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Plant Pathologists Pocketbook3rd Edition
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Plant Pathologists Pocketbook3rd Edition
Edited by
J.M. Waller, J.M. Lenn and S.J. Waller
CABI Publishing
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CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International
CABI PublishingCAB InternationalWallingfordOxon OX10 8DEUK
Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508Email: [email protected] site: www.cabi-publishing.org
CABI Publishing10 E 40th Street
Suite 3203New York, NY 10016
USA
Tel: +1 212 481 7018Fax: +1 212 686 7993
Email: [email protected]
CAB International 2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publicationmay be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically,mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the priorpermission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataPlant pathologists pocketbook / edited by J.M. Waller, J.M. Lenn and S.J.Waller. --3rd ed.
p. cm.Includes bibliographical references (p. ).ISBN 0-85199-458-X (hardcover) -- ISBN 0-85199-459-8 (pbk.)
1. Plant diseases--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Plant diseases--Bibliography. I. Waller,J. M. II. Lenn, Jillian M. III. Waller, S. J. (Sarah J.)
SB601 .P57 2001632.3--dc21
2001020356Pbk ISBN 0 85199 459 8Hbk ISBN 0 85199 458 X
Typeset by AMA DataSet Ltd, UK.Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and Kings Lynn.
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ContentsContentsContents
Contents
Contributors viii
Preface to the 3rd Edition x
Part I: Recognition and Evaluation of Plant Diseases
1 Landmarks in Plant Pathology 12 Some Major Plant Diseases 4
J.M. Lenn3 Surveys and Sampling 19
M. Holderness4 Disease and Yield Loss Assessment 25
P.S. Teng and W.C. James5 Postharvest Diseases 39
Revised by J.M. Waller6 General Bibliography of Plant Pathology 55
Compiled by J.M. Waller7 Bibliography of Crop and Plant Diseases 60
Compiled by J.M. Waller8 Collection and Dispatch of Plant Material 72
J.M. Waller and B.J. Ritchie
Part 2: Causes of Plant Disease
9 Fungi as Plant Pathogens 75J.M. Waller and P.F. Cannon
v
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10 Bacteria and Plant Disease 94G. Saddler
11 Virus Diseases 108Revised by J.M. Waller
12 Phytoplasma Plant Pathogens 126P. Jones
13 Plant Parasitic Nematodes 140J. Bridge and T.D. Williams
14 Insect and Other Arthropod Pests 163G.W. Watson
15 Weeds 175P.J. Terry and C. Parker
16 Parasitic Higher Plants 183C. Parker
17 Non-infectious Disorders 190J.M. Lenn
18 Air Pollution Effects and Injury 195A.R. Wellburn
19 Effects of Climate Change 203S. Chakraborty
Part 3: Disease Diagnosis and Investigation
20 Detection and Isolation of Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens 208J.M. Waller
21 Microscopy 216J.M. Waller
22 Immunological Techniques 221F.M. Dewey
23 Biochemical and Molecular Techniques 229P. Bridge
24 Inoculation 245J.M. Waller
25 Epidemic Modelling and Disease Forecasting 252M.W. Shaw
26 Design of Experiments 266J. Riley
Part 4: Disease Management
27 Plant Health and Quarantine 279J.M. Waller
28 Regional and Country Lists of Plant Diseases 287Revised by J.M. Waller
29 Seed Health 309Revised by J.M. Waller
30 Cultural Control 318A.J. Termorshuizen
vi Contents
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31 Disease Resistance 328J.M. Waller and J.M. Lenn
32 Fungicides 336D. Hollomon
33 The Application of Chemicals for Plant Disease Control 345G.A. Matthews
34 Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens 354S.S. Navi and R. Bandyopadhyay
35 Plant Pathogens for Biological Control of Weeds 366H.C. Evans
Part 5: General Techniques and Information
36 Safety in the Laboratory 379B.J. Ritchie
37 Culturing, Preservation and Maintenance of Fungi 384D. Smith
38 Mycological Media and Methods 410B.J. Ritchie
39 Photography 432E. Boa
40 Standards and Measurements 446Compiled by J.M. Waller
41 Publication 454J.M. Waller
42 Electronic Databases and Information Technology in PlantPathology 461H.L. Crowson and L.A. McGillivray
43 Glossary of Plant Pathological Terms 470Compiled by J.M. Lenn
44 Useful Addresses 487
General Index 491
Diseases and Pathogens Index 505
Contents vii
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ContributorsContributorsContributors
Contributors
R. Bandyopadhyay, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-AridTropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India
E. Boa, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY,UK
J. Bridge, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW209TY, UK
P. Bridge, Mycology Section, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, SurreyTW9 3AE, UK and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck,University of London, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, UK
P.F. Cannon, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW209TY, UK
S. Chakraborty, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection,University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
H.L. Crowson, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8DE, UKF.M. Dewey, Plant Sciences Department, University of Oxford, South Parks
Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UKH.C. Evans, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5
7PY, UKM. Holderness, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey
TW20 9TY, UKD. Hollomon, Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, Long
Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AF, UKW.C. James, ISAAA AmeriCenter, c/o Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853,
USAP. Jones, Plant Pathogen Interactions (PPI), IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden,
Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
viii
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J.M. Lenn, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India
G.A. Matthews, International Pesticide Application Research Centre, ImperialCollege at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
L.A. McGillivray, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8DE, UKS.S. Navi, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, IndiaC. Parker, 5 Royal York Crescent, Bristol BS8 4JZ, UKJ. Riley, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UKB.J. Ritchie, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20
9TY, UKG. Saddler, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20
9TY, UKM.W. Shaw, Department of Agricultural Botany, School of Plant Sciences, The
University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UKD. Smith, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20
9TY, UKP.S. Teng, Monsanto Company, Kings Court II Building, 2129 Chino Roces
Avenue, Makati City, PhilippinesA.J. Termorshuizen, Biological Farming Systems, Wageningen University,
Marijkeweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen, The NetherlandsP.J. Terry, Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, Long Ashton,
Bristol BS18 9AF, UKJ.M. Waller, CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20
9TY, UKS.J. Waller, 45 St Michaels, Longstanton, Cambridge, UKG.W. Watson, Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum,
Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKA.R. Wellburn, formerly of Division of Biological Sciences, Lancaster
University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UKT.D. Williams, 4 Warren Park, West Hill, Ottery St Mary, Devon EX11 1TN, UK
Contributors ix
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Preface to the 3rd EditionPreface to the 3rd EditionPreface
Preface to the 3rd Edition
The second edition of the Plant Pathologists Pocketbook published in 1983 isnow well out of date and this edition has been completely reorganized to createa format more suitable to the current needs of plant pathologists. Thetraditional and well-known title has been retained although the book is nowrather larger than pocketbook size. The contents have been arranged into fivesections covering the main activity groups in plant pathology. Several newtopics have been added including chapters covering epidemiology and diseaseforecasting, disease resistance, biochemical and molecular techniques, andelectronic databases and information technology. Other topics covered in thesecond edition have all been revised or completely rewritten and the associatedbibliographies updated. In order to keep the pocket book to size it has beennecessary to restrict accounts of most subjects to succinct overviews, but hope-fully the attached bibliographies will provide sufficient information to assistpathologists with their work. Inevitably decisions have had to be made on howmuch to include on particular aspects; the pocketbook is not intended as ageneral text on plant pathology but as a reference for information and relevantliterature. As such the book will be used more in the laboratory than carried inthe pocket and the larger size and rearranged format will hopefully enablebetter access to the contents.
Many chapters have been written or revised by authors both from CABIBioscience and from outside; others have been revised or written by the editors.We acknowledge particular assistance with the chapter on viruses fromProfessor Mike Thresh of NRI, University of Greenwich.
Jim WallerJill Lenn
Sarah Waller
x
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Landmarks in Plant PathologyLandmarks in Plant Pathology1
1Landmarks in Plant Pathology
Early Recognition of Plant Diseases
c. 300 BC Theophrastus of Lesbos references to plant diseases in Historiaplantarum and De causis plantarum.
c. AD 50 Caius Plinius Secundus references to common diseases such asmildew and rusts of cereals in Historia naturalis.
c. AD 700 Cassianus Bassus Geoponica a compilation of Byzantineagriculture with many references to plant diseases.
c. AD 1200 Ibn-al Awam Kitab al-Felahah Arabic treatise from Sevillewith a chapter on problems of regional fruit crops.
Beginnings of Plant Pathology
1665 Robert Hooke Micrographia contains first illustration of amicroscopic plant pathogen (rose rust).
1755 Mathieu Tillet demonstrates seed-borne nature of wheat bunt(Tilletia caries).
1794 J.J. Plenk publishes Physiologia et Pathologia Plantarum con-taining a classification of plant diseases based on symptoms.
1802 William Forsyth introduces lime sulphur for control of mildewon fruit trees first example of generally used fungicide.
1807 I.-B. Prevost publishes first experimental proof of fungal patho-genicity on plants.
18451849 Potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) epidemics in Ireland.
CAB International 2002. Plant Pathologists Pocketbook(eds J.M. Waller, J.M. Lenn and S.J. Waller) 1
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1853 Anton de Bary publishes Unterschungen ber die brandpilzeand established the role of fungi as plant pathogens.
1858 Julius Kuhn publishes Die Krankheiten der Kulturgewachse the first plant pathology text.
1865/66 De Bary demonstrates heteroecism in Puccinia graminis.18681882 Coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) epidemics in Sri Lanka and
classic studies on its aetiology by Marshal Ward.1874 Paul Soraur publishes first edition of Handbuch fr Pflanzen-
krankheiten of which there have been many subsequent editions.18781885 Vine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) epidemics in France
precipitate introduction of Bordeaux mixture by Millardet.1885 J.C. Arthur provides first proof of bacterial pathogenicity to
plants with fire blight (Erwinia amylovora).18861898 Tobacco mosaic recognized as a virus disease transmitted by
contagious living fluid by Mayer, Ivanovski and Beijerinck.1889 Hot water treatment of seed introduced for control of loose smut
of wheat (Ustilago tritici).
Development of Basis for Modern Plant Pathology
1891/92 First plant pathology journals (Zietschrift fr Pflanzenkrank-heiten and Revista di Patologia Vegetale) published.
1894 Jacob Eriksson demonstrates host-specific special forms of cerealrusts.
1904 Rowland Biffen demonstrates Mendelian inheritance ofresistance to rust in cereals.
1907 First university department of plant pathology founded atCornell University, New York.
1908 American Phytopathology Society founded.1913 Recognition of physiologic races of Puccinia graminis by
Stakman.First use of organo-mercurial fungicides for seed application inGermany.
1914 First International Phytopathological Convention of Rome heldbut resolutions never ratified.
1920 Imperial Bureau of Mycology founded in UK (a forebear ofCABI Bioscience) production of Review of Plant Pathology (asReview of Applied Mycology) commences 2 years later.E.F. Smith publishes Introduction to Bacterial Diseases ofPlants.
1929 International Convention for the Protection of Plants inRome produces first limited internationally agreed protocols forrestricting the spread of plant diseases.
1934 Dithiocarbamate fungicides developed and patented by Du Pont.1937 F.C. Bawden and N.W. Pirie establish nucleoprotein nature of
viruses.
2 Landmarks in Plant Pathology
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1946 Flor establishes gene-for-gene hypothesis for genetic inter-action of resistance and virulence for flax rust Melampsora lini.
1951 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organizationfounded as first of several regional plant protection organizations.
1952 International Plant Protection Convention submitted to the Foodand Agriculture Organization (FAO) and agreed in principle.
1963 Annual Review of Phytopathology begins.J.E. Vanderplank publishes Plant Diseases: Epidemics andControl.First example of biological control of a disease Heterobasidionannosum by Peniophora gigantea.
1965 Discovery of first systemic fungicide, carboxin.1967 First recognition of phytoplasmas (mycoplasma-like organisms)
as plant pathogens.1968 First International Congress of Plant Pathology held in London.1969 First computer simulation program for plant disease epidemics.1970 Southern corn leaf blight epidemic on hybrid (Tms) maize in
USA.1971 Deiner establishes potato spindle tuber as first recognized viroid
disease.1977/78 Plant Disease: An Advanced Treatise (3 Vols) by Horsfall and
Cowling published.1986 Plants genetically transformed to express virus coat proteins
shown to be resistant to same virus.1992 First examples of plant resistance genes isolated.
General References
Ainsworth, G.C. (1981) An Introduction to the History of Plant Pathology. CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, UK, 315 pp.
Carefoot, G.L. and Sprot, E.R. (1967) Famine in the Wind. Rand McNally, Chicago, USA.Large, E.C. (1940) Advance of the Fungi. Jonathan Cape, London, UK, 488 pp.Parris, G.K. (1968) A Chronology of Plant Pathology. Johnson & Sons, Mississippi, USA.
Landmarks in Plant Pathology 3
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Some Major Plant DiseasesJ.M. Lenn2
2Some Major Plant DiseasesJ.M. LennICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India
Diseases are listed under hosts, which are arranged alphabetically by commonname.
In column two current scientific names are given in accordance with theCABI Crop Protection Compendium (Global Module 2nd edition, 2000); thesemay differ from those given in literature references given in column four whereearlier synonyms may have been used.
In column three a broad indication of geographical distribution is given.In most cases detailed information on distribution can be found in the
relevant map in the series CMI/IMI/CABI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases,indicated by Map 38 etc. and also in the CABI Crop Protection Compendium(Global Module 2nd edition, 2000).
In column four Desc. 147 etc. refers to the series of CMI/IMI/CABIDescriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria; Virus Desc. 68 etc. refers to theseries of AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses. References in the form 58, 1234 areto abstracts in the Review of Plant Pathology. Further references can be found inthe CABI Crop Protection Compendium (Global Module 2nd edition, 2000).
CAB International 2002. Plant Pathologists Pocketbook4 (eds J.M. Waller, J.M. Lenn and S.J. Waller)
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Some Major Plant Diseases 5
Com
mon
nam
ePa
thog
enD
istri
butio
nLi
tera
ture
Alm
ond
( Pru
nus
dulci
s)Br
own
rot
Brow
nro
tM
onilin
iala
xaM
onilin
iafru
ctico
laFa
irly
wid
espr
ead:
Map
44M
ainl
yN
ewW
orld
:Map
50D
esc.
619
Des
c.61
6Ap
ple
( Mal
usdo
mes
tica)
Nec
tria
canke
rM
ildew
Brow
nro
t,sp
urca
nke
rSc
abFi
rebl
ight
Ches
tnut
mosa
ic
Nect
riaga
lligen
aPo
dosp
haer
ale
ucot
richa
Mon
ilinia
fruct
igen
aVe
ntur
iain
aequ
alis
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nia
amylo
vora
Appl
em
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cvir
us
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espr
ead:
Map
38W
ides
prea
d:M
ap11
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ides
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ap22
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Map
120
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orld
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264
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Map
354
Des
c.14
7:55
,185
3D
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158
Des
c.61
7:56
,409
9D
esc.
401
Des
c.44
:54,
1807
Viru
sD
esc.
83Ap
ricot
( Pru
nus
arm
enia
ca)
Die
back
,gum
mos
isEu
typa
lata
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
385
Des
c.43
6Au
berg
ine
(Sol
anum
mel
onge
na)
Tip
ove
r,bl
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,canke
rPh
omop
sisve
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ides
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rom
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ado
(Per
sea
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icana
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thra
cnos
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ot
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mer
ella
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Phyt
opht
hora
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iW
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de:M
ap30
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315
Des
c.11
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( Mus
asp
p.)
Anth
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Wid
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6 J.M. Lenn
Com
mon
nam
ePa
thog
enD
istri
butio
nLi
tera
ture
Pow
dery
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ewLe
afst
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ut
Strip
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Erys
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gram
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Pyre
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ora
gram
inea
Pyre
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ora
tere
sRh
ynch
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rium
seca
lisUs
tilago
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tilago
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Barle
yst
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virus
Barle
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llow
dwar
fviru
s
Wid
espr
ead
Wid
espr
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ead:
Map
364
Wid
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383
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460
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368
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t
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nN
orth
Amer
ica
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Des
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Des
c.60
Bean
,Fre
nch
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seol
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gula
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racn
ose
Rus
tH
alo
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mm
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ight
Com
mon
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rus
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anum
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Bean
com
mon
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Bean
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Wid
espr
ead:
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328
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Map
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Des
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Des
c.33
7Vi
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Des
c.19
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et(su
garb
eet)(
Beta
vulg
aris
var.
sacc
harif
era)
Leaf
spot
Blac
kle
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ust
Wes
tern
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ora
beta
eUr
omyc
esbe
ticol
aBe
etw
este
rnye
llows
virus
Beet
yello
wsvir
us
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
226
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
427
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
265
Wid
espr
ead
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
261
Des
c.72
1D
esc.
149
Des
c.17
7Vi
rus
Des
c.89
Viru
sD
esc.
13
16Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:48 PM
Color profile: DisabledComposite Default screen
-
Some Major Plant Diseases 7
Bras
sica
s(B
rass
icasp
p.)
Dar
ksp
otD
ark
leaf
spot
Cabb
age
fusa
rium
wilt
Blac
kle
gR
ing
spot
Club
root
Blac
kro
tM
osai
c
Alte
rnar
iabr
assic
aeAl
tern
aria
bras
sicico
laFu
sariu
mox
yspo
rum
f.sp.
cong
lutin
ans
Lept
osph
aeria
mac
ulan
sM
ycos
phae
rella
bras
sicico
laPl
asm
odio
phor
abr
assic
aeXa
ntho
mon
asca
mpe
stris
Caul
iflowe
rmos
aic
virus
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
353
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
457
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
54W
ides
prea
d:M
ap73
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
189
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
101
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
136
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
373
Des
c.16
2D
esc.
163
Des
c.21
3D
esc.
331
Des
c.46
837
,746
;55,
3008
Des
c.47
Viru
sD
esc.
243
Caca
o(Th
eabr
oma
caca
o)W
itche
sbr
oom
Pod
rot
Blac
kpo
d,ca
nke
r
Swol
len
shoo
t
Crin
ipel
lispe
rnici
osa
Mon
ilioph
thor
aro
reri
Phyt
opht
hora
palm
ivora
Phyt
opht
hora
meg
akar
yaCa
cao
swol
len
shoo
tviru
s
Nor
ther
nSo
uth
Amer
ica,
Cent
ralA
mer
ica,
Carib
bean
:Map
37Co
lom
bia,
Ecua
dor,
Pana
ma,
Peru
,Ven
ezue
la,
Cent
ralA
mer
ica:
Map
13W
ides
prea
d:M
ap72
5W
estA
frica
Wes
tAfri
ca,S
riLa
nka,
Not
hern
Sout
hAm
eric
aand
Saba
h
Des
c.22
3:37
,151
Des
c.22
6:61
,150
Des
c.83
1D
esc.
832
Viru
sD
esc.
10:5
0,59
1
Cass
ava
( Man
ihot
escu
lent
a)Ba
cter
ialb
light
Cass
ava
mosa
ic
Supe
r-elo
ngat
ion
dise
ase
Afric
anca
ssava
mosa
icCa
ssav
abr
own
stre
ak
Xant
hom
onas
axon
opod
ispv
.man
ihot
isCa
ssav
aco
mm
onm
osai
cvir
us
Elsin
obr
asilie
nsis
Afric
anca
ssav
am
osai
cvir
us
Cass
ava
brow
nst
reak
-ass
ocia
ted
virus
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
521
Sout
hAm
eric
a,Af
rica
Nor
ther
nSo
uth
Amer
ica,
Cent
ralA
mer
ica,
Carib
bean
Afric
a,So
uth
Asia
Afric
a
Des
c.55
9:58
,460
4Vi
rus
Des
c.90
56,5
308;
60,6
15
Viru
sD
esc.
297
Cher
ry( P
runu
sce
rasu
s)Ba
cter
ialc
anke
rCh
erry
leaf
spot
Pseu
dom
onas
syrin
gae
pv.m
orsp
runo
rum
Blum
erie
llajaa
piiW
ides
prea
d:M
ap13
2Eu
rope
,Asi
a,N
orth
Amer
ica
Des
c.12
5
Cont
inue
d
17Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:48 PM
Color profile: DisabledComposite Default screen
-
8 J.M. Lenn
Com
mon
nam
ePa
thog
enD
istri
butio
nLi
tera
ture
Ches
tnut
( Cas
tane
asa
tva)
Blig
htCr
ypho
nect
riapa
rasit
icaEa
ster
nand
Wes
tern
Nor
thAm
eric
a,Eu
rope
,Ch
ina,
Indi
a,Ja
pan,
Kore
a,Tu
rkey
,USS
R:M
ap66
Des
c.70
4:58
,240
6CA
BI/E
PPO
No.
194
Chick
pea
( Cice
rarie
tinum
)As
coch
yta
blig
ht
Rus
t
Wilt
Gre
ym
ould
Stun
t
Didy
mel
lara
biei
Urom
yces
cicer
is-ar
ietin
i
Fusa
rium
oxys
poru
mf.s
p.cic
eris
Botry
otin
iafu
ckel
iana
Bean
leaf
rollv
irus
(Chi
ckpe
ast
untv
irus)
Med
iterra
nean
,Sou
thand
Wes
tAsi
a,Ea
stAu
stra
lia:M
ap15
1M
edite
rrane
an,S
outh
ern
Euro
pe,S
outh
Asia
,Ke
nya,
Mal
awi,
Mex
ico:
Map
235
Wid
espr
ead
Wid
espr
ead
Euro
pe,A
sia,
Afric
a
Des
c.33
7
Des
c.17
8
Des
c.11
13D
esc.
431
Viru
sD
esc.
286
Citru
s( C
itrus
spp.
)M
alse
cco
Mel
anos
eCi
trus
(swee
tora
nge
)sc
ab
Com
mon
(sour
ora
nge
)sca
bBl
ack
spot
Brow
nro
t,gu
mm
osis
Blac
ksh
ank
Cank
erTr
iste
zaG
reen
ing
Citru
ssc
aly
butt
Phom
atra
chei
phila
Diap
orth
ecit
riEl
sino
aust
ralis
Elsin
ofa
wcet
tii
Gui
gnar
dia
citric
arpa
Phyt
opht
hora
citro
phth
ora
Phyt
opht
hora
nico
tiana
eva
r.pa
rasit
icaXa
ntho
mon
asax
onop
odis
pv.c
itri
Citru
stri
stez
avir
usCi
trus
huan
glon
gbin
g(gr
eenin
g)ba
cter
ium
Citru
sex
ocor
tisvir
oid
Euro
pe,A
sia,
Afric
aW
ides
prea
d:M
ap12
6Ce
ntra
land
Sout
hAm
eric
a,Si
cily,
Oce
ania
:M
ap55
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
125
Afric
a,Ch
ina,
Taiw
an,H
ong
Kong
,Ind
ones
ia,
Aust
ralia
,Sou
thAm
eric
a,N
ewH
ebrid
es:M
ap53
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
35W
ides
prea
d:M
ap61
3W
ides
prea
d:M
ap11
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
289
Fairl
yw
ides
prea
din
south
ern
Afric
aand
Asia
Sout
hAm
eric
a,Au
stra
lia,M
edite
rrane
an,N
orth
Afric
a,lim
ited
occ
urr
ence
inUS
A,O
cean
ia,N
ewZe
alan
d
Des
c.39
9D
esc.
396
Des
c.44
0
Des
c.43
8
Des
c.85
Des
c.33
Des
c.11
Viru
sD
esc.
353
53,5
50
Viru
sD
esc.
226
18Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:48 PM
Color profile: DisabledComposite Default screen
-
Some Major Plant Diseases 9
Clov
ers
(Trif
oliu
msp
p.)
Scor
ch
Rot
Yello
wm
osa
icLe
afsp
otPh
yllod
y
Kaba
tiella
caul
ivora
Scle
rotin
iatri
folio
rum
Clov
erye
llow
mos
aic
virus
Pseu
dope
ziza
trifo
liiAs
tery
ello
wsph
ytop
lasm
agr
oup
Euro
pe,N
orth
Amer
ica,
Mor
occo
,Jap
an,A
ustra
lia,
New
Zeal
and:
Map
351
Fairl
yw
ides
prea
dw
ithho
st:M
ap27
4W
este
rnUS
A,Ca
nada
Euro
pe,A
ustra
liaEu
rope
Des
c.10
84Vi
rus
Des
c.11
1D
esc.
636
Coco
nut( C
ocos
nucif
era)
Leth
alye
llowi
ng
Cada
ng-c
adan
gBu
dro
t
Palm
leth
alye
llowi
ngph
ytop
lasm
a
Coco
nutc
adan
g-ca
dang
viroi
dPh
ytop
thor
apa
lmivo
ra
Wes
tAfri
ca,W
estI
ndie
s,Ce
ntra
lAm
eric
a,US
A
Philip
pine
sW
ides
prea
d:M
ap72
5
57,4
091
CABI
/EPP
O(19
98)N
o.26
452
,819
Des
c.83
1Co
ffee
( Cof
fea
spp.
)Br
own
eye
spot
Wilt
Coffe
ebe
rrydi
seas
eR
ust
Myc
osph
aere
llaco
ffeico
laG
ibbe
rella
xyla
rioid
esCo
lleto
trich
umka
hawa
eHe
mile
iava
stat
rix
Wid
espr
ead
with
host
:Map
59Af
rica:
Map
464
Afric
a:M
ap71
6W
ides
prea
d:M
ap5
Des
c.41
5D
esc.
2456
,453
8D
esc.
1:52
,411
Cotto
n( G
ossy
pium
spp.
)Bl
ight
Asco
chyt
ago
ssyp
iiW
ides
prea
d:M
ap25
9D
esc.
271
Wilt
Wilt
Angu
larl
eafs
pot
Fusa
rium
oxys
poru
mf.s
p.va
sinfe
ctum
Verti
cilliu
mda
hlia
eXa
ntho
mon
asax
onop
odis
pv.
mal
vace
arum
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
362
Wid
espr
ead,
tem
pera
teand
subt
ropi
cal:
Map
366
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
57
Des
c.11
20:5
5,22
48D
esc.
256
Des
c.12
Cowp
ea( V
igna
ungu
icula
ta)
Anth
racn
ose
Brow
nbl
otch
Scab
Bact
eria
lblig
htSt
emro
t
Colle
totri
chum
linde
mut
hian
umCo
lleto
trich
umde
stru
ctivu
mCo
lleto
trich
umca
psici
Elsin
oph
aseo
liXa
ntho
mon
asax
onop
odis
pv.v
igni
cola
Phyt
opht
hora
vigna
e
Wid
espr
ead
Afric
a,As
ia,S
outh
Amer
ica
Wid
espr
ead
Afric
aAs
ia,A
frica
,Aus
tralia
Des
c.31
6
Des
c.31
7D
esc.
314
Cont
inue
d
19Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:48 PM
Color profile: DisabledComposite Default screen
-
10 J.M. Lenn
Com
mon
nam
ePa
thog
enD
istri
butio
nLi
tera
ture
Blac
keye
cow
pea
mosa
ic(C
owpe
aaph
idbo
rne)
Bean
com
mon
mos
aic
virus
strn
blac
keye
cow
pea
Wid
espr
ead
Des
c.13
4
Cucu
rbits
( Cuc
umis,
Cucu
rbita
spp.
,etc
.)W
ilt(on
melo
n)
Dow
nym
ildew
Pow
dery
mild
ewBa
cter
ialw
ilt
Angu
larl
eafs
pot
Mos
aic
Fusa
rium
oxys
poru
mf.s
p.cu
cum
erin
um
Pseu
dope
rono
spor
acu
bens
isSp
haer
othe
cafu
ligin
eaEr
wini
atra
chei
phila
Pseu
dom
onas
syrin
gae
pv.l
achr
yman
sCu
cum
berm
osai
cvir
us
Amer
ica,
Euro
pe,T
aiw
an,I
raq,
Japa
n,Ph
ilippi
nes,
Aust
ralia
:Map
259
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
285
Wid
espr
ead
Wid
espr
ead
inCa
nada
and
USA;
Afric
a,As
ia,
Euro
pe,A
ustra
lia:M
ap45
6Fa
irly
wid
espr
ead:
Map
355
Wid
espr
ead,
esp
ecia
llyin
tem
pera
tere
gion
s
Des
c.21
5
Des
c.45
7:60
,536
Des
c.15
9:58
,41
Des
c.23
3
Des
c.12
4Vi
rus
Des
c.21
3Cu
rrant
,goo
sebe
rry( R
ibes
spp.
)Le
afsp
ot,a
nth
racn
ose
Pow
dery
mild
ewDr
epan
opez
izarib
isSp
haer
othe
cam
ors-
uvae
Euro
pe,A
ustra
lia,N
ewZe
alan
d:M
ap18
7Eu
rope
:Map
16D
esc.
254
Dat
epa
lm( P
hoen
ixda
ctyli
fera
)Ba
youd
dise
ase
Fusa
rium
oxys
poru
mf.s
p.al
bedi
nis
Alge
ria,M
oroc
co:M
ap24
0D
esc.
1111
;52,
4184
Elm
(Ulm
ussp
p.)
Dut
chelm
dise
ase
Oph
iost
oma
ulm
iEu
rope
,Wes
tAsi
a,In
dia,
USA,
Cana
da:M
ap36
Des
c.36
1Fl
ax(Li
num
usit
atiss
imum
)W
iltR
ust
Pasm
odi
seas
e
Fusa
rium
oxys
poru
mf.s
p.lin
iM
elam
psor
alin
iM
ycos
phae
rella
linico
la
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
32W
ides
prea
d:M
ap68
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
18D
esc.
51D
esc.
709
Gra
pe( V
itisvin
ifera
)G
rey
mould
Blac
ksp
ot,a
nth
racn
ose
Blac
kro
t
Botry
tinia
fuck
elia
naEl
sino
ampe
lina
Gui
gnar
dia
bidw
ellii
Wor
ldwi
deW
ides
prea
d:M
ap23
4Fa
irly
wid
espr
ead,
abs
entf
rom
Aust
rala
sia:
Map
81
Des
c.43
1D
esc.
439
Des
c.71
0
20Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:48 PM
Color profile: DisabledComposite Default screen
-
Some Major Plant Diseases 11
Rus
t
Dow
nym
ildew
Pow
dery
mild
ewFa
nlea
f
Phys
opel
laam
pelo
psid
is
Plas
mop
ara
vitico
laUn
cinul
anec
ator
Gra
pevin
efa
nlea
fviru
s
Sout
h-Ea
stAs
ia,I
ndia
,Sri
Lank
a,Ce
ntra
lAm
eric
aand
Wes
tInd
ies,
USA,
Colo
mbi
a,Ve
nezu
ela:
Map
87W
ides
prea
d:M
ap22
1W
ides
prea
dAl
mos
tall
tem
pera
tere
gion
sw
ithho
st
Des
c.17
3
Des
c.98
0D
esc.
160:
58,4
1Vi
rus
Des
c.28
Gro
undn
ut(pe
anut)
( Ara
chis
hypo
gaea
)Ea
rlyle
afsp
otLa
tele
afsp
otR
ust
Ros
ette
(chlor
otic,
gree
n)Pe
anut
clum
pPe
anut
strip
e
Didy
mos
phae
riaar
achi
dis
Myc
osph
aere
llabe
rkel
eyi
Pucc
inia
arac
hidi
sG
roun
dnut
rose
ttevir
usco
mpl
ex
Pean
utclu
mp
virus
Pean
utst
ripe
virus
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
166
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
152
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
160
Afric
a
Sout
hAs
ia,W
estA
frica
Asia
,Nor
thAm
eric
a,W
estA
frica
Des
c.41
1D
esc.
412
Des
c.53
Viru
sD
esc.
345
and
355
Viru
sD
esc.
235
Gua
va( P
sidiu
mgu
ajava
)R
ust
Pucc
inia
psid
iiCe
ntra
land
Sout
hAm
eric
a,W
estI
ndie
s:M
ap18
1D
esc.
56H
op(H
umul
uslu
pulu
s)D
owny
mild
ewPs
eudo
pero
nosp
ora
hum
uli
Euro
pe;A
sia,
Cana
da,U
SA,A
rgen
tina:
Map
14D
esc.
769
Lent
il(Le
nscu
linar
is)R
ust
Asco
chyt
abl
ight
Urom
yces
vicia
e-fa
bae
Asco
chyt
afa
bae
f.sp.
lent
isW
ides
prea
dW
ides
prea
dD
esc.
60D
esc.
461
Lettu
ce( La
ctuc
asa
tiva)
Dow
nym
ildew
Leaf
spot
Mos
aic
Nec
rotic
yello
ws
Brem
iala
ctuc
aeSe
ptor
iala
ctuc
aeLe
ttuce
mos
aic
virus
Lettu
cenec
rotic
yello
wsvir
us
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
86W
ides
prea
d:M
ap48
5W
ides
prea
d:M
ap37
6Au
stra
lia,N
ewZe
alan
d:M
ap48
0
Des
c.68
2D
esc.
335
Viru
sD
esc.
9Vi
rus
Des
c.43
Luce
rne
(alfal
fa)( M
edica
gosa
tiva)
Rus
tW
ilt
Anth
racn
ose
Fusa
rium
wilt
Urom
yces
stria
tus
Clav
ibac
term
ichig
anen
sissu
bsp.
insid
iosu
sCo
lleto
trich
umtri
folii
Fusa
rium
oxys
poru
mf.s
p.m
edica
gini
s
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
342
Wid
espr
ead
inUS
A,Eu
rope
,Sou
thAf
rica,
Aust
ralia
,N
ewZe
alan
d:M
ap67
Nor
thAm
eric
a,Eu
rope
,Aus
tralia
Wid
espr
ead
Des
c.59
Des
c.13
Cont
inue
d
21Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:49 PM
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-
12 J.M. Lenn
Com
mon
nam
ePa
thog
enD
istri
butio
nLi
tera
ture
Com
mon
leaf
spot
Pseu
dope
ziza
med
icagi
nis
Wid
epsr
ead
Des
c.63
7M
aize
(corn)
(Zea
may
s)Le
afsp
otSo
uthe
rnle
afbl
ight
Stal
kand
ear
rot,
seedl
ing
blig
htR
ots
and
seedl
ing
blig
hts
Stal
kand
ear
rot
Rus
tR
ust
Dow
nym
ildew
sN
orth
ern
leaf
blig
htBl
iste
rsm
ut
Bact
eria
lwilt
Mos
aic
Rou
ghdw
arf
Stre
ak
Coch
liobo
lus
carb
onum
Coch
liobo
lus
hete
rost
roph
usSt
enoc
arpe
llam
acro
spor
a ,St
enoc
arpe
llam
aydi
sG
ibbe
rella
fujiku
roi
Gib
bere
llaze
aePh
ysop
ella
zeae
Pucc
inia
polys
ora
Pero
nosc
lero
spor
asp
p.Se
tosp
haer
iatu
rcica
Ustila
gom
aydi
sPa
ntoe
ast
ewar
tii
Mai
zem
osai
cvir
usM
aize
roug
hdw
arfv
irus
Mai
zest
reak
virus
Fairl
yw
ides
prea
d:M
ap38
0W
ides
prea
d:M
ap34
6Fa
irly
wid
espr
ead
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
s10
2,19
1
Wor
ldwi
deSo
uth
and
Cent
ralA
mer
ica,
Wes
tInd
ies:
Map
469
Fairl
yw
ides
prea
d,abs
entf
rom
Euro
pe,W
esta
nd
Cent
ralA
sia:
Map
237
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
s21
,179
,497
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
257
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
93Pa
rtsofN
orth
,Sou
thand
Cent
ralA
mer
ica,
Sout
hern
Euro
pe,C
hina
,Tha
iland
,Vie
tnam
:Map
41Am
eric
as,W
estI
ndie
s,Ea
stAf
rica,
Haw
aii,
Indi
aEu
rope
,Isr
ael(r
ecord
edonly
whe
reve
ctor
pres
ent,
see
CIE
Map
201)
Afric
a,M
aurit
ius,
Mal
agas
yR
epub
lic,I
ndia
,pr
obab
lySo
uth-
East
Asia
;abs
entf
rom
Amer
ica
Des
c.34
9D
esc.
301
Des
c.83
,84:
47,1
528
Des
c.22
Des
c.38
4D
esc.
5D
esc.
4
Des
c.45
3,45
4,76
1D
esc.
304:
55,3
002c
Des
c.79
:47,
506
Des
c.12
3:47
,152
9
Viru
sD
esc.
94Vi
rus
Des
c.72
Viru
sD
esc.
133
Mille
t( Pan
icum
milia
ceum
)H
ead
smut
Spha
celo
thec
ade
stru
ens
Wid
espr
ead
inN
orth
Amer
ica
and
Euro
pe;s
catte
red
inAf
rica,
Asia
,Sou
thAm
eric
a;Au
stra
lia:M
ap21
9D
esc.
72
Mille
t,fin
ger(
Eleu
sine
cora
cana
)D
owny
mild
ew
Blas
t
Scle
roph
thor
am
acro
spor
a
Mag
napo
rthe
grise
a
Nor
thAm
eric
a,Au
stra
lia,N
ewZe
alan
d;sc
atte
red
inAf
rica,
Asia
,Eur
ope:
Map
287
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
51
60,3
641
Des
c.16
9
22Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:49 PM
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-
Some Major Plant Diseases 13
Mille
t,pe
arl(P
enni
setu
mty
phoi
des)
Ergo
t
Dow
nym
ildew
Clav
iceps
micr
ocep
hala
Clav
iceps
afric
ana
Scle
rosp
ora
gram
inico
la
Afric
a,In
dia,
Latin
Amer
ica,
Aust
ralia
Euro
pe,A
sia,
Afric
a,Fi
ji:M
ap43
1
56,6
93
Des
c.45
2:60
,364
1O
ak(Q
uerc
ussp
p.)
Wilt
Cera
tocy
stis
faga
cear
umEa
stand
Cent
ralU
SA:M
ap25
4O
ats
(Ave
nasa
tiva)
Blig
ht
Spec
klebl
otch
Crow
nru
stLe
afst
ripe,
blot
chLo
ose
smut
Coch
liobo
lus
victo
riae
Phae
osph
aeria
aven
aria
f.sp.
aven
aria
Pucc
inia
coro
nata
Pyre
noph
ora
chae
tom
ioid
esUs
tilago
aven
ae
Nor
thAm
eric
a,Ar
gent
ina,
Aust
ralia
,Bra
zil,
The
Net
herla
nds,
Switz
erla
nd,U
K:M
ap26
7Fa
irly
wid
espr
ead:
Map
323
Wid
espr
ead
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
105
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
238
Des
c.70
3
Des
c.31
2
Des
c.38
9D
esc.
279:
51,2
405
Oilp
alm
( Ela
eis
guin
eens
is)Fr
eckl
eW
iltCe
rcos
pora
elae
idis
Fusa
rium
oxys
poru
mf.s
p.el
aeid
isAf
rica,
Aust
ralia
:Map
487
Cent
rala
nd
Wes
tAfri
ca,C
olom
bia:
Map
471
Des
c.46
4D
esc.
1116
Oni
onetc
.( Alliu
msp
p.)
Gre
ym
ould
neck
rot
Dow
nym
ildew
Whi
tero
t
Smut
Botry
tisal
liiPe
rono
spor
ade
stru
ctor
Scle
rotiu
mce
pivo
rum
Uroc
ystis
cepu
lae
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
169
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
76W
ides
prea
dbu
tfew
reco
rds
forA
frica
and
Asia
:M
ap33
1W
ides
prea
dbu
tnotr
epo
rted
from
Afric
aexc
ept
Egyp
tand
Mor
occo
,era
dica
ted
from
Indi
a:M
ap12
Des
c.43
3D
esc.
456
Des
c.51
2
Des
c.29
8
Pass
ion
fruit
( Pas
siflo
raed
ulis)
Brow
nsp
ot
Woo
dine
ss
Alte
rnar
iapa
ssiflo
rae
Pass
ion
fruit
woo
dine
ssvir
us
East
Afric
a,Au
stra
lia,N
ewZe
alan
d,Fi
ji,H
awai
i,Pa
pua
New
Gui
nea,
Cana
da:M
ap47
9Br
unei
,Ken
ya,A
ustra
lia,S
urin
am:V
irus
Map
518
Des
c.24
7
Des
c.12
2Pe
a(P
isum
sativ
um)
Roo
trot
Apha
nom
yces
eute
iches
Aust
ralia
,Den
mar
k,Fr
ance
,Nor
way
,Swe
den,
UK,
USSR
(Euro
pean
),Jap
an,U
SA:M
ap78
Des
c.60
0:54
,191
5 Cont
inue
d
23Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:49 PM
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-
14 J.M. Lenn
Com
mon
nam
ePa
thog
enD
istri
butio
nLi
tera
ture
Leaf
,ste
mand
pod
spot
Blig
ht,f
ootr
ot
Enat
ion
mosa
ic
Asco
chyt
api
si
Didy
mel
lapi
node
sPe
aen
atio
nm
osai
cvir
us
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
273
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
316
Wid
espr
ead
inN
orth
tem
pera
tezo
ne
Des
c.33
4
Des
c.34
0Vi
rus
Des
c.37
2Pe
ach
( Pru
nus
pers
ica)
Brow
nro
tLe
afcu
rlM
onilin
iafru
ctico
laTa
phrin
ade
form
ans
Amer
ica,
Aust
ralia
,New
Zeal
and,
Japa
n:M
ap50
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
192
Des
c.61
6D
esc.
711
Pear
( Pyr
usco
mm
unis)
Scab
Brow
nro
tFi
rebl
ight
Vent
uria
pirin
aM
onilin
iafru
ctig
ena
Erwi
nia
amylo
vora
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
367
Wid
espr
ead
Wid
espr
ead
inN
orth
Amer
ica,
parts
ofA
sia
and
Euro
pe,N
ewZe
alan
d,G
uate
mal
a,Co
lom
bia:
Map
1264
Des
c.40
4D
esc.
617
Des
c.44
Pige
onpe
a( C
ajanu
scaja
n)W
iltPh
ytop
htho
rabl
ight
Ster
ility
mosa
ic
Gib
bere
llain
dica
Phyt
opht
hora
drec
hsle
rif.s
p.ca
jani
Pidg
eonp
east
erilit
ym
osai
cvir
us
Indi
a,In
done
sia,T
haila
nd,p
arts
ofA
frica
Indi
a,Ke
nya,
Cent
ralA
mer
ica
Indi
a,Ba
ngla
desh
,Sri
Lank
a,N
epal
Des
c.57
5D
esc.
840
Pine
( Pin
ussp
p.)
Rus
tD
ieba
ckBu
ttro
tN
eedl
eru
st
Blig
ht,r
ed
band
Cron
artiu
mfu
sifor
me
Gre
mm
enie
llaab
ietin
aHe
tero
basid
ion
anno
sum
Loph
oder
miu
mpi
nast
ri
Myc
osph
aere
llapi
ni
Sout
h-Ea
stAs
ia,U
SA:M
ap47
Euro
pe,N
orth
Amer
ica:
Map
423
Wor
ldwi
dein
tem
pera
teare
as:
Map
271
Wid
espr
ead,
parti
cula
rlyin
north
ern
hem
isph
ere:
Map
371
Fairl
yw
ides
prea
d:M
ap41
9
58,4
02D
esc.
369
Des
c.19
2D
esc.
567
Des
c.36
8Pl
um( P
runu
sdo
mes
tica)
Pox,
Shar
kadi
seas
ePl
umpo
xvir
usEu
rope
,Tur
key:
Map
392
Viru
sD
esc.
70Po
plar
(Pop
ulus
spp.
)Ca
nker
Cryp
todi
apor
the
popu
lea
(Cho
ndro
plea
popu
lea)
Euro
pe,T
urke
y,N
orth
Amer
ica:
Map
344
Des
c.36
4
24Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:49 PM
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-
Some Major Plant Diseases 15
Pota
to(S
olan
umtu
bero
sum
)Ba
cter
ialw
iltG
angr
ene
Late
blig
htBl
ack
scurf
War
t
Blac
kle
gLe
afro
llM
ildm
osa
icLe
af-d
rop
stre
ak,
rugo
sem
osa
ic
Ralst
onia
sola
nace
arum
Phom
afo
veat
aPh
ytop
htho
rain
fest
ans
Rhizo
cton
iaso
lani
Sync
hytri
umen
dobi
oticu
m
Erwi
nia
caro
tovo
rava
r.at
rose
ptica
Pota
tole
afro
llviru
sPo
tato
virus
XPo
tato
virus
Y
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
138
Aust
ralia
,Eur
ope:
Map
210
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
109
Wor
ldwi
deEu
rope
,Asi
a,So
uth
Afric
a,N
orth
and
Sout
hAm
eric
a:M
ap1
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
131
Wor
ldwi
dew
ithcr
op
Wor
ldwi
dew
ithcr
op
Wor
ldwi
dew
ithcr
op
Des
c.12
20
Des
c.83
8D
esc.
406
Des
c.75
5:56
,465
5
Des
c.55
1Vi
rus
Des
c.29
1Vi
rus
Des
c.35
4Vi
rus
Des
c.24
0
Ric
e( O
ryza
sativ
a)Br
own
spot
Baka
nae
Stem
rot
Blas
tBa
cter
iall
eafb
light
Bact
eria
llea
fstre
akH
ojabl
anca
Tung
ro
Coch
liobo
lus
miya
bean
usG
ibbe
rella
fujiku
roiM
agna
porth
esa
lvini
iM
agna
porth
egr
isea
Xant
hom
onas
oryz
aepv
.ory
zae
Xant
hom
onas
oryz
aepv
.ory
zicol
aRi
ceho
jabl
anca
virus
Rice
tung
rovir
us
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
92W
ides
prea
d:M
ap10
2W
ides
prea
d:M
ap44
8W
ides
prea
d:M
ap51
Sout
hand
East
Asia
,Tog
o,Au
stra
lia,B
razi
l:M
ap30
4As
ia,A
ustra
lia:M
ap46
3US
A,M
exic
o,Ce
ntra
land
Sout
hAm
eric
a:M
ap35
9Ba
ngla
desh
,Ind
ia,I
ndon
esia
,Mal
aysia
,Ph
ilippi
nes,
Thai
land
:Map
516
Des
c.30
2D
esc.
22D
esc.
344
Des
c.16
9:44
,213
1D
esc.
239
Des
c.24
0Vi
rsu
Des
c.29
9:54
,492
2Vi
rus
Des
c.67
Ros
e( R
osa
spp.
)Bl
ack
spot
Dipl
ocar
pon
rosa
eW
ides
prea
d:M
ap26
6D
esc.
485
Rub
ber(
Heve
abr
asilie
nsis)
Red
rootr
ot
Sout
hAm
eric
anle
afbl
ight
Pow
dery
mild
ew
Gan
oder
ma
philip
pii
Micr
ocyc
lus
ule
i
Oid
ium
heve
ae
Sout
h-Ea
stAs
ia,C
entra
land
Wes
tAfri
ca,
New
Cale
doni
a,Pa
pua
New
Gui
nea:
Map
98Tr
opica
lSou
thand
Cent
ralA
mer
ica
Sout
hEa
stAs
ia,C
entra
lAfri
ca,B
razi
l,Pa
pua
New
Gui
nea:
Map
4
Des
c.44
6
Des
c.22
5:49
,261
7
Des
c.50
8
Cont
inue
d
25Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:49 PM
Color profile: DisabledComposite Default screen
-
16 J.M. Lenn
Com
mon
nam
ePa
thog
enD
istri
butio
nLi
tera
ture
Brow
nro
otr
ot
Whi
tero
otr
ot
Phel
linus
nox
ius
Rigi
dopo
rus
micr
opor
us
Sout
h-Ea
stAs
ia,A
ustra
lia,F
iji,Va
nuat
u,Pa
pua
New
Gui
nea,
Afric
a:M
ap10
4Fa
irly
wid
espr
ead
intro
pics
buti
dent
itydo
ubtfu
linAm
eric
a:M
ap17
6
Des
c.19
5
Des
c.19
8
Rye
( Sec
ale
cere
ale)
Ergo
tCl
avice
pspu
rpur
eaW
ides
prea
d:M
ap10
Saffl
ower
(Car
tham
ustin
ctor
ius)
Rus
tPu
ccin
iaca
rtham
iW
ides
prea
d:M
ap42
4D
esc.
174
Sorg
hum
(Sor
ghum
bico
lor)
Zona
tele
afsp
otD
owny
mild
ew
Loos
esm
ut
Hea
dsm
ut
Cove
red
smut
Long
smut
Strip
eAn
thra
cnos
e
Glo
eoce
rcos
pora
sorg
hiPe
rono
scle
rosp
ora
sorg
hi
Spha
celo
thec
acr
uent
aSp
hace
loth
eca
reilia
naSp
hace
loth
eca
sorg
hiTo
lypos
poriu
meh
renb
ergi
iBu
rkho
lder
iaan
drop
ogon
isCo
lletro
trich
umsu
blin
eolu
m
Fairl
yw
ides
prea
d:M
ap33
9Af
rica,
Sout
h-Ea
stAs
ia,U
SA,M
exic
o,So
uth
Amer
ica:
Map
179
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
408
Wid
espr
ead:
Map
69W
ides
prea
d:M
ap22
0Af
rica,
Sout
hand
Wes
tAsi
a,Ch
ina:
Map
377
Fairl
yw
ides
prea
d:M
ap49
5W
ides
prea
d:M
ap58
6
Des
c.30
0D
esc.
761:
60,3
641
Des
c.71
Des
c.73
Des
c.74
Des
c.76
Des
c.37
2D
esc.
132
Soyb
ean
( Glyc
ine
max
)St
embl
ight
and
canke
r,po
dbl
ight
Dow
nym
ildew
Rus
t
Brow
nsp
ot
Mos
aic
Anth
racn
ose
Char
coal
rot
Diap
orth
eph
aseo
loru
mf.s
p.ca
ulivo
ra
Pero
nosp
ora
man
shur
icaPh
akop
sora
pach
yrhi
zi
Sept
oria
glyc
ines
Soyb
ean
mos
aic
virus
Colle
totri
chum
trunc
atum
Mac
roph
omin
aph
aseo
lina
Nor
thAm
eric
a:M
ap36
0
Fairl
yw
ides
prea
d:M
ap26
8So
uth-
East
Asia
,Afri
ca,A
ustra
lia,N
ewCa
ledo
nia,
Papu
aN
ewG
uine
a,W
estI
ndie
s,Ve
nezu
ala:
Map
504
USA,
Cana
da,E
astA
sia,
Rom
ania
,Col
ombi
a:M
ap36
1W
ides
prea
d:M
ap39
0W
ides
prea
dW
ides
prea
d
Des
c.33
6
Des
c.68
9D
esc.
589
Des
c.33
9
Viru
sD
esc.
93
Des
c.27
5
26Z:\Customer\CABI\A4084 - Waller - Plant Pathologists Pocketbook\A4163 - Waller - Plant - All.vpMonday, October 29, 2001 4:37:49 PM
Color profile: DisabledComposite Default screen
-
Some Major Plant Diseases 17
Phyt
opht
hora
root
and
stem
rot
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18 J.M. Lenn
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Surveys and SamplingM. Holderness3
3Surveys and SamplingM. HoldernessCABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, SurreyTW20 9TY, UK
General Principles
Surveys of diseases in crops are required for many purposes: to determine gen-eral levels of crop health; or the presence of particular diseases of quarantinesignificance; prioritization of problems to enable proper allocation of cropprotection resources; and to assess the losses caused by crop disease asdiscussed in Chapter 4. However, they are all concerned with determining thetype and severity of diseases affecting crops. The structure of disease surveysand protocols for sampling of crops varies widely between different scientificneeds, e.g. quarantine officers may require subsamples of seed lots for detectionof specific pathogens, whereas extension workers may require rapid assess-ment of diseases and of the farmers priorities in regard to the disease complexin his/her fields. The diagnostic survey thus combines identification of dis-eases with a measure of their intensity. Qualitative aspects are concerned withdetermining what is there. This may be either the type of damage, symptoms,etc., or which particular species of pest or pathogen is present. Samples willoften need to be collected in order to confirm identities of pests and pathogensby laboratory examination. Quantitative aspects determine how much of aparticular pest or pathogen is present, particularly in relation to how muchdamage is being caused to the crop. Incidence and severity need to be measuredaccording to a predetermined sampling pattern. Surveys may need to be under-taken several times during the season as particular crop stages may differ intheir susceptibility or diseases may develop in characteristic ways. The datamay also need to relate to particular crop growth stages in order to determinethe effect of disease on yield. Patterns of disease spread may be critical indiagnosis or in devising control methods. Aerial surveys are sometimes used toassess crop health or patterns of disease development over large areas. These
CAB International 2002. Plant Pathologists Pocketbook(eds J.M. Waller, J.M. Lenn and S.J. Waller) 19
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may use true light or infra-red images, but usually need to be followed up onthe ground for sampling and diagnostic procedures. Diseases do not usuallyoccur in isolation and measures of the relative importance of different compo-nents of the disease complex are required to determine which would justifycontrol measures and whether such measures are likely to be economic. Pestsand abiotic factors may also be present and causing damage to the crop andthese need to be taken into account during the survey.
Planning the Survey
Before any survey starts, decisions are required on:
1. The population or region to be covered;2. The characteristics to be estimated;3. The subclasses (e.g. varieties, soil types) to be covered;4. The degree of accuracy required.
These factors determine the basic structure of the survey. Of these, point 2involves the techniques to be used and the skills required, whereas 3 and 4determine the scale of the survey.
The survey must cover sites that are truly representative of the region andmust be of sufficient size to obtain the required accuracy. Planning the surveyin relation to the resources (people, time, money, transport) available is crucialand the collection of extraneous information should be avoided at all costs. Theplanning should decide the minimum level of information required and matchthat against the maximum level of information which could be gathered giventhe resources available.
To ensure survey objectives can be met, the planning process should takeaccount of all four stages of the survey:
1. Planning: decide what data are required.2. Sampling and collection: the gathering of the data.3. Analysis: conversion of the data into accessible information.4. Report: use of the information to achieve the original objective.
If necessary, survey objectives can be modified during stages 1, 3 or 4, but suchflexibility is difficult, if not impossible, during the sampling and collectionstage. Before data collection begins (and before the training of data collectorsbegins), it is essential to have determined the survey goals including detail onthe variables for which data will be collected, how often they will be collectedand the level of accuracy which is required. One very useful way to do thisis to undertake a small pilot survey in advance of the actual survey, so thata realistic assessment can be made of what will be feasible and achievable,before extensive resources are committed.
A survey is not an experiment; it is feasible to use a survey to determine thelikelihood of different pest and environmental factor combinations, but onecannot expect to make very accurate estimates of the effects of different factorcombinations on the yields of crops from surveys alone. The objectives of adiagnostic survey may thus perhaps best be limited to the discovery of what
20 M. Holderness
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combinations of pests and hosts exist and a relatively crude assessment of thedamage caused in the cropping systems under study.
Sampling
Appropriate sampling procedures comprise a combination of a suitablesampling method and a representative sample size. For a sample to be repre-sentative it must relate to the spatial distribution of disease and for it to havethe desired level of accuracy, it must be of an adequate size in relation to thesurvey objectives and logistics.
Sampling procedures should be: simple; representative; reliable; andideally applicable in subsequent standard disease surveillance procedures.
Sample size
The sample is usually made up of several small sampling units (e.g. leaf, plantor plot) which are often predetermined by the purpose of the study, as aresampling dates and intervals. Stratified sampling can be appropriate to thedetection of very low disease incidences, but care is needed in the bulking ofsamples and subsequent analysis to avoid losing true replication, or converselyto avoid creating spurious levels of accuracy. If the standard deviation of esti-mated pest incidence is: +/ SD and the mean is to be estimated with standarderror: +/ SE, the number (n) of independent random samples required is:
n = (SD)2/(SE)2
However, the standard deviation is often unknown and must be guessed, usinginformation from a pilot study or comparable pathosystems. A rough estimateof the sample sizes required can be obtained from a pilot study in whichdisease intensities are estimated for a number of sampling units and therunning means and their corresponding standard deviations plotted againstthe number of sampling units. Both such curves tend to flatten after a certainnumber of entries and this point can be taken as the minimum (and thus inmany cases optimum) sample size to obtain a