Wan Asma B129May2012energy-indonesia.com/03dge/asian bio energy.pdfRice husk/ Baggase(kW) 20,540 6%...

Biomass in Asia: Emerging Biomass Resources

� Introduction

� Emerging Biomass Resource

� Biomass for Energy

� Biomass for Other Products

� Technology

� Concluding Remarks

Presentation Flow


• Asian economies, especially the developing countries are generally

agro based. Annual biomass generation:

• Total biomass in China = 700 million tons (2009)

• Total biomass in Malaysia = 160 million tons (2009)

• Total biomass in Korea = 80 million tons (2007)

• Total biomass in Thailand = 41 million tons (1997)

� Most biomass utilization applies low level technology and processes.

� Wood as direct fuel for heating and cooking: India, China, Bangladesh,

Indonesia, Thailand

� Charcoal (higher grade fuel) for direct combustion in stoves

� Animal waste (dung) into solid and gaseous fuel in India.

� More advanced processes are also applied, especially towards

bioenergy production in China, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia.

However have a lot more room to grow.

Introduction


Bioenergy initiatives driven by government policies - FAO

India•15% RE (incl. biomass) by 2020•Ethanol mandates in certain states

Indonesia• 5% RE by 2025

•5% biofuels by 2025

China•362 GW RE (incl. biomass) by 2020•15 billion litres of biofuel by 2020

Philippines•267 MW biomass by 2030•10% ethanol by 2011

Thailand•20% RE (incl. biomass) by 2022•5 billion litres of biofuel by 2022

Vietnam•5% RE (incl. biomass) by 2020•560 million litres of biofuel by 2020

Malaysia• 6% RE in energy mix by 2015• 40% CO2 reduction 2020 CP15 Korea

• 5% RE in energy mix by 2011


• The rapid economic population

growth in Asia have placed a heavy

pressure on existing resources

especially on forests and fossil fuels

making them unsustainable in the

long term.

• This also contributes to

environmental issues.

• Sustainable resources are thus

necessary.

• One of the emerging biomass

resource that can answer to this

problem is oil palm.

• The palm oil industry very well

managed, and generates abundant

and sustainable biomass materials

Emerging Resource

BIOMASS : Plant derived

materials

BIOFUELS : Fuels derived from

biomass

BIOENERGY: Energy derived from

biofuels


� Primary – Produced directly from

photosynthesis and land (logging

and plantation residues e.g.

rubber, acacia, oil palm etc)

� Secondary – Result from

processing primary biomass from

wood based industries (e.g.

sawmilling, sawdust, sawn-timber

off cuts, EFB, OPT etc)

� Tertiary – Post consumer residues

(e.g. furniture residues, woody

demolition debris etc)

Types of Biomass Resources


Biomass for energy

• Renewable energy resource that

offers potential opportunity to

contribute to the global primary

energy supply.

• Potential for a decentralized

production

• Carbon neutral and plays role in

climate change mitigation.

• Furthermore, it can be

transformed into electricity, heat

and power and other value added

products


• About 11% of the world’s energy

comes from biomass

• About half of this is wood

• Biomass, mostly wood, is far

more significant in developing

countries.

• For approximately half the

world’s people, wood or dung is

the main source of energy.

Biomass for energy


Modern Biofuels and Technologies

TO INCREASE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

� Development of fuel pellets/

briquettes from wood and

agricultural wastes

Process-densification and/or

carbonization

� Production of cellulosic ethanol

from lignocellulosic wastes via

enzymatic processes

� Biodiesel from biomass esteri-

fication and transesterification

� Bio oil production – pyrolysis

techniques with controlled oxygen

feed


Pyrolysis Oil

• Unstable and contains highpercentage of oxygen content(up to 50% - BTG) which lowersthe energy density of thebiocrude.

• Upgrading process via hydroprocessing or deoxygenationprocess will substitute O with Hmolecule.

• Conversion of EFB into bio oil isat the pilot stage and movingtowards commercial production.


PelletsEnergy Pellets- Pelletizing line Advantages of Fuel pellets

� Reduced transport costs.

� Simple & easy handling.

� Carbon dioxide neutral

fuel.

� Provide a homogenous

manageable fuel.


Various Types of Fuel Pellets

EFB Pellets PKC Pellets as ingredients for animal feed production

Wood Briquette

Wood Pellets Wood Pellets Wood Pellets


Specifications of Fuel Pellets

Determination Wood Pellets EFB Pellets Rice Straw Pellets

Moisture (%) 7.5 6.0 8

Ash (%) 1.2 6.5 12.8

Volatile matter (%) 82 88 72

Fixed Carbon (%) 17 6 10

Sulphur (%) 0.02 0.07 0.13

Calorific Value (kcal/kg) (MJ/kg)

4300

19

3900

17

3700

15

Density (kg/m3) 1265 982 1060

•Premium Grade Pellets will have ash content below 2%.•Standard Grade pellets will have ash content below 5%


Wood Pellet Market Source BE –ETA Florence

Year Production(mill tons)

Capacity(mill tons)

Consumption(mill tons)

2008 10.97 - 9.78

2009 13.09 23.21 10.94

2010 28.34 14.37 13.50

European markets : Sweden, Netherland, Germany, Austria, Denmark,Belgium, UK, Italy France

Exporting countries : Canada, Russia, USA, LithuaniaEmerging markets : Japan, South Korea, Australia & New Zealand


Crude Palm Oil

POME

FRESH FRUIT BUNCH

OIL PALM FRONDS

OIL PALM TRUNK

Fuel for CHP

Biofuel / Biodiesel

Palm Biomass

Biogas10% Oil, 90% Biomass

EMERGING FEEDSTOCKS FROM THE OIL PALM


OIL PALM INDUSTRY BIOMASS

Ref: Astimar A.A., Loh S.K., Nasrin A.B. et al., 2009 Int Conf Oil Palm and the Environment, 2009


Mill Residue - EFB

• 23% of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) processes are empty fruit bunches (EFB) from 426 mills

• 17 million tonnes annually available


Oil Palm Plantation Residue

Oil Palm Trunks (OPT) Oil Palm Fronds (OPF)


OIL PALM PLANTATION AREA (HA) AVAILABLE FOR

HARVESTING

Year

available

Semenanjung Sabah Sarawak Total

2011 118,524 1,145 -2,757 116,912

2012 49,579 19,967 4,018 73,564

2013 96,038 30,512 6,498 133,048

2014 87,769 39,830 13,037 140,636

2015 54,189 23,217 5,499 82,905

2016 46,117 12,883 5,564 64,564

2017 31,018 55,831 16,783 103,632

2018 56,143 42,237 9,885 108,265

2019 25,850 65,363 14,861 106,074

2020 45,545 65,648 16,895 128,088

2021 23,207 107,875 21,117 152,199

2022 32,999 132,579 35,225 200,803

2023 27,813 83,909 73,305 185,027

2024 64,405 98,826 72,046 235,277

2025 -6,095 59,455 9,911 63,271

2026 51,356 26,551 44,441 122,348

2027 90,154 41,645 39,432 171,231

2028 15,156 66,127 50,514 131,797

2029 -560 30,312 43,535 73,287

2030 97,002 43,956 35,089 176,047

2031 35,639 30,129 48,073 113,841

2032 27,810 38,747 73,141 139,698


PALMBASED BIOECONOMY

PALM BIOMASS (lignocellulosic nature)

BiofuelsPellets, briquettes, bioethanol, bio-oil, biodiesel

Maximum utilization –towards zero waste concept

WOOD PRODUCTS wood composites, pulp & paper, flooring, furniture

BIOCHEMICALS fertilizer, sugars, bioplastics, nutraceuticals etc


Potential value added products derived from oil palm industry residues

• Plywood/veneers

• Wood Composites

• Pulp and paper

• Molded pulp products

• Animal feed

• Renewable Energy Forms

• Boiler fuel

• Fuel pellets

• Biogas

• Bioethanol

• Bio-oil

ELEMENT EFB (%) TRUNK FRONDS

C 53.78 40.64 52.28

H 4.37 5.09

O 41.5 53.12

N 0.35 2.15 0.75

S - -

CV(MJ/KG) 17.08 17.27

Elemental analysis of oil palm biomass

Source: Mohd Azri Sukiran et.al, 2009, American

Journal of Applied Sciences

Potential palm based products

• Plywood

• Flooring

• Fibreboards

• Panel products

• Pulp & Paper


Plywood manufacture


OPT PLYWOOD MILLS RESIDUE40% useable Material


Palm Biomass Generated in the year 2009

• Off-grid energy generated from POM in year 2009 (based on 415 mills, 88.74 million tonnes of FFB processed at 20 kwh/tonne) was 1714 GWh

• At 400 hrs/month, total off grid generating capacity was 357 MW

Quantity, Million tonnes

Moisture Content, %

Calorific Value, kJ/kg (dry basis)

11.14 37.00 18795

5.14 12.00 20093

19.71 67.00 18960

55.71 (1624 m3) - 20,000 kJ/m3

Renewable Energy from Palm Biomass


• Palm biomass, in particular mesocarp fibre & shell are main fuels for cogeneration plants in palm oil mills

• Palm shell & EFB fibre – being used as substitutes to fossil fuel (diesel, coal & medium fuel oil) especially in palm oil mill complex (refinery & kernel crushing plant) and other industries.

• A few off grid biogas plants have been set up in palm oil mills for steam and electricity generation.

• Identified as main feedstocks for SREP & CDMprojects

Present & Potential Usage of Palm Biomass & Biogas for RE


Type of fuel kW %

Palm Oil Waste (kW) 260,822 75%

Rice husk/ Baggase (kW) 20,540 6%

Wood/Sawmill Dust (kW) 58,030 17%

Hydro (kW) 3,600 1%

Others (kW) 6,940 2%

Total 349,932 100%

Based on RE project off grid study (2005) a total of 217.4 MW electricity

has been generated in P. M’sia & 128.8 MW in Sabah using biomass waste

Source: PTM (RE project off grid study 2005)

Off Grid Power Generation


Projection of Forestry Biomass Residues and Potential

Energy Generated


Concluding Remarks• Asia, specifically the developing South East Asian countries, offers a

very good prospect for the utilization of its biomass resources for

higher-end downstream products such as for bio-energy.

• Utilization of suitable technology and processes can lead to an efficient

utilization of the biomass and a more environmentally friendly and

sustainable bio-based economy.

• However a number of challenges exist:

• Governing policies

• Competing fuel prices

• Logistical issues

• Costs/Technology availability

• These will need to be resolved.

Thank YouThank You

Wan Asma B129May2012energy-indonesia.com/03dge/asian bio energy.pdfRice husk/ Baggase(kW) 20,540 6%...

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