World War I RUSSIAN REVOLUTION The Russian Revolution occurred during the first World War.
War and Revolution
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Transcript of War and Revolution
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War and RevolutionCH. 16
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The Road to World War I
Sec 1
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Beginning of 1900s◦Peace and harmony in Europe◦Darker side Developments would propel Europe into War
Rising Tensions in Europe
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Unifying forceExtreme pride in one’s countryCause intense competition between nations◦Seek to overpower each other
Rivalries develop◦Great Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, GB, Russia, Italy, France
The Rise of Nationalism
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Causes of rivalries◦Competition for materials and markets
◦Territorial disputes◦Ethnic groups demand independence
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Europeans compete over Africa and Asia
Quest for colonies pushed nations to brink of war
Competition leads to sense of rivalry and mistrust
Imperialism
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Arms race developed in Europe◦To be great, countries need to have powerful army
◦1914 – all Great Powers, except GB have large standing army
◦Experts stress importance of quick mobilization Ability to get troops ready for war
Growth of Militarism
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Militarism◦Policy of glorifying military power◦Keeping army prepared for war◦Large and strong army made citizens feel patriotic Frightens some
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Rivalries and mistrust led to creation of alliances◦Great Powers form military alliances
Alliance system designed to keep peace develops◦Helped cause a war
Tangled Alliances
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Bismarck Forges Early Pacts◦Saw France as biggest threat Thought they wanted revenge for losing Franco-Prussian War
Goal was to isolate France
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1879 – Dual Alliance◦Germany and Austria-Hungary
Triple Alliance - 1882◦Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
1881 – treaty w/ Russia
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1890 – Kaiser Wilhelm II forces Bismarck to resign◦Didn’t want to share power◦Eager to show power of Germany
Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace
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Wilhelm does things differently◦Treaty w/Russia ends in 1890 Russia forms alliance w/France – 1892 and 1894
◦War w/France or Russia would make Germany enemy of both Could be forced to fight two-front war
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Began massive shipbuilding program◦Make German navy equal to GB
Moves alarm GB◦1904 – forms alliance w/France
Wilhelm decides to challenge GB
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Triple Entente◦1907◦Russia, France, GB◦Did not bind GB to fight w/France and Russia
◦Ensured GB would not fight against them
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Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance◦Conflict could draw entire continent into war
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“Powder Keg of Europe”◦Mountainous peninsula in southeastern
Europe◦Home to assortment of ethnic groups Long history of nationalist uprisings and
ethnic conflict
Crisis in the Balkans
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Ottoman Empire in rapid decline◦New nations formed Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro,
Romania, Serbia◦Nationalism is powerful force Groups want to grow in size
A Restless Region
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Serbia◦Large Slavic population Wanted to absorb all Slavs on Balkan
peninsula◦Russia and Austria-Hungary in direct
conflict Russia – supports Slavic nationalism Austria – threatened by growth
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1908 – Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina◦Large Slavic populations◦Outraged Serbian leaders Serbs vow to take B&H from A-H A-H vowed to crush Serbian effort
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June 28, 1914Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand shot in Sarajevo, Bosnia◦Gavrilo Princip 19 yr old member of the Black Hand
◦Black Hand – secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrians
Shot Rings throughout Europe
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Austria angered◦Use murders as excuse to punish Serbia
◦July 23 - Presented ultimatum to SerbiaEnd to anti-Austrian activity Investigation of assassinationSerbian leaders agree to most of demands
Offered to have international conference settle others
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Austria unwilling to negotiate July 28
◦Austria rejected Serbia’s offer◦Declares war on Serbia◦Russia mobilizes troops toward Austrian border
◦Leaders of Europe alarmed Urge Russia and Austria to negotiate