War by Other Means by Carlota McAllister

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    War by Other MeansAtermath i Pst-Gecide Guatemala

    EditEd by

    Cala McAlle an

    dane M. Neln

    D Unisiy Pss Da an Lnn 2013

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    2013 D Unisiy Pss

    is s

    Pin in Uni as ia n ai- a

    Dsin by Ha Hnsy

    ys in n P by sn nain yss, n.

    Libay Cnss Caain-in-Pbiain Daa

    Wa by ans : aa in s-ni Gaaa /

    i by Caa Mis an Dian M. sn.as

    ns in.

    ISBN 978-0-8223-5493-2 ( : a. a)

    ISBN 978-0-8223-5509-0 (b. : a. a)

    1. GaaaHisy1985 2. VinGaaa.

    . Mis, Caa, 1969 . sn, Dian M., 1963

    1466.7.w37 2013

    972.8105323 2013012812

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    all thse wh, whe the pwerul isisted

    Death t itelliece, reused t the last.

    Fr all thse wh carry .

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    CoNtENts

    i AckNowledgmeNtS

    1 INtroductIoNa: Hass Vin an Hisis FCarlta McAllister ad Diae M. Nels

    PArt i: survEyiNg thE LANdsCAPE: historiEs of thE PrEsENt

    49 chApter 1 Fi Hn YasGre Gradi

    71 chApter 2 Di Cnaiy: Rains bn Mayan an Rinay MnsSatia Basts ad Mauela Camus

    93 chApter 3 sinia s an Rinay MysisCarlta McAllister

    PArt ii: MArkEt frEEdoMs ANd MArkEt forCEs: thE NEw bioPoLitiCAL ECoNoMy

    119 chApter 4 Dn an/as Disssssin: Ei san Eai nsy in Fanja anssa Luis Sla

    143 chApter 5 W Ln Dain i Fs: Vin,Lab, an Gnan n CasElizabeth Olesby

    170 chApter 6 Dini Cniy W W Can Li:Vin, La, an Db in a Cajs LanIrmalicia Velsquez Nimatuj

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    PArt iii: MEANs iNto ENds: NEoLibErAL trANsPArENCy ANd its shAdows

    195 chApter 7 Wa Han Rin?Gaaa CiysMaras Li DaDebrah . Leves

    218 chApter 8 T Ln Wa in Cnan:Gias, y, an Cii PasPaul Kbrak

    241 chApter 9 LyninJeier Burrell

    261 chApter 10 Lab Cnas Miiay iaiss Dn Es: Maina Eis an Psa

    a FainMatilde Gzlez-Izs

    PArt iv: whithEr thE futurE? PostwAr AsPirAtioNs ANd idENtifiCAtioNs

    285 chApter 11 100 Pn Onii: Ha, Eny,an En/s WaDiae M. Nels

    307 chApter 12 T Shum Can: Wi Cass Pii

    an Ps-Ra, Ps-Gni ians Csianis Jre Ram Gzlez Pcia

    330 chApter 13 Gnain a Rs Rn: W T Y?Paula Wrby

    353 workS cIted

    375 coNtrIButorS 381 INdex

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    ACkNowLEdgMENts

    W i an nibs ain ai, an a Gaaans an Gaaaniss a s s

    yas, siay AvANcSo an Caa nas. Wnn-Gn n-sy s iinay wks a is -e. We als thank Carl Sith, Valerie Milhlland (r als havinai), Miia nss, a an Vi, Yasin C, ian i-

    sn, Ena n, Mi iz, naba , an VaiaGazn a i . G L, En Mi, an w y i annys is a ay i is i i s an an, i a ya. n, s, w ank anins, aiis, ana .

    W ss js as Gna Eain Ris Mn, a Gaaan sa an an-in-i Gaa-

    an y Ma 23, 1982, s 8, 1983, as bn aiy i ni, in a isi i Gaaaan w. T nibs is bk w ik n ns a an as-n fs sis enide, tether with ativists, lawyers, jdes, rensi sientists,Gaaas any na, an yia ais a js-i an aains ns s. T s s- ins-ni as a n ay , b a iia isn as bn

    a.

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    reln cann ae pe m

    e pa nl m e e.

    kArL MArx

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    MAP 1 Mp f Gutm.

    P A C I F I C O C E A N

    CARIBBEAN

    SEA

    PolochicRiver

    N

    0

    0 40 6020 80 km

    30 402010 50 mi

    Guatemala City

    Ixil triangle

    FTN

    B E L I Z E

    H O ND U R A S

    E L S A L V A D O R

    M E X I C O

    HUEHUETENANGO

    BAJA VERAPAZ

    RETALHULEU

    ESCUINTLA

    P E T N

    EL QUICHALTA VERAPAZ

    IZABAL

    Quezaltenango

    Huehuetenango

    Cobn

    Santa Cruzdel Quich

    San Martn Jilotepeque

    Livingston

    PanzsUspantn

    ChajulCotzal

    Chisec

    Nebaj

    San Bartolom Jocotenango

    Ixcn PlayaGrande

    Santa Mara Tzej

    JoyabajZacualpa

    Colotenango

    Chupol

    Todos Santos

    Cajol

    EscuintlaSanta LuciaCotzumalguapa

    Puerto

    Barrios

    Nueva Cajol

    Original Franja Transversal del Norte

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    INtroductIoN | Carlta McAllister ad Diae M. Nels

    AftErMAth

    Hass Vin an Hisis F

    wee wee y?

    1992

    W w y in 1992? On Db 12, 2006, a Maya anain Gaaans, i a sinin sis, n is qs-

    tin. Tey were invited by the Mayan blishin hse Chlsaaj and et in s codISrA, a n sa any ia aiain ais.T s sn ans as e la mtaa, sin as a in n ia s Gaaan aina Rinay Uniy (urNg). an ini s as aina b isssin RibaMn s b Pa Piz in s an, s i, qsin-in assin a inins wn s b sans, n in-naina biis. an in ana crte an iipil, isini

    Mayan si an bs, sai s as a i i in a Mian aan b fsn an as -sa as ban anizin n . ain an b ain bin in in ay a ay niains: ayb as a nay n! Fanis Cai, y i Casin Uniy C-i (cuc), n ain nyai an a sin in-i as Mayan, as in Mns na n s i T Ca b Ci an b iis jy, s, an

    awnin aizain a sin nana a an. RibaMn as s inins sn i b Piz, ani as n s n as a in as testimi (1983) s a-

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    2 | INtroductIoN

    n aiiain in ia a. Cai n by sayin,

    an a sin y a. W n eaads []. Tnan n i y . n s n is-an. W n n.

    F any Gaaans, 1992, Cbs Qinnnnia, as a n-ai n nain aa n yas inasin an ain, sinain ss ni aniia , an asiains ns in iniyains. nins , inasiny iniyin wi nw a-

    y Maya, s issiy aniz, s-ass, an inin i inaian iniy. Ti nn b n-sanin as-sins a s i is sin, as a, an s in-naina nnins naa s Gaaa (si as-si in y ssain a ). s a inn ain jnaissai a i, W a js ik Cbs. W n knw w win. W n n a n . n in i an bw ny. T Qinnnnia as k a aain

    abian an siy ab ladi. Dn jaiy in anis i-inais as ay nnin an, in n Gaaan nain-

    biin isss, as s w a ni nians n bs

    fig iNtro 1 Rgrt Mn Tum ds mr t rt r 1992 N P Pr n S.PhoTo by DaNiel heRNNDez-SalazaR, 1992, www.DaNielheRNaNDezSalazaR.bloGSPoT.coM. USeD wiTh kiND

    PeRMiSSioN.

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    AtermAth | 3

    i, i is n s inisiinay by ins a nnini-ns Gaaans. n ay 1990s s s-ini ains a ab a ss an i a a aays isain i b isans an ak skin. Ty insis a, nik

    caches (iys), y 100 n chap (Gaaans). Manyban s a ssin a i ni Ean i n k b a b in ban i-ass Gaaan i. Os in a isy ay,jin ii aia ii i isiay as f an aiintheir indiens heritae by identiyin as mestizos, ele ixed heritae.

    1982

    Tis nai inkin was an nx n ns, as sawas si wain is xainaiy ba, an isbiny fi,ninsny fs inis a is sisan Ga-alas rae, lass, and ender tyrannies. I the qestin had been Where werey in 1982?, anss a bn ba. -in a ia a in i y isiay iy a; any sfin nsas ays s a nin-sny aain aay in i, nin y

    n Gaaaan wa y w n . n aia,aia nisiy sns an nin aiiss w iin in ansiniy,sin na i insiins an cmpaers a a n ssaini . n a aa a iin n an bys ( a a ain ab i iin) rcivlutariamete sin in ii as(pAc),1 a arailitary re ranized by the ary in whih lal en arried sian, a, an assas aains i nibs an s-is n aiy bs. Many wn in ians w ais,

    kin, anin, an nin an a by sis an as, w as sis aiy bs.

    Lanin in 1982 (an y) is a i by a a s any nb an s. O nsanin aa a in Gaaa is inaby sa by nsabsn a s i, isa, iaaby aa. iis as sa by i nininpresece, in a nin ss a i ss ans. F s, a ans sbsis,

    ki in ns siy. F s, y w i wn in,iby i in ay. F any, y siy iis. O yw s a in s y in nsan. n si s,

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    i Cai, y tnaas, y n isan. Ty -, an as is i ain a a. Fain by is as bins i nsanin iaia ain ain as i isss a a an is asns an

    wi s iaizain (an a a) a ss i-n. Tis is a by ans.

    F a, i as n ni Ma 2008 a is Caa,an Man Jiq ab siy ab isaaans isbans an in in a as aains a ii a a, s in 1983. T was b baaiay aina an iniayina. T n sib s aiy bs in 1981 an1982 an bin i s an i in nains,

    any in i xs an saain. Un n ay-n ia, y i si by si i n snsib isfin. On wan bk wn: Wy i y ki i? Wy?

    wan was ai ay is wk. wan was is in.H qsinH sin ass basi ans i nash rtal destrtin?reains at the heart efrts t nderstand warsaa. s is a a anin a ai a an in ns inay b n i n.

    Wn Gaaans s in ifn as ny a if-n is, i was an ass basi nssiis i, b as ans ainsi bn aiay inins an an sa as b an in an aan (as

    y) n iss iiznsi an n. Ts isinsaia n ns in ba ns in a ansnia iia sis. Din by wa ania Li (2007) as i i, s ss innsi inas bn sa a i-

    as ass s-a Ti W an i anay ss. D-nais an is ais ai wks an xs, an wi ib-ain y, Eania Cisianiy, nsis, an nw ia,aba in iin as, ins, ss, an aai anis s s ainaiz s a bn i nniin, sin insi a nin by aanin ins s a, in ny i n s-ins, will d as they uht (Fa1991, in Li 2007: 5). Manwi iain nw sais -

    rilla warare, rted by let-win intelletals, ativists, natinal liberatins, an aiss aa siais ns, as in any

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    AtermAth | 5

    ws anai isins in. T s a n by s anais s as is an iiais.

    n Gaaa, as in in nains, siy s i-an as in s ynais. n s iis an ai

    b ns in naina an a ss a an ansain an saizin, y a ninsny as a i ssi sa aaass an ii afais, in n n-ains wa iiay iss a w- innsiy ni an Fa(1980) as biiis: sians i i an a.T iiay is in Gaaa as ninsy sin 1954 -sn asss ans by iin ninsn in nnly aainst the bdies thse they ereived as eneies bt at the interity

    sban s i an a as an ins ain as a. na nn is syia aa (sys) as an a by : a iin ns nsniy si a is a ans isin, a ssibiiy anther wrld is nly nist raanda. Tis arent was reeated an in nsas, bibas, as, ain s innnain as, an ainin sssins sis an ii as.Ra ni ia ba s y b a n aas a-

    a n ss aiis isaa a i ns, -a n away, sayin, Ty w in- in sin, ls babsear [y ]. s i n a.

    1999

    na nn as aa as bn an is sy.W y in 1999? On Fbay 23 any Gaaas naina aninnaina an is aiiss, an i iiians, iiay s,

    an ias, sa in aina Ta ia sna-in Memory o Silence, nins Uni ains Cissin Hisia Caiain (ceh), ana by a as. Tissins i, , as ay ii, aiay bas ias n a na s snsib an is iains.On issin ban is wk, , sa iisins is s a an qaniai s sn in, nthe diensins what had haenedand the qestin wh it haened

    an yan a isia an ay snsii aa.Hs na .

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    6 | INtroductIoN

    sis n cehs ass iis, a ay in a i a i. Wi nain nas, y ajia -snsibiiy as is sa s, i a i 93 -n n iains. T ias n snsib

    3 n. ayin a an isaa a 200,000, as -vided an nsarin ant Gatealan histry, arin that the endrinss niin Gaaan siy an is -in ana-in ny, aiay ais aains Mayan ajiy an -ni inqaiy, a nab in. isib a ii-a U.. Ebassy, i insis a in innins an abain a in a. snains s ainayn a wn issin ain annn a

    Gaaan sa a i as ni aains ain Mayanniis. ain s as is aains aniy i a naina iniy as, aisin s i sin, -as n innainay, an iin Mayan ais sfin an ans siin a sybi bs.

    s ain s nins wn n, bany w snais Mayan an niy anizains w a x- in in an sin, ay wnin is-

    sin an in i as an a sin. a a iaas ai in bas an bi sas L as in n-n Gaaa Ciy. abs i bain as y an yasain, ain , an ab a sain i sisan i a a s biy inia i nsanin Gaaas wa. iis w i s n ays issnanns, as n Psin a z, a b annin i-ay, s i , n ny inins is-

    sin, Oiia Lx C, ask an in na Maya, x-ainin, W ba in in an a ni a as is n san a as n s. H as a inins n aain asnaas, sain a sa nna a Osby an Rss -sribe as a strn li r indiens nities t resitin theselvesas iis . . . nin nsanin ni nnnins a in bn iy, isy, iia ai,ais, an in (2009: 35).

    in 1999 issnan as inas an ia as a. Ts sins a i ceh b s-i a ny ns a, n Cnsa Pa, a naina n aiy

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    AtermAth | 7

    1996 a as, ai, ain a-n nssins sa nisss i inins is an s iiay in ib. T -in years have brht re bad news than d. ttets t brin t jstie as ni an a is a bn ayiny s an

    i, a by ia bsinis, anin, an ivilene. s the tendrils nartra enetrate ever deeer int state str-s an yay i, ns is as a nby qn aaan n aas, n ain asaab s yas a. Vin iins asans an an bi s bi ins an as a inasin, anan ay na as n , n ai ins.

    Ws si, nainy ab is snsib ai is

    ins sns insiy. in as an ns nn a as, a y snsss an an, as nbaab ssibiiy? W a iinas? y is,maras (ans), i, i, naas, any nibs, sss, - iizns ain a in i n ans? P i

    wi a nsan, inin anxiy a y ay b iis delincuencia,n is a an asiy n aa. Wi is n n a sa-ana , Gaaa Ciys ss y a s, ain ny

    s s, as, i ins, an ai is sin in . anas y i sa in. Pasemi-cidi a-nab a ssin n-nnin ans a an in aains nis y iniyin ns sia a. O ayb a in niis a as, n-siais, ias, siy i is. s aniis, in n,an na i n in. n absn any sy aiy,linchamientos b in sis ss ik bs sin

    in jsi. n, as in wa yas, aain n away bis in s, assin y s a bn in insin, as i n nabiiy an .

    Han is aiiss as nw anayss an ais nan-in izai nis a n nn s, sbass, an naaas n a is an as ais n- an ny. On s is siy iniy as ia bisan ansin siy aaass (cIAcS). ayb inn in

    these netwrks rns even deeer. Maybe srvivin in the neliberal enyinsa in aa a qis nin in an sin iis saws, akin ns any way y an (Gin 2011; O 2008;

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    ONeill and Tas 20). In Gateala tw-thirds the elyed wrk inthe inral eny, livin hand-t-th, hstlin anythin r blender

    as, ssins, an sn Suvs n--ab ab an si- i-a s, sis, an sbsans. y in ny, xanss inains, an n s babis , i is , i ans.T i akin i() i y a say ay js-iy ains sans ny issin sis, -ias, an aaiiais, a i an in sin i anns an ai a aqi in a yas. n sns,ia siy, i s as in ns ans, is n Ga-

    aas insis (Dins Gin 2011).Mani s Gaaans, aay ny isssss by

    nis anain ny an aas ninsny,a n n a i is i aaian iis aainsrenewed deredatins inin, il, and hydreletri anies, the intr-in iay asain ns i ian a, an -nin inbnss. Ts ai nis bn s sa fnquero aiis, nw in a wi nw naina nania is an

    lbal aital brkers, even as r eles aaities t strle aainst dis-ssssin a inasiny nsain. n an a

    fig iNtro 2 ls Vsqu ps fr r usn edurd, murdrd n rr, 2008. PhoTo byDoRiaM MoRaleS. USeD wiTh kiND PeRMiSSioN.

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    AtermAth | 9

    by is a an , ain sn ain- ai s any aian as ans is nbaab siain.

    H ns 1982 ain s iy i s 1992an 1999 s s ibn? H a ab (an ny) in

    ssin a, ain a ia a an in, -in s s af by ainins , n, an a s i a? Wy s a sis in Ga -aas sa? W s i (AvANcSo 1992)? n an ?

    hae an Aema

    aftermath [oe maeth, uttng f grss < mawan t m] 1. a rsut r nsqun, sp. n

    unpsnt n 2. a snd rpharrow[me harwe] 1. br up nd v pd grund, rt up ds 2. Trmnt, vx 3. R,

    pundr, pg 4. T ntr nd rsu t rgtus

    Wn as bin as y n a a ybin i b iniay in si qaiis a i an, is si, inin, sn an sa, iiain, as as a y a in i: ss, iiz, siis, an ny an nin

    i. in an is ba a i is, s Maya insis a n-ssay ias s b i a a an aia sais ns a ni n (C 2000; Ileurl 2007; Lz Gaa 2010;Wisn 1995). n a as s aain an anninann aan iab ss. T as wi as n n temprada, i is. Was a ian? Was i nsasnaby ?Was cacula (ba in ains) a an sa? T ans isy assas is qaiis: s i bn iay iiz? Has i bn

    a n n? Was i n y as? aa is a sn as, i a a, siiay, fs in ii wa a b si qaiis an is-is si as, as ain in ssays a , an naizass i ansas an aiis. T Cna ian -in sf ia aayi ninsn in sele in the hihlands all el ochenta (the 80s), althh nly in Gateala,i is inins ajiy, i i a ni. Rnizin

    n Cna ian swa aas wisa ii-na in, nin iisain an n, an ib inainin niba iia an ni ss s is any sns a

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    s a as sa nay Gaaa as i by -siy Gaaan ais (Mi 2010; in 1996; in anLaia-ania 2004; Lanas 1988, 1992).

    Y a s wi a ifn aks as i asss ass a ai an-

    sa, s i ay b isib ny yas a. n sis sa Gaaa sss a sin i as ass -in as is aia ain b i (.., as an ass2003; ass an Cs 2007; DHa 2010; Gaa-n 2010; Gin2009; Gan 2007; Ha 2006; Ha Paz y Paz 2008a; Kna 2010;Li an i 2009; Oi 2010; Oi an Tas 2011; Va 2009,Way 2012). Tis b is ab a aa an ab n ans a-in a n- a. is ab in a b anns ai

    is an nas anw, an is a an a is wa wisay . T a in atermath is n sa as in mathemat-ics, a nin a an anin s an sssas bn y ian in ain a in n as ninder internatinal law. ters ath instead es r mow, as in ttinass, an an an an nasan s nsqn. Eyiay iis nn harrw, anin , aa, n, an i is -tainly harrwin t ntelate Gatealas ivil war. Bt, re heartenin,

    a as s a sn as, i ass a s a anai in. Tis is js s an aa, biin n ansbis in anin yas ni, i Rb Caas ssn-ia Harvest o Violence: Te Maya Indians and the Guatemalan Crisis (1988)and Carl Siths ineerin vle Guatemalan Indians and the State, 15401988 (1990), i i i nais, isia n, an ana-yia as nsanin ssin inins -niis. Ty s a n sana ians in in Gaaa,

    anin a y jin i ina nans iia ns.Caa, i, an i abas a i n n

    wa an wa is nxs, wi anin ways a inan is fs sna yas a, a j a ains, bi, ibyiy.

    Tis xs a is, a a nw nsiin an -n ins an iiian , a sinin a as an ns, an a issins, uN as,

    an ba an sisn fs insiinaiz inins, ns, ansa iniy is an jsi, a, ain, an -in syss. W na s ispst-ecide insis a by

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    AtermAth | 11

    ns ay 1980s a n y bn , as in nin snia, nina innn an i nin sbina-in. W as s is a si in as ain n anaains a a cehs 1999 ni in i, an fs

    n ni iniains an abains a a i .Pst i as ny sns a a isayin nis an asn ib s i, a in aan.

    n n, s ssays na i a n nain Gaaans a a in aa a an ni, inin i, as, Mayan iaizain, ain s-qsinin an i, a i-inis sns naanss ais an ais, iiay, an nn assas w as issin ais, sn

    ans an s in i ias an nibs, an inasin ss ia Uni as. Ty as ay i as, in ais sin nia , b as, sis, is in a n n yas (an nin) ssin a n bn sin -inis a as . Li any sbjs as, sas ina an iia js in

    wak na, in a Gaaa iiay an iniby ak byassi in, an s wi ain knw w ssin

    sas ain. ssb an aay ssina bans, in-in jnais, aiis, Ngo an uN , an aais, i a an a ainin, inin nis, ay, any, an isy, sa a in in sasi an aiis.

    Uni s ins n Gaaa bis in ia, nbs in a i as Gaaan sas, s -sns a b nnain i aa a ssin a an ny Maya an b as inas in siaiy

    i . W a as a i aaiab in Enis, n s i, an i i na E-ian as na sysaiay i iy bas ab Gaaas as,sn, an akin a an an wiin ifn niis Gaaans. Ras i n i as by asan ainin an iniains n wiin sys an iaaas. O nin nsains ass is an baknsas s s xn n-sanin ian ani-

    a aiin iin ans i in Mayan niis assba sas aa. Ts as s asy iis bnain an Maya, i an , a an ba, an insa x

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    x sbjiizains an ainsis an Gaaans wiin iia nis s-nia sa an ansnaina aia.Wi sin i s ni, ssays as ay naa-is n an ia iia isis. Tis is ay

    n iin any ass, as a sn ininab an in n s isss, saay an . W ann af y isissin sia ns 1970s an 1980s as ea, in, s an nyin any n sainay an ai ins.

    seen e tean

    Wi iy-si-ya ii a is a n an a-

    a, w jin ceh in insisin a is in was a n i in ain. ain is isy bins s ba 1520s, n aniaP aa a s ni in Gaaan i-ans. T a an sia ss inaa by ss an sii a, biains, an is puebls de idis i -a a asss , inin anias, crills, ians,an i snnsan nay ains, a ay wi a ab ns yas nia ain. T

    seeds the reie raialized labr extratin that still shaes Gatealasny, w, w swn in a ninn-ny Liba R-s, i iba bs inis i nia sisan ins. T Ra a inins an aaiab as(b as n by inins ), n inins niis ain sinsnw as snais si-in inn-n Gaaan saan a a sny aaiab an a (i..,ia) anains in n ia iis

    f, bananas, n, an sa. n js a as s iis n-na 72 n Gaaas aab an in ans 2 n anns, any Ean ian iin.

    Tis i as naaiz in iia an sia ansa as aa-ny si naa ansains bwn aiais an ab, bi as ssain by nsisny aais an ba aain byisssssin ia b an nin in nn- siaiaiss in (Hay 2003: 137). F a, fcas de

    mzs ( anains) inins ainain sbsisn ai- n iny anins (miiudia) in ians b aaiabr harvest labrs n the lare sar r fee lantatins (latifundias), reein

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    nqs biain ainain s ya. Pi n asiy aqis isssssin. T nia an aysnia is s in ns, as sans, ina Gaaan isian Manz Paz (1991) as mties

    de idis, sin a iniy mz, s i nin (Gnzz 2002; MCy 1994; L an Lz 2009).

    Ts sss as a a ass aia- ains, nn by i isan a an nnin inins ,in s ai n inss an is s (s as in a-rany laws) in exhane r sbrdinatin t the landhldin elite. Te ili-ay as n is sia an ni aann aai-ab bs is iniay ass. Lain i aizain

    y in a ai a Gaaan nain, jni ay ssa 1944 Ob Rin, an isin aains annin aiaan is sans in nn a b a siais ina, Jan Js

    a, w in ins. O nx a a an issss, Cn Jab bnz, abis ab an ass isa-in in s is, sabis a sia siy sys, anins , na insiaizain i sbsiin,an nay an aay isib an in an aaian . aia

    s, a aw ans a ans anssasans sia a a Gaaas nasn insis. Ga-aan is an Uni Fi Cany s s -nis nis Uni as, ns in is a s

    wi UR, in anizin a . Unab s a is wna s an innab U.. innins an nsin iyas, bnz sin n bs. Cn Cas Casias, cIA nay s a bnz, n -

    sans ab an asan nin as, sis say in,i siin an Rins na ini-iais wi s iny ba aks an aia (Gijss1992; Hany 1994; as an i 2011).

    Oiay ii a ban in 1960, n jni ay s aain s s Gaaas s a Bay Pis inasin Cba. yas a s sa s Gaaas s ajia , Rb Fs (Ar). s a s

    was as nany; ban ns aiab s as b-n Ar an ay ans, , a a, bn sa -s (prmci) iiay s an sis in. a 1963

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    by ay s ain in a aninis a U..-n ias s a is a a iia nin-sreny. Te United States nded new tehnlies r srveillane and re-ssin, in Lain ias s as ass isaaan i

    the Marh 966 arrest twenty-eiht ativists r the Gatealan WrkersPay (pgt), n sn aain (Ganin 2004, W in).T iiain s inins n ninay iiian n-n Ji Csa Mnz Mnn n issibiiy aai a -ian Ri an is iiay bas w an s nn nns in a s. By a 1960s Ar a a sinian bas a s in aia an asn Gaaa an ai sa i- inains

    an insnisy ian abassa, i in 1968. s is s, Cn Cas ana Osi a ninsn a-ain a iny isan Ars iiian s, in baiy 1980s.

    Ta s a ia aa in Qqi an i Maya in ia as Minas, b n inins niis in ssn ians n sns inins an ain nissin in n jn na Mian b. Ts s n-

    a in a ss ai sia an ni ansain, in a n-ab by aninis nizain as, b xin i in-n s (Manz 2004; Mis 2008). Tis ss nai is nin; aiaa an nai ss niy -nane that had develed aln with the fee eny were ravely nder-in by n a ass yn, biina, an sis ia

    yn n w s as ins iis aiis, -n ias, an sa snais (Binna 1979; Cby an an

    n B 1969; Wan 1978). s s aiina ss ban b, n-sanin niy nsins an nains w x-s an n ns a in ay.

    T Cai C, a isiay ian ia bn ini-ns niis an sa, was siansy nin -aa Vaian , wi ans asa ains bwn yand arishiners by insistin that the Chrh serve the r and disssesseda an i an an asiz innaiz s -

    si xna ia. Ts s a a na ana naina ass iin inins niis, ain a ay i-is an a iss a is si biy na a iis (Faa

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    1980; L 1995). Eniz an by s ss b s-trated by their all t evident liits, the yn (stly) indiens en whsn 1960s an ay 1970s in aia ais an a-in ais nay ban sa ansnn js.

    ia anizains, in a Ars isass a,f wa s w skin. T Rinay Oanizain P in s (orpA), a by Ar bs, a in-ins nns n is inay a an say sa,iin inins baans b swin ass anizain. TCi Unia Casina (Casina [asan] Uniy Ci cuc) ba inn i a nn bn a isn, Pab C, as ansin ns: inaian -

    sisan inins niis anis inasin, an as. was as a ii xa iins is nn n-ai (ias 1990; Kna 2010; Fnnz Fnnz 1988). T cucs sina 1980 biizain 100,000 anain s a a ii-a si in Gaaan iis an ass ains. s ai wi ann sa by an Ar fs, Gia y P(egp), cuc an nn nb inins inan bin aains Gaaan sa, ain egp as an

    s iiay niy Gaaas ia s an as s anin . ni cuc n egp a i ss sa, s aayi in 1978 1983 a ybi niss an nians, n aays b sis sa . T ays i wa s, is w a isaiain ian is a bas, sy a Rin.

    b i is isi s ass n i wn a-

    ins, as Fa (1980: 137) sai ni ny nay.Bt ater a series ilitary s, intensiyin tside ressre, and the rt ia s, sa as ban ini, in, n, ni,iiz, an aniz . . . [bin] a bn n nain s,ain (136). Gna Ean Rs Mn, a Pnsa as in a in 1982, s iiy jin s as bi an ninsny in is bs an bans aain, n-i an sn by Gna H Gaaj, Gaaas n Cas-

    wiz. nin Pssian saiss axi, Gaaj ai iisas a ninain wa, jinin i assa ni -niis ansis, ias a s, bi ains

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    aains, inasin inins aiiain, an inas js(Gaaj 1995; i 1998). Tis bks i s is n-insrent rjet aied at thwartin hes r strtral transratin, bt as s i insis a ss aains is j a iis nin,

    ain any iss i n.Te rjet war by ther eans was ilitary, litial, eni, and,

    ik wa Cai nizain a i, as siia. n1985 Maya-xi asans Dian sn a n Rs Mn sisa i a, saa Cais Psans, ansht all the Cathlis. Nt srrisinly, any ele qikly disvered Jessas i sna sai. H, saa is in Psan n-sin an inins an Gaaans a, by a 1980s a

    a Gaaa s Psan ny na-wis in Lainia, ann b aib ny xiny. Cni wiin an -ssin Cai C nas i sa s Psanissins, binin assi inws (sy U..) ai, aiay in iia aa s in a. as Pns-ais as ss a snan is aayi ssa wi in yay aiy in s yas, an i alera an jyssinss si sis n by sn, siny, ains, an

    sakin in ns, sn a in anai ssis an iais Caiis (Oi 2010: 10; s as as2001; Gaa-n 2010). T 1980s sin -a in cehs i as a iyin i ass ians, y aiy, sis a-ni Pnsa sis w n w as a niss ii is.

    as bn a a Pnsa Cisianiys asis n sii-a as ai ia bi s an nna

    n ain ss ai. T is a ny nsin -n in Oiia Casias ds Sats: Te Survivrs (1989) in i aMayan an, is ys ain ab in a, is a an a i ani-in, insiss a is n iia, a as n iis. H is Eanian. Cainy inss Pnsais s i -ia ssa a s ansain in this a an na. P-sanis sy as f i sis bn i sns ay a b in n n i aiis. Liis, a-

    in an aiin absinn, i as iba any aas aisan sin i. Layin asi ssi -nan a s s wiy aniiba ais s s s a

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    ns, n an iss anyn s, a n js naas (Ha-in 2001). n Oi as a Pnsas a n ay ian bi s. Ti ai nia iainain a n-sans as nsany n aa an s snsibiiy

    sa nains aan (2010: 10) i a a n-aiy n siia nsanins a, a a ifn n, a is , ain iin y an ans ninin a.

    Rs Mn as s in 1983, an aay assas a ay a aya, as a ansiina iiay nn s - Gaaa is aia sas by in ins. n 1984 a Cn-sin ssby a a nw nsiin, an in 1985 s iiiansin in ny yas as , b n a s as by ii-

    ay. Cass nin bwn sis an ias in nysi,an sans aiiss, sns, nin bs, an inas , b sin niains i urNg n -nns nay yi a a ay, sin in Db 1996. Ta sayear, the rz vernent sined a series resre-extratin nessinswi ansnaina anis a a ny 1 n yais an nsas, in, i as. Pa a Gaaa an in an in as.

    Din n an b a ss, s ba wn ann ban anizin as ss aisin in an js-i is s ny i. T Ma G Faiis Disaa (gAm) was s any anizains hallene state inity and the deadly silenes it ntained. Fred in 984iaiy by is, gAm biy an iiay nn i an i y w akn, ai w wan bak! Os -: Faiis Disaa Gaaa (AmdeguA), aina

    Cinain Wis Gaaa (coNAvIguA), s ainins n, an Eni Cni Rnj Jna (cer) isis ii as an iiaizain inins niis.Ts s, i a s in n isy isin , ai ba nin an aiaizin in, an i iia ss n a ni. Ty as a ay issins an js binin jsi was iis, inin n-si ania insiains ass as, a ins aains

    an is ias, an, as 2004, aina Raains Pa.T insisn n bin a an isaa as in n

    sw ss nw nsains ass, a, an s-

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    is n inqaiis in Gaaa. Lan n an ass a naain na isss in Gaaan a iis, ans fs a i cuc, is ban, aina nins an Casin Ci-na coNIc, an Paaa aia (aian Pa), a is-

    ia aian in sa aaian an. T as i-ally and sially destrtive ntaint-reval inin and hydreletrias a aaniz Gaaan niis an innaina siaiy,ain a nainwi n n in wi as a iin a s a is i sisan aan s xa-in. O is a biizain in aanin is n s, inins , wn, qs, an ais bi-nains s iniis, i in an isiyin Mayan -

    n niaby inss i a s ss. iiss ai is isy iia anizin b, in, an a in,, n a aaiis sia ns a n ny sisxinin b i: Ya n nsian iniais, sai n; ya a, y an sa ss. n n, a sin b sa-in i ai, W a n n ain wi s(Osby is ).

    i is iin is n ss a in an is as

    an b y ain as a sis ass an fs, n a bs aa an b ai s by naain ab as. Tnina n nw sins wi s in ifn sins is as, an Gaaans nin ina, iia, an inass n snsibiiis an is is ais, n sais i ssain. nsa i is ban a -ii n ninn sns as. Tis is an ins an a bas syin is is n aj sis s

    is nsqns. O bi isy ns qsins is aiss:Hw n-nn iia an ni ss an n-ay asiains, iniy ains, an iia js sa n an-? Wa an s an b iain iin is ynai, an aas a aaiab s f skin aiz s s?

    Wy s any aian fs by iin nn niaisi a nains s na? n nay, a n n sis in an snn s fs?

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    Coyunturas

    SurveINg the lANdScApe: hIStorIeS o the preSeNt

    Unsanin aa qis in iaia ain bn

    ann s an ninn nsqns a. b a:any fs in, niy isinain, -s s an as, ainain s ninsnyin, ai in anbks an a in sia ss (Gi 2004;Hins 1991). in n ins n s (ia,Vina, nina, Pasin), y w ann an ibay i-n ai aia asn i s w n aways . nn, Gaaa, an i is nibs E aa, iaaa, an Hn-

    as, s as a sain n, an ina sys, an a nnsain ninsny ain i a as sbsqny s as basis U.. an NAto a-ain in anisan, aq, an s (Ganin2006; Maass 2005; U.. y an U.. Main Cs 2007). ather aterefets vilene that ay eqally serve nterinsrent r ai-ais ss wi bin s asin. Ty n , -y, bs innins ay n iniy ssas na in ninsny. s an iis

    as a by ans, b as a ssiisi ninais i n a is yan, a aians an b is ann anas, a iia nais ssibiiy sasan ans s an n siy s in say. ns, n b isin nsiais an anin n-innis in ss a sisan is n i. T nx s-ins is inin sn bs as an iiay n (in anis, cyutura) aa a sns, nas,

    isibs, an nins nsiaia an ninn sis .

    Tis b is ii in sins, a nain a ifn n-ain s a js ai . W bin i ssays ax ais a a nab by aia ans wa answa. M a ss was assin is qs-in ia inn js nin ab a is anin iniy njy by i as. harrw ans n

    H an s is, an an iia a a 1990s as s iis in ay 1980s by bain inss i sfin an in isia y ni. aj

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    nainwi iniiais, Cai Cs nisan Pj R- Hisia My (remhI 1998), an uNs ceh (1999), n-a as n ss testimis an i aia an saisia n-

    ab a. n i a, nia ss sinia ina ia as an is nain, in ass,aains ans, an aai sa; as s sin naa; an nay as sns sia jsi aiis. Y sis ain sns, bain inss in Gaaa ainsin.

    n a is is bas a n sinis as ani in b a an isy iain: sias n-

    b iiian ai as a isn 150,000 (in i-1990s) 200,000 (ain ceh) 250,000 (as as i aa-tin have been ileented), deandin that ever re testinis be l-

    fig iNtro 3 a mmr ft Fundtn fr Frnsantrpg n Gutmss ceh cmmssnrot lux d ct t r

    vd t t rmnsf t ndgnus tvstMm Mqun n mssgrv n Pns, 1997.PhoTo by caRloTa McalliSTeR.

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    . Liis n s aina Pi isa s s75 iin y an ayin ns snin is in-na ins sin ninn ny is by ain in2005, i n as n s y , i a bn isy

    s n nysi (Dy 2007; W in). abs y a as in bas sisan s assi ans in sns as a a na anin.

    siyin an ak any s, s xainaiy i ssin wi ay as. B i as an iniainsa si y i in in s sin. s byins in C i a nin sa a j nnnaiina s, Caa Mis as sis n a y n-

    nin i niys isy inna isan, a sbj an ns. H ssin a y ink is as in ietitin ade the visibly nervs. Learnin later that this r had led theniy, sis iy, in is i isan, a sns i sa sn ss as iis. T ass-in a as is siy aaiin naain an an a aiay n-a isis a siy n inaib, as Mis sws in is

    . n i ssay, ania Bass an Mana Cas xain

    ba isy a sisin nn sn a in 2001 a MayanLana ay (Almg). Giin a snain, s q iniwss n i sa ays ns in ay 1990s, sayiny w inais b i i aia js in is -a is an biina ain. as an aba by siiy any in yn nain w aaany ni any inks wi L. ains a in-an iia iisins as as qiaina as isa, b y a as sys ssniaizin

    iniis a ansiniy n k saiay xib. n y s naaiz a iiizain a is ninsn wa by ans (s as Ha 2004, 2005; Mnj 2005).

    T is in s ain ns an as in-niy sn. Din wk in C, Mis i wi aaiy s sn, Din, as ina by sis a a ,i is aiy an nibs iin in nains in 1982. Min,as is aiy as i, was an yn kin wa wi

    i s insi a asi in, b y ai ni aia an ay a in i i anin. Wi i s i, in i sa, n a sssy. s; n s

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    head was slit en by a ahete. Min was handfed and led f, res-

    aby an inain, b aiy as n an anyin ab a an. Tis n as sa s i is,iin is ans, s an Mana, jin gAm in 1985, akin an is s a bs. s bi a gAm ihi with a sense strenth and rse: I eel well-lanted nw. I an swayb i ins.

    T yas s, , a as s ay. On ay a gAm a s a qsinnai, a by Psyy

    Dan a an Cas Unisiy, assss Cs n a naa j. in , i any a Maya, ann a, Mis - as in i sys any qsins ab a anis inin nsqns, n sny ba iia. Tas y in, sai, bas a a ain, a ain y sn. W ns

    w wn, w is ai a? Tas wy in anis, n y sn, b n i a . any. bnin n yas n, sin i an is, an si nin

    ans. My sn as n ba. T sys ainaizain ain ab bin a a y ss n- s.

    s s-ni ss in an iy yas sin ii-

    fig iNtro 4 efrn Rs Mntt durng n f t rngs r s usd f gnd ndrms gnst umnt. PhoTo by DaNiel heRNNDez-SalazaR, 2012, www.DaNielheRNaNDezSalazaR.bloGSPoT.coM. USeD wiTh kiND PeRMiSSioN.

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    na s, ias s s snsib Gaaas s ibis a nay bakin wn wa iniy. n 2012 sin Gna Rs Mn as b ia ni heri ersistene ailies the dead, rensi anthrlists, arhivists,

    an is aiiss, ays, an js nan by sans bsas wn aains (inin s yin sini ins zis b y b ini). Ts ias a

    b a si nw Gaaans skin an n aa. B ns sans ss iy a b si yiy as ain a a, si sabnan i-n niin , b qsin as inii-aizin snsibiiisan ay nsin ssa a-

    qa as in jsi. Mainainin iia i s aiinas, , is a abakiny i an ans na,siay n a nn in i any ias a iy iiain ai is an s i insis b nii (Twas n enide). t ties, the deands testini and the stwar ra-nizin a as a n is sin s as sis y nis .

    Te aers athered in art I seek t sh beynd the testinial ent

    in anin Gaaas in as an is ain sn.G Ganins a sias ninsny ss, inin ivil deense atrls, in the lne dre ve hndred years relatins be-n sa an inins niis an inay abis a ia . Dsibin iissis Cinain Maya Peles Oranizatins Gateala (copmAguA), whih brht a n Mayan s na sas in nn-ia a as, ass an Cas iina

    as inins anizin an x ainaiis bwnss a as sin ass inss ss s a as aaninni is. Mis s snss cuc bs aniaian an a y i sy in inss -in in as. Dyin ns s a ains , y s a a a ansin sinians, n asain i n inay as, asin sas an ii abain i s ba iia isis.

    as ainsi bn nia in anjs isin Gaaas a as sa n ny nains sn aas b as is iia ssibiiis .

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    Ty ss a inin ansiin ay i inain niba iis is n in a inina, an -in n n a as bn in by a , sb, annisn in a as i issib siy ay a s.

    T nin ib inain as an in s-a a a as aani an in bn qin by sin-in a in Gaaa is a iai ss in a inia s by, in, an s. T s sa -ay a s by ais, ins, an ss ai in an aiby nin anis an in nns nn i nanan iiznsi. n ny y ba i sban an ia a siny bas n aiiain, qaiy, an i n-

    si sa, y a as bn iy nan by nis aiaiz ninsn ab isiin a sysiay si ii-znsi is (aana ia, Gi, an aas 2004). i inaaby, as Ma ins s, in aiais ay i iizn is sb by orcivoluntary wks s iab. W s aina is iia ans i in n iin. nain anin a as a ss s, Ma as n ain ninsn ssa a is an na, b a, ik mo-

    ties de idis, sin is ss s in iain insan is. n is ins sii, n n nsiin b as aa, binnin i in an in iiany a is b a as an a sin a.

    mArket reedomS ANd mArket orceS:the New BIopolItIcAl ecoNom

    n 1955, in s ninsny an, Gaaan

    nn a wi W Ha Oanizain aia a-laria. Te land rer the desed resident rbenz was relaed by lare-sa sa insn in an n inas, a san-a ain s nizain y an is y isi i. n is sii, aina i Maaia Eaiain(SNem) aniz bias a s aaia, sy sqis,ainis qinin, an aniz ns ssiis s.P n b inib sii SNem as, i mstica,

    anizain, isiin, an sns issin. n i s. y i-1970s aaia ass a iisy. y a 1980s, , in-reased resistane in bth the sqit and the lasdi, bined with

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    ddt ban, an iniy, an a iin, as ass is aain. y ay b as i as . n n ay ns; bias an n ns sy isban n a i-ins an in nnaina Mnay Fn (Im) s

    n iiian nn in 1986.Cn Im an W Bank nin is ia n is a

    ifn s 1950s, n yn i in iina s aaia (i ainin ays Cii in nains insin an a as). On as nibais sa ajsn, s is -sib a n-siz-s-a s iis a nns abeenforcivoluntariamente ade t ileent i they want rein aid, invest-

    n, b i, baan ayns s. ibais as y i in Mak an F a an ans a -nns iaiz sa niss, n si as in ai-a an s, an iina any iis ( as) a i bb ai sbsiis, nins, a bi a iniiais. Ensrhed-earth nterinsreny iht t this bill, as the axi exres-sin a ai Kin (2007) as s in, ain as n (n)s.

    Caiais as aays nn ais iain an(n)n (Hay 2005). ibais sns a -si in an nin ss ifniain an a a-tins aitalis, nne whih is itsel lly lete (Brenner et al. 200).n Gaaa, as Ganin as an Lis an, Eizab Osby, anaiia Vsqz iaj s in a , n- ay n-ss bn in nia i an asiay innsi by fny as n bn 1954 an 1975, n ain

    an ns in isy na ins ny nays f ssibiiy anin sbsisn in as a sbsi, a as sinian sbsiy , nin in a ab. T a-in a s ini i n n a an naina a-iins iain niiy sbina ias ba ny. T sas s b a an is aa an sqay iin ynais aiais as a ba sys (DHa2010; Way 2012). sa i, niba s sbjiizain a

    a snsibiiy ain wi s aiis wiin s an s s i a is n in an a iniias a i asay ain ssain i.

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    Gatealans tell a harsh jke abt hw neliberalis rstrates efrts atssainin ns an ns niy si is ias:

    yn an sns is as ny n bs a. On i, as n

    bin bbin yn. Rain yn an n i an bi sn a a n. T i s is wa an sws i by. Y n a any ny? ass bb. Wy n?! W, si isy a aina Unisiy, sai an. Man!(!) ais i, in f is as an siin. Q -in?! (Wi aain ass?!).

    T ii a ia an Cas Unisiynn as i naina nsinan ina i in na i Da

    inin! (Kba 1999). ays fs isaia aai-is iia a in by ajsns iin ai-na a a n i bs aains a n bs i any a bn . Wa ins ain a iin in sns a n aina as a an ia s ya sysaiay s wn, as , isins inaia-n an? Wa is isy i y an a i?

    F s sis, is in ssibiiis is a ain

    an. On U.. Ebassy ia ns sn ab a ssan a ans: Gaaa is bi sss sy! n swa i as a nb nw ns an sasa an a i in Gaaa. a ajsns in Gaaa,as sw, a bn siny is, wi nns n-in ss sisan a ifn ns. F a, in a 2004 Gaaan Cnss a a ssi ni s a a Uni as an ai, s nw Im san-by

    an, an x Gaaa Cna ia F areeent. U.S. rade Reresentative Rbert Zellik (later resident theW an) a sna as a nb iiians sin a asdesribed as nt very dilati lanae (Rdrez 2004: 3). Te vern-ent aved. While Gateala is the larest maquila dr rder in Centralia, iin is a an is, ni iaaa an Hn-as, nns ay ii i inass. T s ins-iay Cna ian ny an is n a aia

    basis, Gaaa as as s a as ai in Lain ia. F U.. Ebassy ia, as Gaaa is a sss sy ai ansiina fs in ia an as a nna-

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    ins nin si a ais an uN issins, b as i is as is sss inain niba y, i is a-anyin insn (an ain) niis.

    isiny, ain Fiacial imes, Gaaan b is -

    a as a aiy sa b. as i as s aia asin is ii a, 1960 1996, is b a is an s inLain ia (i 2003). n 2007 W an, a as in-anin aaian isss, i a ai b is n san n in Gaaa an nxy ania win wai as an inay a n (W Bank 2007: 4). nis 2007 anna , an as sss s Gaaans inin bi an asbis as a nis si

    bas in aaian in, i is anan y an inqaiis, annnss ssain saa w (Fis an Bnsn 2006: 238).aisis sin a n a inasin isiain a y-n a a as a as si a ab aay a- bny sbsisn a i-a s aaian in(W an 2007: 1). Wn U.. sin G W. s isiGateala in 2007, he ehasized ree trade as develent by helin lads i ansi bs n s nis i aisin

    s ni nns an i ansi wi Waa (DHa2010: 1).

    Y is w ks ss saa wn nbs, say nniny f-b, a a an. n y, siin san ninn ins aas insn a s n-y. in U.. nnsbsiiz ansni n n ayin wa wi Gaaan asan as x anais i sana iin. in a s, aiy as bn

    as an i is, aa ayin a as aay aais sia n, iaizain inas, an inas -s i ss. a any Mayan nsi ss n, as xss in iin sis Pop Wuj (na Mayan ib), ain ain an a iy an isin an wk. nqaiis in an isibin a sayinas sin 1979, n y aay an is n n-inn. Cny as 2.5 n as y nay -is

    aia an, i 90 n as sa ny n-si aaban (uSAId 2010).

    T ssays in a insisny n aaian as in n-

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    ain iins an ains i an bas ai n-ins ssain ajiy Gaaans an ss as nain Gaaan ny as a . T ssays nin ss sqz ss asans, any inins, in

    n sk sa s bay xiai ains wi asn-in naiy. T a ai nay nnins an ni-sy si Gaaan i, naina ni an aaian iy,ansnaina aia, an s ain, an ss i-a nn zn Fanja anssa (n anssai tN) is a na si nsanin nnins bwn

    wa an a aiay aais aain by isssssin.Osby sibs w sa is a a iia i wn

    as a isin by insiin nw yainais an -nais ab nan is n i anains n Casin a n- say n any n an i zs in biizain a isi 1980 cuc si. Vsqz i-aj ss s a is in by in ny s a Caj in ass an an n si n i. sws i x ains wi ais sia ns, a-ban siaiis, an sa as as y wk a an xa-

    leal eans and within and aainst deely raist strtrest ahieve alss ini a ny a.

    Biin n Ganins isy, Osby xs n ansainsin inna ab iain in s ss an saisis, an an ansnaina iain ss sa is. Gaaasindies ineqality rise year ater year; rrently it ranks 6 t 69 n-is n Han Dn nx (asin i xany, -ain, an sana iin), nsiaby bw w i w b n

    a ankin aia in (uNdp 2010). On n, a y a bi milpa (n) ain , ai in a nibs s ,s s ina aqiaa yn y ni a f, in an inasiny sa an asin iin inaqa fins ab a s i aia niy anizain in i ay iain Uni as. s Vsqz iaj ss, as sy f-b is widesread destrtin ased by reent hrrianes and the aine and ass

    nyn nas by 20013 f isis. ba -in sn is is y iy n 1950s s, anainns bans in s sin y n a ba s

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    asin. ns sans abs nsin saain in , n yas ba ay an i ny s sy saanin i aan a ny bas inns ss a anizains i coNIc an Paaa aia. T Cna

    ian F a n, i ass by ny n in U..Cnss, n in f in Gaaa in Jn 2006. Tis as Gaaan ak wi sbsiiz (an n niay i) U..rn, serisly nderinin lal sbsistene ariltre (DeHart 200), jstas a ba nania isis ban n, i U.. a ny a-in, an isin ny an is saiy ninin inn-n ( 2008). s bn ainin n n.

    En in aas w wks n ss n f ny, s-

    wa iia nis ss aiis an niis n sas a inasiny in f-b ay ina nis, sas iain. nsn a s sais in Gaaan iisa sin Osa (a nq is) sai ain i-is nnssay in is nn, as ss n ain ny ana ab in Uni as. Ria Faa (2008), in is sy iain in Zaaa, E Qi (si n ni ass in ceh), iay s Pp Wuj a a Maya a aays bn

    n the ve. Bt he als allates that 20 erent the twns latin isn in Uni as, i is ainy isiay niq. T assiansains in insi ains, a iis, nania iis, an naina ny asin by inasin iain ann b sa(Cas 2008; Fxn 2008). Wi is n a ia sy ansnaina iain, is b is, i Gaaa an Uni as,a i iains fs; as y ssay asss i, an f a na i is ias n s-ni Gaaa.

    Miain is a a a ayin ny in sns aians si-sa nis as n n as asan as ny anss a n s bankin syss, a-n nwks an aks an ina xans anykins. Wi ians aiis an sas w b i in b, s iss an ans nn by ians an i aiis a a-ay a nain in ba. Grayias s aiia fs,as n y anans ais in bin, y ainain

    niy anizin, an ay f bs ys (an as) anyn is wi in, sss, an ans.

    Wisa insn in ns ans ns an (aways)

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    isaa yay i, b i absn inany as aisss (Wby 2006).

    T aia fs iain a isib in sai iss, Suvs, ansanin n isy n biins ai aiina ab ss,b as in ba- s an a a a yn n. Lss isiba i an b ains ain anin an aiy nis nay. s a bas in a ss a siinab nas as nyns, i s n ans alatin by disssessin, as when ivil atrllers arlay their ilitarystats int irved lass sitins. raditinal ineqalities are distrted and

    by a an is aa. P an an ss as -aa sn as, an y ay b a, ab bin bi ss, ay ins ain, n (as n -s n b) n as an sna ban -is i cash! O y ay s yin i ian is abb in ansi,ns ny asina yn, s ss ba asis i in Uni as, s . n ws ass iansn a i: a ba ns f as Mi i a zn yn

    n n ia, izna s swaws w. Win naniaizain, insin aains is insiy is n a - ainn. s si a n ban in Jyabaj, E Qi ss ans a-

    fig iNtro 5 Grvs n t mtr f Tds Snts cuumtn dsp t ffts f t nfux frmttns. PhoTo by JaMeS RoDRiGUez / MiMUNDo.oRG. USeD wiTh kiND PeRMiSSioN.

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    in a sin an as New INSurANce aiain. GaaaY Lan in Y Hans. 350 a ya ($45) i ss binina ians by .

    O ss a n as n ains an a b insib

    an an by iain. Yn, ny ai, an n nann a qny yas i i in-as i i n s-ban s as. Unsisiny, any s a anin-si, sin in ansnaina sanas. ians ans ay i -ians in a bas y s i sns i an i, ain nn n siain sxaiy. ay as i ana, wi wi in. Tis ay w , as s anan 7.5 Gaaan qzas a a. Y i as nais ain sa

    iss a n a: sin i in an nin i a ainain a sns ni iniain away aiy, ia, i a, an nia anas, as as s a an assa n a. (Tis is s isa a a a sn as a n nsa isi nain b y , ns ai y a a as y n nan.)

    T ayin ny as a a is s as . Enas U.. nania in iy nas ay a s

    sy an an, is iniin a is Lain ia sy away a in nss. Tis aiss is an inassinnis a is ain b aj as an y, w a w niis yn. T way na-ny, nans, an an anizain a i i-is, nis, banin syss, an yay sia s a iany i Gaaa is b a na nnaa Cayn -s (2007) as asa baizain iiian a sa

    aia a (i i is as inMi). n Gaaas in i a nsis a in -ii aana is aiiain in is ainaiy ab s- ba ny. T jns an nains a i ia ns, an sbsqny iiaiz n-insny, a as nnia aisis an aijana an y ana-ins. T Arc-izain Gaaan iiayis ansain,in any is ains, an insiin i a naina issin n

    in bsinss isis inain as-n ajis i-in naina siy i ain an ay bs in in inss ias in i n. is in na-

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    in in ssainin sa ny a as ns s Ga-aans a as w-ass sanas. Ls Zas, anis saain in in Mi, as i Gaa-an ia Fs bs (kaibiles) ay is s aains

    ass bains an nib assas. Ts sa as qny ians ay s ass b an/ a ny i aiis, n ain bis s s ( iiniy ) sn ass s.

    T ans wai iniy a wn s nw ws awssnss nas by ak, in wi ss b y isn-b anabiiy an aia abiiy, an i iba ss. n 2008 sn isi Liinsn, Caibban s as-

    sib ny by a an n -Caibban Gana , s a avieta sy. n aina is a sa an; sayas a n ain sy na n. On sy saia b aina s n i aay a ba by a isibas Rasaai inns a nsan i as isn. n an as an yin an. W knws? s sai. Ci-siy, aai, i? W knws? B wn an k sf. n aiins , aani by bbis, s ,

    an nasy aas Oin, Jaaa, Zaaa (y n a). P ban i, s ss, s in,sis ain an ss. as is is a ansin, Liin-sn a s s i a ai-ba is a ni sn ins as in n by ayn s y was na in y, bass f an by ia, aisin as aanis.

    T ina ny b aiay a the ecmy

    itsel, sine it ants r se three-qarters all eni ativity (Way2012: 7). T sa s as an ys a b aainsand thrh state and ilitary netwrks, via abve- and nderrnd en-is. W is n n in is ay zn? n aas i Fanjaanssa, nin s an s w ain wa,an wi iiay, inais, aiina an nw is,an ansnaina nan an naaia, a a na in ss n iy, ss, , an . F any, iain

    Uni as is an sa a, a sin, a saain. i is an inii-ais n a as sys aiis, niis, an i js, asVsqz iaj iny ss. biiia nis a by

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    ans s y in a annin an saizin a iain as nssay bin an in bin. Unsanin Gaaans a n i inany ii ssibiiis is nnss annis y s by n ii. s Osby ins

    s, nnaina iain is an js an ni in. . . . s sia j a s-a nain, n a aaby ans as inniy as jinin a inay n s a qi ians (2003: 670). T nx sin xs w sia js n nains Gaaans a sa iin an aains s iis,as ans ns na in ns in ss an Gaaas a sa ansany is ay a i sin s.

    Mean n En: Neleal tanpaenc an i sa

    Wi n a ni, a Mayan aiis an sn, Wa si a a, b n i is a a aains in an y n n aains. ains inqny? s y ifn. Wis ny? Tis iis -ss snin a in Gaaay an n n anyin, e Guatemala ya se puede (Osby 2003:670). Unsanin is sain qis nin isis an y in a ss an is aa.

    n 1987 sn as f a jb in Mi Ciy i Gaaans. Wn s ai jb a an a iansi sy -n i Mian inins . abin nsi ii nin an i iia ns s nay aiz(bin a bi s n a) a i as a snin ny s- s, saby ias.

    s ais n, ansnaina nin an aians a as i-is; aninis nns i Uni as, sa, aian, an

    nina s Gaaan iiay sa, i siais sas iCba an UR n ias. n a ss ab aslidarity rs and internatinal develent, reliis, and hanitarianNgos ansa n sin ansiniy. an w aa fs s ai ains n a n an iia , ina bas y ain a in sy, as Miss a sss.On ay inin ab s nnins, , is as abins swa nna innaina ain an nn

    nnnna anizain (oNg in anis) nin, wi a b- a ia aan in as aa. T ong-izaci ass, i is aanyin ainin, bbyin, iiizin, an si

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    an siaiy, as w as is anaisi in, as binanyans any niins ssibiiy in Gaaa. Pis inany s, bassis an anizains assi Ngos iOxa and Dtrs Witht Brders, t vln-trists, srin break issin

    is, an an is xs wkin (an iin ns baay) ceh uN akin, wi s ai in - as w ik Uni as, Wsn E, anJaan.

    n a 1980s an ay 1990s, wi Gaaan sa bankin y niab ay, is s as a bn, nin sainsis an an is, Mayan, an wns anizains. Wi 1996 a ay sa ba a , nizin s, in n

    as, an yin ns sans . iiss w n-in i i ins anizin an n n anini ynais, ainin, an ain, jin s a say n an inin s wiin. Pnniay i-is, y n, a n as, a ass ss i iai-nais an in ai. By a 2000s $2 biin a bnsn n a.

    T ny as s innins in s ass naina

    i, inin a an ain , saniain inas, i-n ni ains, isn an i , naizain,say a, an is, sini in, inins a -iaizain, ns is, ninna aiis, niia nnaaiain, is, na a, ains, iia ais, an a-an ni n. is i i a aia abnan:js an in y -in s, an y sa a Mayanns anizain n a sin f anain in an ani

    ai a ai. Pisq b asa aas saw s s as ni as wi is los derechos humanos (anis) ban as. T inas s in is ns (an, as a by, a s asiains) as s b-in, a as as, s i a an ab tv nn ain aas. On s a s ai a in ss, talleres, a ain in yin, Cnsi-in, aiina a, siiaiy, ns is, sa s,pder lcal (a

    ), ain siny, an, s, nin pryects.Pys a in n sa ai iis, as s

    a an inais. Wn a n, urNg as -

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    ina in Gaaan siy as w saa niis: a iiaay, wi k na ia , an Fna-in Gi i (gt), an Ngo (ain isissi -ay no[ur]Ng, ssin inais a s i inis). n-

    bin a nnnna any iis nnin any ain sa an ss i a n iia ansain sn bn n sizin sa. a gt, egp -an Eniq Ca, Mis ansiin a bn s. Hisain as a Jsi a a i is ains a a saain. Ts sis y s abain sais a - iiay-iia anizain i egp an, as ss bisy, inis Ngo , i anain a iis

    nsany ayin ns. i sin nin is a by ans,is i inay s ninsny?

    n ay aia ny as sa iis s, a s-isiny, sn aanyin asis n ansany an a-nabiiy, an ii ai ny s in (, inn-ny, mal manejo de ondos, ba ny anan). Tis asisans a auditoria, ai (an 2000), as b a swa fs a ansin Gaaa. an Banss

    Mai Gnzz (2002) a a a is i is, a na as-et hanness: se abi el tie. Mre sbtly, s have la cooperacinand ryet ltre. Te aid bnanza has led t new sbjetivities as ele,b ay an nainay, as in P Pys, a sna aestiad, anin a, nanas, an bkkin qins nssay bin js anny i as. sns xin in Mxi sss a in 1980s ans anabiiy baby aani i a n-

    in wink as ny a sy i aay a n an n Cniis Pain in Rsisan. Pa anizains igAm si iay sis nin injsis, b naays i is nsiaby iy a i bs i b siin in a s anin j s an mitre (ai), in in s jsiy as an snin a an annin a nsain bbyin Cnss.

    Fa s ni n n, n n- aniz sai, in nanny ay ai ss n a ans an ni

    a, ay, jsi, an qaiyin ns in ss. Tis is a iin in ai. in nn n jbsn sin ans i n iinans sia anizain an b-

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    aan, ass is iia as ay. n n yorm wk an iay isiin s iiis. F xa, i ai qis persalidad jurdica, a i-nsin ss aays n ba sa sian an ay iis wa n an say an

    . Tn a nsains is by qi sa a,bi in a marclic ( n-a siy aa -

    iw), n b n is ain ssin ns a a wins iiis. Wi jbs in i bi ia s, in-as, inin any Gaaans i ass s PDs ana a s sw an a i bak, an n yn nyi Ngos. T, insa ain n i ainin, y s n sa bis an n si: a ins a in-

    s in is ya. as s an iansis b y ns, i as qny isaas in ais a an -iizin Gaaas a inai ain. Liis aiiss nsnin Ngo aiy sn wks isy wkin n n---sa-ya s, n a aiy ns i ifn iia, a anin iis.

    n nanny y ansany is a i sn nssaiyaiy. in anizains n anabiiy an in as a

    an nss s baanin bks an qn ais bniais n is bs a wn a n ns sn a ain an ny in a s an i. On a aiin as y a sn n a ain an i a b n saya. W sin a in any n i ny, sai n in. y nssaiy a innins an y

    wn, as wn a j ai a win wn aw ypAc as i a n in an a s i iis is

    as a n nin, n a a sqa b aayNgo ins in s in in a ai swa a, as MaiGnzz-zs an Dba Lnsn .

    Likwis i s i insa wi ass ss n sa as ins, aiy, w wa sfs, bs sa wa an isk sin s is anains. Disaniny, iss y ny an n-a sia anizin a insa i anizains aa, an wi

    niis, n- insis, an n aiis. W n an aniiz. Maks a bn as ian niy i sinb Cnqs, an inins Gaaans a iina nny

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    aiaiss (a 1963; as Gin 2009), b i y a-iias in nis-n sss nsin s sas naiin a san aa as ns. F anizin , nian n siaiy an nin nsisnss nsa an ab-

    sn nin, an ny iia ab is aiay -sabiizin. Han is s a isb is an b ai i ass as nainin i n ais anas a a a ss b i n ans. aniis, qss in ab, aiiss sn ss n, an as i a ia a- a-ins a nians s .

    F any i as i a aanin n ss ns

    in s ninn nsqns i qi nin i an,b anny aiiss a ii any s ans in i-1990s inis annysy a a ain a by PaaWby in n (an jiny a a Qi a Cia, ayinn na uNs Qik a Pjs a w bin i-n a i). T ssays in is s safs ai , x-pAc in swa n inM. Gnzz, ay ny iis niis in Vsqz iaj an

    Wby, ii nsanins nizain in Ganin, an,an J Ran Gnzz Pnian.

    T aas as i by as in a bn s aiy n,n as as a as ay an jsisys a n. sa i, sa-n aains -a iis in ban a as ays (ab $3,200) a a, b aiis an i ny w ayns, ass wany bs y s. Pas n an an is naiza-

    in b yay i an isnia ss. an an nisi i a a ninin jsi syss

    in aiin injy an n s in a b naband w r the assive inrease in ryets, disilines antability,an ii an iii nis s an as y ia saGaaa. T as in is sin x w niba is Ngo-izain, swa nais, an aiin isaia anaia sis sin an sa a ainaiis in

    say s. Cin b maras, y ans, nibs n inyn bs i bs n in ibas, an as ans a as aiinas. ybis ay as s aiains.

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    fig iNtro 6 an nnmus utrd pmpt rtqung dvpmnt ngos tt rutd n tixn n t rs ftr rfug rturn frm Mx.

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    Pa Kba iinas nin an ai as in s-war attets t brin the rle law t the Gatealan hihlands, desribin ainains n a i Cnan i ains n an aiiain in pAc,

    cuc, sas a sys, an ia n. n s in ynn iis jiia as an in a annb ns as nn a sin n, as as ay ayay insib inins as sn-ass iizns. Lnsns a- as siin fs sa ninsny an nibaisn y ans ay nn as aas. as a in i-1980s s s f i bs an anai an n wa i an i bi aiis, an i ain iia ssibiiis,

    n a in-ass nsisnss. nass is i sn, ini y a b na as in s-1996 ban s y in, i, an s, iin ss niy an anin anaiain in a a an iy ainaiz nn ab syain ansnaina naakin. n n, i a, -yas a si a n ai is snin Gaaasais. Jnni B sias saaiz ynin s a Jaans is an a Gaaan i in Mayan n s

    ans in n bas ab nsan s ns. Tss sa an sans ss ajia snsi-biiy is i, a nsay bi by wns inn as ais an, s asiy as in in sa ais aas in innins sa an sas as ininnins . Mai Gnzz-zs ss a anans pAc as nsia in a ia i ains ninsny sa, an i n niy -

    siss. T ains n, , an ni w, y afns n, n ai in in -niy, ns aiina sia, an yn s y iainais.

    2005, n uN as a Missin ais, anstill re ater the lbal reessin 2008, the ney eysers bean t st- . s a Gaaan aiis sai in 2006, s n an ny any-. js an Ti W ny. ansain si ss in si js, ii an is, a

    aay any Gaaans isisin wi nys ai. T a-any ain ws innaina nania s w binnin i a aan: b a iin ad a isn. sIrpress

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    Centroamericana i: s ai aisi s i sn iainterests? Des it strenthen r atrhy a ntry? Is it a ediine r a dr?(Gaa 2004). B ais w fs, as w a in nx sin,s n b ns ny as a n- -iiizain b a as

    a in Gaaan is iin ba baanin s sin n a.

    whIther the uture poStwAr ASpIrAtIoNSANd IdeNtIIcAtIoNS

    Wn sn s is ab, a aays sins aa, anw w b na ink in wi b n by nninsia (INcIte! 2007). b assin a y

    inay an a sbjs s ai a naas, ib ssainin isy siaiy a yas, -sna nas an s bi as, an a a ns -ss a n a by sis by ninn nsqns. Pass ian is a a in a (an a by ans) an aa ss ass aains an n a yn assb i n ss an aians, n js n iinb as a ans i in as aa.

    byn anin wa was s in wa, ssays in a Vna i ssy ain yay ss a iis fis-ni.

    sns a ss Onii, a Mian a a is-ib i sas, in sas isib by iis sa an Ngo sss. ins inins n ani asiains, wi w isy aia bi sian inay ain, nnia aiiis a as, a bi inn-

    sy, a ini sas nain n in-iis an -ain. Gnzz Pnian ains isiayan iny nn nsains n sia biiy wiin Gaaaay an i s sns in aia iy. H ss ysia ss iin, an siansy ans, a-is aia ifn, ass saiain, an insna in by wa. Ty s bi ay n-qi-n-wishum a an s i ii by sianis

    r belw ade ssible by labr irants and retrnees like thse Wrbyissss in a. Wby ikwis nas wi ssibiiis aniis sa an anssa js as s ais s nai-

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    ins iin sian ay b by nin s n an tN. T iis snin i ay aiba assn s aas as i by in nns n-inin aiis ais niy ains, iisins in i ani-

    zains, assin ssi n ss, an ii ins sia.

    T niba Ri an sinay L sa a ain n- sa. F Ri, sa is nin b a bas bsa; L, wkin wi w qi y is in-sns ss ik sbin a a isin, asas siy ans is in a sinian as. Gin niins a bn inin, i is i n a Gaaans n

    xss siia snins. Cnss, isain wi sas -a ais i is an snsib nan y bias is as, an basi siy sis, ay sib it Mllister as a thie, a atery ersn they nsider akin t an anial,inaab asn. Liis an ban aiis, sibin a Minisy E-atin rra that atally wrked bt was anelled ater aliatins rser sinle t trile diits ater ne year, saw it as rie evidene the he-ssy as na sa w: Ey i y a any kin

    sia abi y a i aa. Din 2011 sinia n-f -ins bn Gna O Pz Mina ( na inn, nn 1980s ni) an a n, Man aizn (iy ss ins ain), in in sin bn -in AIdS an an. T ains Gaaans ab i y i-sib iia ssibiiis in ansnaina nai nibais ain nnnna sas wi s-ain nas (Fsn 2006; Ga 1998; Mi 2010; sin 2004;

    abb 2001).B is Gaaan sa ny a iina ai? W n is

    inin by ain ian s-ni sa -isy insa as i as as b a si iisan y aysi f an siy na. n as a akaaiy, aai sa niain an s isibin a sf-as s asiainsi as iis is n abiiy is siny anai ains s.

    On nin in Jy 2008, bnin na bany as in J, a ssi Maya-Ki an n s as ans- a na jnais in aya aain in Zaaa

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    in an nsiasi s Gaaan Rbian Fn (rg)ania (w wn). was s ias. Ti assin, i in,i . B knw wa was anin, was yin an. T js i. H bi as, nw niia biin, b as

    bease hes Maya. He nderstands. When the ladins in twn t sared andai an i ania, ias a a in . na s n. b as, b n s. a sn s-a yas in i an in ins sin n a ay annaniay s urNg ania, b n s as sin as rg ays nai ais.

    is a any bss nsan aiy iiaais ws as a nas iia in is aains aniy,

    ik rg an Pz Minas Paii Pay (pp). T ninin a-a ma dura (in s) iis, n an s b bn ninsny, is an nin n in si as anyn nan rgs pps ss. Many , i-win bsi-nssn an ban ssis in aais an jnaiss, aa is s as in bakwanss a (an, by x-nsin, inins) Gaaans, rgs bas. Ty a, naain, naas . T a a pps a iaiy

    Gaaa Ciy s sa ba an a i. B in a sais biiz a wi an ais an sybis a ay, as ikCan (2007) as, a n a ains inay iai-nain. ais a ai i iss an asy -is iss i snan iss an siy, aniinaains, n js, an i as ayns iias. T ay in Gaaa (as s in Lain ia) as asisiay bn a i ass an a aann, an b ais

    aa sny ani-i an ani-cache (i) snins.Lik any a sn a nnxisn niy, Gaaas

    iia ais a n i si (i Psan ss) by, xy ybi (ik Cai C, wi nains bi-win Os Di an ibain y, iss an nns w jin ias an y s nssin a ay).T iiay ais, w, a sn a is aiaian ai nsa nsisny as n yas, i ais in

    naina ins ny isina n n a a a isnn. W awa i saninay as, any n sn ais by nas an si ins in i n

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    ys. s, n in sis ni i Zaaa, a sanin,sin i as a aai in an fi inis is-ibin n. T Zaaa ay says as y i urNg,an a innin i rg si in n iais uNe Pay

    in 2011 (n n aain). iiay Mis, ain an any C-ns annn H, n rg! an iainin ibsk a i Nunca Mssy isia y ( aain!),was asn wn wn n xain a is was bas a i-s rg ay a is ai biin ss a a n ai.s sa bs a ia ai, iia ais an js (jsi sia ns) a bn s as insn niis an

    gestionadores de ondos (as wi oNg-izain urNg). T sa

    jnais w a s Zaaa ay was a aaby a ifn ay an f a a n i ania is Cn-ss. js a ay 10,000 s nssan in-sn, y ass , s a ba any- n in . in. Li a aiis s-ni Gaaa a a ain, n sa ninin ais an ays in(inin in) as as iiis an n-sanin n-s ana. n as, in Gaaa an s, ny s

    i n in in -an-b s sasa ain aniis x sin iaisi, ansan, ansi-ina nn by b.

    T sains an iss aais iss as niin iia ay insi Gaaans iain ways an i,inin sis niis. T a b 2003 -ins, Mis sn a asan anin Rs Mns aniay the resideny with a thhtl and rressive-inded taxi driver. Hw is

    a is in s? s as, iay. Y q s a-an a n nn n, s ( in ny by iin a bn ), i, as ss iay. Dsibin is nsain a in is a ia, Mis as sis n s s- is an: Ys, n a s s inins an b i yn as bn in ay aa i a ab 300,000 . n y na na. [Eas ab an bin aain.] H s in n a, an ay -

    1963 nain.Y ssis, ias, an nwn Mayan aiiss

    sis n ss in nis in si

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    an sa s a is sa. sasn aniz sai, in iss,Di sn y yin sy is njs sys, ny i-a a in i? B s a as sis a-is n- as s as sa ais, aains, inas

    Mayan snain, binin as ni , n ansnaina jsi js i uN-ba Cissin aainsCin (cIcIg), i as in in a sqann ansin aaass. P a an a insbsis sain, an a ifn in i an b. Wia a ina snain i ai i, any Maya, n, an Mayan n an b a asin in Cnss, in inisis, in n as, in s, an -

    nna baay, in in n s nin,in nia as, an isbsin ns. is s aianss n iia ins, b i nnins ain inan a a yas, an in sianiss b nin is, iain ians, Onii nns, ansnain-aizin aniinin aiiss, an ban aiss, y as in ain asia abi, in sin s is, ain ain.

    M as bn a ny, a as in is an Hy

    isas s, Mayan y a w w n in 2012.is Mayan iss isiss say snai, inin a n n baktu is js binnin an. aiiss, -, a asin is a si ainn wi iyay ss a qiab isibin an in is b. P af ias an a an is an n i i is Mayan ia a Pab Cs n-jinin ansin ns; sas s-a as

    hndreds villaes and swin new sbjetivities thrh reedatin,ivi atin, and entrerenerial sel-ashinin; r Evanelial iainins aays; s a nai aas in 2012. Tis isaa. Msy, isia an ans in s in as -nis a an an, i by i, sis i qi ninhw r why, ele hane their ways livin. Bt there are als yntras,ns n ins y as, an s i i an in baan. W ssays a , i a b s aa-

    ins an sn ansains, s nsan sa an i aa s a an a n an ifn sins in n-iin a ass a si ssib.

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    Ne

    1. Gaaans n s is abian , i ans ib-nay, sib n-s- a in a as isiay ni an

    sb any snsib s iba iiznsi (i 1998).2. O in ns ceh n n s ny sinis. O ny san a inain, an Cissin n 7,517 ass an is iains, i asai nsi ny a ain a aay .

    3. Rany an siniy, in as UR, i isa as (Gijss 2002). n as Cba, , i s b n as snsib nin in w qi ansan ab wis inay s y i nin an wi i n, an s a ans ss anizainay i nin. Tis

    a a sinian ia n iabiiy aia ia s. n Mxi, a, iny ains Cban an Mian sas an Mianias a as n na s an zz qiy. n Gaaa egps ass anizaina say as n n Cbans s, iis-in i an isassy iinisin is abiiy as ans.

    4. an 15: an is ainin: , any Ngos nn f : Ty an innaina nin bi s, ain, iaysan ns a an a ay nn sn a y ab , i is is y. Pan 16: O Ngos i i nis a sn

    an y a ais i nn s s i s by an, i i. . . . ( ia ss is E an Uni as anf bin in n). Pan 17: an says, n s, ainsn . W n, y in, n a a y! Pan 18:n aiin, Ngos n js ny i as, i ss,an i s. O, s! Tas y y s in niis fs i s, sayin a y bs. Pan 19: Ys, js i nsin a. W i ss a Ngos a js i in. Ty f s by binin js an y n in a bn ny.