were singularly quiet, quarrelling


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reprehensible practice, but almost impossible entirely to prevent, for in the loose order

continually amongst the trees and buildings, were well sheltered from our batteries, which


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Morning and afternoon passed, and we began to think the enemy had given up their purpose,

August 2.-Morning broke without any cessation in the firing; and it was not till ten o'clo


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in their shirts with sleeves turned up, without jacket or coat, and their nether extremiti

The enemy's infantry also harassed the pickets on the right flank, causing some casualties


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of the welcome reinforcements we had received that morning. These consisted of nearly 3,00

August 19.-On August 19 a noteworthy incident occurred at the Sabzi Mandi picket. A woman


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It will thus be seen that the rebels put forth their whole strength and used every means a

The march was at once resumed, and, floundering in the mud, the artillery horses especiall


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Our Horse Artillery, under Major Tombs-never better served than in this action-mowed down

authenticated in our army. On looking over his effects, it was found that he had written l


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Rao's house from the city and Kishenganj batteries. Our sappers, too, found it not only di

Afghan soldiers, some 100 of whom were on our side at Delhi; and he spoke truly. These men


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was experienced, unparalleled in the annals of the siege. The enemy's battery across the r

Reinforcements also reached us, amounting to about 400 European infantry and the Belooch b


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arduous work every night and a portion of each day. Nothing could surpass the zeal and wil

never resting for a moment in their labours, and receiving in the Field Force orders the p


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Capture of the Capital

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September 11.-At length, on September 11, the whole of our batteries opened fire simultane

duty with the advanced and covering parties. These were harassing and dangerous services,


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sharp encounter at close quarters, in which thirty rebels were killed, the remainder flyin

fellows executed their task in safety, and, unobserved by the enemy, few of whom seemed to


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and cheers that could be heard above the din of battle, rushed up the two breaches. Withou

lanes, with high houses on each side. But how can I describe that terrible street-fighting


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of women yelling and screaming. Keeping these as a cover for their retreat, the rebels got

was too much for the surgeon, who, drawing his sword, called on some men of the regiment c


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that men could do with their diminished numbers was tried at those points without effect.

quick succession were heard on the right of the column, and it became known that the Kashm


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bastions near the Lahore and Ajmir Gates. They succeeded eventually in finding two, the ot

the signal success of our columns in the city. Still, their presence at Kishenganj was a s


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up a small magazine. These attempts kept us constantly on the alert; and it was with great

the building were remains of their cooking-places, with broken fragments of utensils. The


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the mystery. The eclipse had, we were told, an alarming effect on the mutineers, who attri

about 200 officers and men, making the total casualties 1,400, including those of the day


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unaided exertions, the soldiers of the army before Delhi fought with a courage and constanOCCUPATION OF THE CITY

In September, 1861, exactly four years after the storm of Delhi, my regiment paraded at th

The renown won by our troops in 1857 is now wellnigh forgotten, and, in fact, their deeds


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devotees to death in the cause of religion. Passing on, we wandered through the courts, wo

of these houses, most of whom had been mercilessly killed by the city rabble, urged on in


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into streets beyond, where the six days' fighting had taken place. The night before we had

course without let or hindrance. Still, that which had escaped the plundering and devastat


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literally starved to death in the houses and streets of the city. There was no food for su

which he was placed. On another bed, three feet from the King, sat the officer on guard, w


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The three Princes were placed in a gharee, or native carriage, and, guarded by Hodson's na

September 23.-The next day I started with D--, of my regiment, to view the Jama Masjid, or


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us approaching. Interference or remonstrance with these men would have been useless, if no

them, and they would return to their homes. These men had been newly raised, were scarcely


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Still writhing with pain, and engaged in his involuntary saltatory exercise, he pointed to

great a distance from the city and also free from the enemy's attacks; the only danger and


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witnessed recurred to my memory, visions of diseased and putrid livers rose before my view

pistols, and opening the doors of the ghari, saw, as I fancied, some forms disappearing in


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on the day of assault, and not dispersing in scattered bands or alone through the streets

It is needless to say that this roused a storm of indignation not only amongst the Delhi f


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To return to General Wilson's order of September 7. Notices were circulated throughout the

demonstrated soon after our arrival in England. An unusual number of non-commissioned offi


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reluctant to disobey the order which had been issued, refrained from looting on their own

to the eye, and one calculated to raise the spirit of greed in my breast to possess myself


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happen to find. Carrying with us the necessary tools, such as hammers, spades, and pickaxe

was the closet of the establishment-the walls of which were whitewashed, the floor being c


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All these various articles we spread out on the floor of the room, examining each again an

to his comrade, "Well! that fellow, at any rate, has plenty of loot about him." Our next g


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days of 1857, and of the traditional wealth of the country, still exists amongst the natio

6THE REVOLUTIONARY UPHEAVALOF

1857

Although dismissed by some as merely a sepoy's mutiny or revolt, or as a protest against tEARLY PRECEDENTS

Neither was it a bolt out of the blue. Although not very well known, the period between 17


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first report of the Torture Commission at Madras presented to the British House of CommonsTESTIMONIALS TO THE TORTURE COMMISSION

are severely tortured." A Brahmin along with several covillagers was ordered to provide fr

Presented in 1856 and 1857 to the British House of Commmons(Selected Excerpts) "Last year, as our peasanum (principal paddy or rice crops) failed for


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Desperate communities had often no choice but to resist to the bitter end. Armed revolts bSEETHING GRIEVANCES

advancement - since all positions of authority were monopolized by the Europeans. Many of

For instance, in the Bengal Army, the 140,000 Indians who were employed as "Sepoys" were c


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cities are merely heaps of ruins..." All this inevitably prepared the ground for the far mEXPRESSIONS OF POPULAR WILL

equal representation of Hindus and Muslims. The rebel government abolished taxes on articlOVERPOWERED BY BRITISH MIGHT, BETRAYED BY THE PRINCES

Threatened by such a radical turn of events, the British rulers poured in immense resource

The rebels established a Court of Administration consisting of ten members - six from the


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much brutality as the British. Plundering, violence, massacre - things that everywhere els

KEY LANDMARKS IN THE INDIAN FREEDOM STRUGGLE

"Nadir Shah looted the country only once. But the British loot us every day. Every year weTHE BOYCOTT OF FOREIGN GOODS

An early form of economic nationalism was seen in Shikarpur (Sindh), when the Pritam Dharm


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India since India was to remain a part of the British empire, it was an important step towEARLY CALLS FOR COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE: THE EMERGENCE OF THE GHADAR PARTY

At a time when Gandhi was still addressing "War Recruitment Melas'', Dr. Tuljaram Khilnani

The first Indian political organization to call for complete independence from British rul


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Soldiers in the Hongkong regiments were arrested and courtmartialed for distributing Ghada

leadership of the Congress was forced to confront it's conservatism and give a somewhat moOTHER RADICAL FORCES

But in contrast to the foot-dragging of the Congress, other far more radical forces were a


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and in spite of the repression they faced, their message continued to draw followers. But

It was thus inevitable that young revolutionaries would seek inspiration from other and moEMERGENCE OF THE ARMED REVOLUTIONARIES

Virtually all the armed revolutionaries had participated enthusiastically in the non-viole


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earlier. But when the non-cooperation movement was suddenly suspended by Gandhi, the more

On 8 April 1929, HSRA embarked on a plan to throw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assemb


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Building up to the Quit India Movement

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Movement Netaji was able to demonstrate by example how to achieve Hindu-Muslim unity and a

7BUILDINGUP TO THE MOVEMENTSubhas Chandra Bose attempted to lead a radical revival of the Congress and tried to steer

QUIT INDIA

By 1942, the Congress too was compelled to act boldly, and issued the Quit India call in ATHE ROLE OF WOMEN

One of the important facets of India's freedom movement was the growing participation of w


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in Mumbai, Pune, Satara, Baroda, and other parts of Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra PraTHE REVOLUTIONARY PEASANTRY, ADIVASIS AND DALITS

The final phase of the Indian freedom struggle also saw peasant struggles rising to new heFINAL PUSH TOWARDS FREEDOM

weakened British authority in an irreparable way. The World War had compelled the British

After the Second World War, the momentum created by the Quit India movement led to growing


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URBAN DEVELOPMENT

It is undoubtedly true that the British built modern cities with modern conveniences for t

sum of money than the East India Company has spent in the fourteen years from 1834 to 1848IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

There is another popular belief about British rule: 'The British modernized Indian agricul


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provided for proper drainage of the land, undoubtedly accounting for that prosperity of BeMODERN MEDICINE AND LIFE EXPECTANCY

POVERTY AND POPULATION GROWTH

Several Indians when confronted with such data from the colonial period argue that the Bri

Even some serious critics of colonial rule grudgingly grant that the British brought moder


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agricultural raw materials had also increased in similar proportions. Land that once produ

squalid misery..." This in spite of the fact that in 1922 - an 11 hour day was the norm (aANCIENT MONUMENTS

Perhaps the least known aspect of the colonial legacy is the early British attitude toward


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main door, and there, beneath Shah Jahan"s lotus dome, brass bands um-pah-pahed and lordsINDIA AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

India Today, Rajni Palme Dutt conclusively demonstrates how vital this was to the Industri

Perhaps the most important aspect of colonial rule was the transfer of wealth from India t


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The Two-Nation Theory and Partition: A Historical Overview 235

UNFAIR TRADE

Few would doubt that Indo-British trade may have been unfair - but it may be noteworthy toCOLONIAL BENEFICIARIES

8THE TWO-NATION THEORY AND PARTITION: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEWAn oft repeated claim by many British and other Western analysts and reporters has been th

Another aspect of colonial rule that has remained hidden from popular perception is that B


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Islamic invaders had to fight local Islamic rulers to gain control of India? And how is it

RELIGIOUS COMMONALITY AND NATIONHOOD

intellectuals have promoted this claim as if it were within the ambit of a generally accep

First, let us examine the proposition that religious commonality is the primary motive for


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were equal before god. This was the common message of Sikhism, Islamic Sufism and the Hind

revolted, broke open the jails and stormed the British armoriesthey did it together - theyBRITISH COMMUNAL POLICY - MOTIVATIONS AND PRACTICE

Popular myths aside, a majority of India's Islamic rulers were not invaders. They rose fro


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with all manner of lies and cruelty - Islamic administrators knew that they had to live am

to provoke Hindus further. They would plant Islamic religious symbols at popular Hindu shr


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distortion. Lord Dufferin, Viceroy,(1884-88), was advised by the Secretary of State in Lon

THE MUSLIM LEAGUE

naturally opposed to the demand for political independence raised by the Congress. They fe"The Muslim League entered into the second phase of its activites when it found that the G

Maulana Azad (President of the Indian National Congress during colonial rule) writing in "


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Ghulam Hussein depended on Congress support. Yet, when the British Colonial govt. invited

Congress was once again able to form the ministry. But these gains were enough for the BriPARTITION - COLONIAL CHICANERY?

As late as 1946, the Muslim League was prepared to accept autonomy. But their price for un


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by any single dominant grouping. India's Hindus were not a homogenous group. They were div

The Muslim League had connived with the British to present partition as a fait-accompli. W


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Bibliography

251

of the Muslims of the sub-continent. He emphasized that it was one of the greatest frauds

B IBLIOGRAPHYAnthony, J. Parel : Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-Rule, New Delhi, Vistaar, 2002. Arabinda Pod


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Index

253

Foreman-Peck J. and Millward, R: Public and Private Ownership of British Industry 1820-199

I NDEXAAdivasis, 222, 224. Administrators, 3, 6, 63, 228, 241, 242. Agreements, 36. Akbar, 173, 2

BBahadur Shah, 20, 27, 30, 31, 33, 37, 42, 43, 45, 47, 51, 52, 208. Bipin Chandra Pal, 209.

CCastes, 22, 210. Chauri Chaura, 214. Child Labour, 231. Christian, 9, 10, 30, 50, 117, 236

DDalits, 210, 222, 224, 246. Development, 83, 226, 227, 247, 250. Distribution, 166, 167, 1


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256 Provisions, 95, 109, 120, 171, 186, 202, 207, 212.

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257

TTantia Tope, 34, 53, 54, 206. Trade, 207, 213, 217, 219, 223, 234, 240, 249. Truth, 29, 32

QQuit India Movement, 220, 221, 222, 246.

C ONTENTSPreface1. The Story of the Storm - 1857 2. The Truth about the Indian Mutiny of 1857 3. India's F

R

Rajput, 23, 42, 238. Relations, 63, 117, 133, 221, 242. Relationship, 1, 20. Religion, 7,

UUniversity, 228.

VViolation, 201. Violence, 1, 32, 46, 146, 208, 224.

WWar of Independence, 1, 32, 49, 51, 53, 55, 59, 60, 64, 201, 240, 248. Welfare, 46, 186, 2

SSatyagraha, 218. Sepoy Mutiny, 31, 38, 57. Shah Jehan, 173, 238, 240. Society, 28, 49, 64,

ZZamindari System, 222. Zamindars, 222.

Bibliography Index


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War of Independence F Vol 1

Documents

Transcript of War of Independence F Vol 1