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Transcript of War in Europe 1938 – Germany marches into Austria unopposed 1938 – Germany marches into Austria...
War in EuropeWar in Europe
1938 – Germany marches into Austria 1938 – Germany marches into Austria unopposedunopposed
1938 – Germany meets with French 1938 – Germany meets with French premier Daladier and British prime premier Daladier and British prime minister Chamberlain to sign the Munich minister Chamberlain to sign the Munich Agreement – Germany now controls the Agreement – Germany now controls the Sudetenland (western border region of Sudetenland (western border region of Czechoslovakia) Czechoslovakia)
1939 – the remainder of Czechoslovakia is 1939 – the remainder of Czechoslovakia is invaded by Germanyinvaded by Germany
War in EuropeWar in Europe
August 23, 1939 – Germany and the Soviet August 23, 1939 – Germany and the Soviet Union sign a nonaggression pactUnion sign a nonaggression pact
Germany and the Soviet Union also sign Germany and the Soviet Union also sign secret agreement to divide Poland between secret agreement to divide Poland between themthem
Sept. 1, 1939 – Germany invades PolandSept. 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland Military strategy known as Blitzkrieg – use of Military strategy known as Blitzkrieg – use of
fast tanks, aircraft –take enemy by surprisefast tanks, aircraft –take enemy by surprise Sept. 3Sept. 3rdrd – Britain and France declare war on – Britain and France declare war on
Germany Germany
War in EuropeWar in Europe ‘‘The Phony War’ – The Phony War’ –
– buildup of French and British troops along buildup of French and British troops along France’s eastern border –the Maginot Line – France’s eastern border –the Maginot Line – waiting for something to happenwaiting for something to happen
1940 – Germany invades Denmark and 1940 – Germany invades Denmark and Norway Norway
1940 – Germany invades France from the 1940 – Germany invades France from the north and Italy invades from the southnorth and Italy invades from the south
Germany controls Paris and creates a Nazi-Germany controls Paris and creates a Nazi-controlled ‘puppet government’controlled ‘puppet government’
Summer of 1940 – the Battle of Britain – Summer of 1940 – the Battle of Britain – Germany attempts invasion of Britain but Germany attempts invasion of Britain but fails after relentless fightingfails after relentless fighting
America Moves Toward WarAmerica Moves Toward War
Congress passes the Neutrality Act of Congress passes the Neutrality Act of 1939 1939 – ““cash-and-carry policy”cash-and-carry policy”– Warring nations could buy U.S. arms as long Warring nations could buy U.S. arms as long
as they paid cash and transported them in as they paid cash and transported them in their own shipstheir own ships
September 1940 – Germany, Italy, and September 1940 – Germany, Italy, and Japan sign a mutual defense treaty –the Japan sign a mutual defense treaty –the Tripartite Pact – becoming known as the Tripartite Pact – becoming known as the Axis PowersAxis Powers
America Moves Toward WarAmerica Moves Toward War
1940 – Selective Training and Service Act1940 – Selective Training and Service Act– 16 million men between the ages of 21 and 35 16 million men between the ages of 21 and 35
were registeredwere registered March 1941 – Congress passes the Lend-Lease March 1941 – Congress passes the Lend-Lease
ActAct– The U.S. would lend or lease arms and other The U.S. would lend or lease arms and other
supplies to any country whose defense was supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the United Statesvital to the United States
June 1941 – Hitler invades the Soviet Union and June 1941 – Hitler invades the Soviet Union and the U.S. sends supplies to the Soviet Unionthe U.S. sends supplies to the Soviet Union
America Moves Toward WarAmerica Moves Toward War Spring 1941 – German submarines or “wolf Spring 1941 – German submarines or “wolf
packs” were attacking convoys at an alarming packs” were attacking convoys at an alarming raterate
September 1941 – U.S. Navy begins attacking September 1941 – U.S. Navy begins attacking subs and by 1943 the tide in submarine warfare subs and by 1943 the tide in submarine warfare begins to change.begins to change.
1941 – Atlantic Charter1941 – Atlantic Charter– Joint declaration of war aims between the U.S. and Joint declaration of war aims between the U.S. and
BritainBritain– Collective security, disarmament, self-determination, Collective security, disarmament, self-determination,
economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas.economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas. Dec. 7. 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl HarborDec. 7. 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
Mobilizing for DefenseMobilizing for Defense
Building U.S. Defenses:Building U.S. Defenses:– Congress boosted defense spendingCongress boosted defense spending– Selective Training and Service Act – first Selective Training and Service Act – first
peacetime military draftpeacetime military draft– Lend-Lease Act – lending or lease of arms and Lend-Lease Act – lending or lease of arms and
other supplies to “any country whose defense other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States”was vital to the United States”
– Atlantic Charter – joint declaration of war aimsAtlantic Charter – joint declaration of war aims December 7, 1941 – “a date that will live December 7, 1941 – “a date that will live
in infamy”in infamy”
Mobilizing for DefenseMobilizing for Defense
Americans join the war effort:Americans join the war effort:– Selective Service System expanded the Selective Service System expanded the
draft and provided 10 million soldiers to draft and provided 10 million soldiers to meet the armed forces’ needsmeet the armed forces’ needs
– Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – worked as nurses , ambulance drivers, worked as nurses , ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilotsradio operators, electricians, and pilots
– By 1943 – ‘auxiliary’ status dropped and By 1943 – ‘auxiliary’ status dropped and WACs received full U.S. Army benefits WACs received full U.S. Army benefits
Mobilizing for DefenseMobilizing for Defense Industrial response:Industrial response:
– The nation’s automobile plants The nation’s automobile plants were retooled to build tanks, were retooled to build tanks, planes, boats, and command carsplanes, boats, and command cars
– Factories across the nation Factories across the nation converted to war productionconverted to war production
– Shipyards turned out military Shipyards turned out military vessels in record-breaking timevessels in record-breaking time
– By 1944 – 18 million workers By 1944 – 18 million workers labored in war industries – more labored in war industries – more than 6 million were womenthan 6 million were women
The War for Europe and The War for Europe and North AfricaNorth Africa
War Plans:War Plans:– After Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt and Churchill met After Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt and Churchill met
for three weeks to develop strategiesfor three weeks to develop strategies– Churchill convinced Roosevelt to strike first Churchill convinced Roosevelt to strike first
against Germany, allowing for the Allies to gain against Germany, allowing for the Allies to gain an upper hand in Europe, and eventually give an upper hand in Europe, and eventually give more resources to the Pacific theatermore resources to the Pacific theater
Battle of the Atlantic:Battle of the Atlantic:– Early German U-boat campaigns eventually Early German U-boat campaigns eventually
gave way to Allied convoys and improved gave way to Allied convoys and improved tracking systems that turned the tide in the tracking systems that turned the tide in the Atlantic Atlantic
The War for Europe and The War for Europe and North AfricaNorth Africa
The Battle of Stalingrad:The Battle of Stalingrad:– Germans had been fighting on Soviet Union Germans had been fighting on Soviet Union
soil since June 1941 – Operation Barbarossasoil since June 1941 – Operation Barbarossa– July of 1942 – Germany attempts to take July of 1942 – Germany attempts to take
StalingradStalingrad– Stalingrad was on the verge of collapse until Stalingrad was on the verge of collapse until
winter set in, turning the tide for the Sovietswinter set in, turning the tide for the Soviets– German commanders surrendered in January German commanders surrendered in January
of 1943 of 1943 – Soviets lost over 1,000,000 soldiers defending Soviets lost over 1,000,000 soldiers defending
Stalingrad – Germany lost more than 230,000Stalingrad – Germany lost more than 230,000– After the Battle of Stalingrad, the Soviet Union After the Battle of Stalingrad, the Soviet Union
began moving westward toward Germanybegan moving westward toward Germany
Key American CommandersKey American Commanders
Dwight D. Eisenhower – Dwight D. Eisenhower – – Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Supreme Commander of Allied forces in
EuropeEurope General Douglas MacArthur – General Douglas MacArthur –
– commander of Allied forces in the Pacificcommander of Allied forces in the Pacific General George S. PattonGeneral George S. Patton Fleet Admiral Chester W. NimitzFleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz
The War for Europe and The War for Europe and North AfricaNorth Africa
The North African Front:The North African Front:– 1942 - Operation Torch – invasion of Axis-1942 - Operation Torch – invasion of Axis-
controlled North Africacontrolled North Africa– Allied commander – Dwight D. EisenhowerAllied commander – Dwight D. Eisenhower– May 1943 – enemy resistance ceasesMay 1943 – enemy resistance ceases
The Italian Campaign:The Italian Campaign:– Summer of 1943 – Mussolini stripped of power Summer of 1943 – Mussolini stripped of power
and arrestedand arrested– 1944 – Battle of Anzio – 25,000 Allied and 1944 – Battle of Anzio – 25,000 Allied and
30,000 Axis casualties30,000 Axis casualties– German resistance continued in Italy until the German resistance continued in Italy until the
war’s close in 1945war’s close in 1945
The War for Europe and The War for Europe and North AfricaNorth Africa
D-Day:D-Day:– Code-named Operation OverlordCode-named Operation Overlord– June 6, 1944June 6, 1944– Attack took place at Normandy in northern Attack took place at Normandy in northern
FranceFrance– Landing points – Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Landing points – Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and
Sword beachheadsSword beachheads– Within 1 month – 1 million troops landed, Within 1 month – 1 million troops landed,
567,000 tons of supplies, and 170,000 vehicles567,000 tons of supplies, and 170,000 vehicles
The War for Europe and The War for Europe and North AfricaNorth Africa
Battle of the Bulge:Battle of the Bulge:– October 1944 – Germans went on offensive October 1944 – Germans went on offensive
sending eight German tank divisions 60 miles sending eight German tank divisions 60 miles in allied territoryin allied territory
– Germans were eventually pushed back – losing Germans were eventually pushed back – losing 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and assault guns, 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and assault guns, and 1,600 planes – which could not be and 1,600 planes – which could not be replacedreplaced
– Malmedy – massacre of 120 American GIs by Malmedy – massacre of 120 American GIs by the German SS the German SS
As the Allies pushed eastward and the Soviets As the Allies pushed eastward and the Soviets westward, the horror of concentration camps westward, the horror of concentration camps were discovered and finally liberatedwere discovered and finally liberated
June 6,1944---------------
Normandy (D-Day)
Battle of the Bulge
16 December 1944 - 25 January
1945
Anzio (Operation Shingle)
January 1944
Monte Cassino
Spring of 1944
Operation Market-Operation Market-GardenGarden
September 17, 1944September 17, 1944
Invasion of Sicily
July 10, 1943
The War for Europe and North The War for Europe and North AfricaAfrica
April 12, 1945 – President Roosevelt died April 12, 1945 – President Roosevelt died of a stroke and Harry S. Truman became of a stroke and Harry S. Truman became the nation’s 33the nation’s 33rdrd president president
April 25, 1945 – Soviet Union storms BerlinApril 25, 1945 – Soviet Union storms Berlin April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicideApril 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicide May 8, 1945 – Eisenhower accepts the May 8, 1945 – Eisenhower accepts the
unconditional surrender of the Third Reichunconditional surrender of the Third Reich V-E Day – Victory in Europe Day is V-E Day – Victory in Europe Day is
celebratedcelebrated
The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor had Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor had
fortunately missed the Pacific Fleet’s fortunately missed the Pacific Fleet’s submarines and aircraft carrierssubmarines and aircraft carriers
Six months following Pearl Harbor, the Six months following Pearl Harbor, the Japanese expanded their territory to include Japanese expanded their territory to include Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, and much of ChinaBurma, Thailand, and much of China
Many islands across the Pacific were also Many islands across the Pacific were also captured – Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake captured – Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, and Solomon IslandsIsland, and Solomon Islands
Philippines – Douglas MacArthur forced to Philippines – Douglas MacArthur forced to retreat and leave Bataanretreat and leave Bataan
The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific Doolittle’s Raid:Doolittle’s Raid:
– April 1942 – James Doolittle leads 16 bombers in an April 1942 – James Doolittle leads 16 bombers in an attack on Tokyoattack on Tokyo
Battle of the Coral Sea:Battle of the Coral Sea:– Five-day battle in May of 1942 that stopped the Five-day battle in May of 1942 that stopped the
Japanese drive toward AustraliaJapanese drive toward Australia Battle of Midway:Battle of Midway:
– Japanese fleet attacked before they could take Midway Japanese fleet attacked before they could take Midway Island – losing four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 Island – losing four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planesplanes
– Midway marked a turning point in the Pacific – the Allies Midway marked a turning point in the Pacific – the Allies started to reclaim many islands back from the Japanese started to reclaim many islands back from the Japanese and get closer to mainland Japan and get closer to mainland Japan
The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific
The Allies go on the offensive:The Allies go on the offensive:– August 1942 – battle for Guadalcanal in the August 1942 – battle for Guadalcanal in the
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands– October 1944 – Battle of Leyte Gulf - 178,000 October 1944 – Battle of Leyte Gulf - 178,000
Allied troops and 738 ships converge on Leyte Allied troops and 738 ships converge on Leyte Island in the Philippines – return of MacArthurIsland in the Philippines – return of MacArthur
– Battle of Leyte Gulf saw the Japanese use Battle of Leyte Gulf saw the Japanese use ‘kamikaze’ tactics – yet in three days of battle ‘kamikaze’ tactics – yet in three days of battle still suffered the loss of 3 battleships, 4 aircraft still suffered the loss of 3 battleships, 4 aircraft carriers, 13 cruisers, and almost 500 planes carriers, 13 cruisers, and almost 500 planes
The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific Iwo Jima:Iwo Jima:
– Strategic island that could be used for bombers to reach Strategic island that could be used for bombers to reach JapanJapan
– Defended by 20,700 JapaneseDefended by 20,700 Japanese– 6,000 marines died taking the island – only 200 Japanese 6,000 marines died taking the island – only 200 Japanese
survivedsurvived Battle for Okinawa:Battle for Okinawa:
– April-June 1945 April-June 1945 – Over 12,000 Americans killedOver 12,000 Americans killed– An estimated 110,000 Japanese killedAn estimated 110,000 Japanese killed– 1,900 Kamikaze attacks – sinking 30 ships, and 1,900 Kamikaze attacks – sinking 30 ships, and
damaging more than 300, almost 5,000 seamen killeddamaging more than 300, almost 5,000 seamen killed
The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific
The Atomic Bomb Ends the War:The Atomic Bomb Ends the War:– Manhattan Project – research directed Manhattan Project – research directed
by J. Robert Oppenheimerby J. Robert Oppenheimer– More than 600,000 Americans involved More than 600,000 Americans involved
in the projectin the project– First test took place in New Mexico on First test took place in New Mexico on
July 16, 1945July 16, 1945– Truman makes the decision to use the Truman makes the decision to use the
atomic bombatomic bomb
The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific
August 6, 1945 – the August 6, 1945 – the Enola GayEnola Gay drops an drops an atomic bomb code-named Little Boy over atomic bomb code-named Little Boy over HiroshimaHiroshima
August 9, 1945 - second atomic bomb August 9, 1945 - second atomic bomb code-named Fat Man dropped on Nagasakicode-named Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki
September 2, 1945 – Japan formally September 2, 1945 – Japan formally surrenders aboard the U.S. battleship surrenders aboard the U.S. battleship MissouriMissouri
January 1942----------
Bataan PeninsulaFebruary 1942----------Java Sea
May 1942----------
Coral Sea
June 1942----------
Battle of Midway
February 1943-----------------Guadalcanal
Limit of Japanese
Advance
November 1943-----------------
Tarawa
January 1944---------------Kwajalein
February 1944---------------Enewetak
March 1944---------------
Bougainville Island
June 1944---------------
SaipanJuly to August 1944---------------
Guam
September 1944---------------
Peleliu
October 1944---------------
Gulf of Leyte
February to March 1945---------------
Iwo Jima
April to June 1945---------------Okinawa
Casualty:
USA – 1 carrier sunk, approximately 300 killed
JPN – 4 carriers sunk, 3057 killed
Casualty:
USA – over12,000 killed or wounded
JPN – 66,000 killed, 7,000 captured
Casualty:
USA – approximately 6,000 killed
JPN – more than 20,000 killed
The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific Rebuilding Begins:Rebuilding Begins:
– The Yalta Conference – Feb. 1945 - Roosevelt Churchill and The Yalta Conference – Feb. 1945 - Roosevelt Churchill and Stalin (the Big Three) meet to decide fate of Germany and the Stalin (the Big Three) meet to decide fate of Germany and the postwar worldpostwar world
– Germany dived into four zones – American, British, Soviet, and Germany dived into four zones – American, British, Soviet, and FrenchFrench
Nuremberg War Trials:Nuremberg War Trials:– Nazi leaders put on trial for war crimes Nazi leaders put on trial for war crimes – 12 of 24 defendants sentenced to death12 of 24 defendants sentenced to death– Nearly 200 more Nazis found guilty of war crimesNearly 200 more Nazis found guilty of war crimes
The Occupation of Japan:The Occupation of Japan:– MacArthur commands the occupationMacArthur commands the occupation– More than 1,100 Japanese arrested and put on trialMore than 1,100 Japanese arrested and put on trial– Japan’s economy introduced to free-market practices Japan’s economy introduced to free-market practices – New constitution created allowing for women’s suffrage and New constitution created allowing for women’s suffrage and
basic freedomsbasic freedoms