Research Proposal (Synopsis)

Water and sanitation in emergency.

Name of student WAJID ALI (09IEEM05).

Supervisor: Prof: DR Rasool Bux Mahir.

Co-Supervisor: Engr: Muhammad Ali Shaikh.

Institute of environmental engineering and management

Mehran university of engineering technology jamshoro

Introduction

Natural disaster caused by land sliding, heavy rainfall (can cause flood), hurricanes, earthquake, drought and fires are the main causes of emergency. Access to clean drinking water and sanitation solutions is one of the least expensive and most effective ways to improve health and save lives. But, nearly 1.1 billion people worldwide do not have access to improved drinking water supplies and over 2.6 billion live without improved sanitation servicesIn the emergency situation there is big challenge of provision of safe drinking water and sanitation.

Water for drinking is very essential for survival. Animal and plant contain 50 to 97% of water in there body. Human body normally contains 35 to 50 liters of water. According to WHO (world health organization) 80% diseases caused by contaminated water and 40% causes of death due to contaminated water in Pakistan. According to WHO in 2001by using contaminated water death toll was 4200000. By using contaminated water diseases can be cause Diarrhea and dysentery, Cholera, Typhoid, Eyes infection, Hepatitis, Intestinal worms, GIT infection, Kidney Infection, and cancer.

Sanitation is the efficient disposal of excreta, urine, refuse, and sullage.Sanitation in emergency response to provide the trench (pit) latrines and bathing for washing.Trench (pit) latrines are made because to save time. Trench (pit) latrines are used to avoid open defecates. Sanitation in emergency open trench latrine is used because they required small area. Different types of diseases can be cause due improper sanitation like Cholera, Typhoid, Intestinal worms, and GIT infection.Benefits of trench (pit) latrine are following.To avoid social conflict. To avoid open defecate, spread of small. To save time. Clean of environment by proper disposal of excreta. To avoid the different type of diseases.etcBaths are provided for washing. Bathing are installed near to hand pump because easy availability of water.

HEALTH HAZARDS OF POOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION1 Approximately 4 billion cases of diarrhoea each year2 Result 2.2 million deaths, mostly among children under the age of five 3 This is equivalent to one child dying every 15 seconds. These deaths represent approximately 15% of all child deaths under the age of five in developing countries. Water, sanitation, and Hygiene interventions reduce diarrhea disease on average by between one-quarter and one-third 4 Intestinal worms infect about 10% of the population of the developing world. These can be controlled through better sanitation, hygiene and water supply.5 Intestinal parasitic infections can lead to malnutrition, anemia and retarded growth, depending upon the severity of the infection.

For sustainable management of water and sanitation in emergency camp wash committee is made. Camp Wash committee consists of 8 people ideally mixture of men and women. They are train in hygiene promotion, facility operation and maintenance, and community mobilization. Need to manage sanitary workers. Committees are likely to be influential people. Sanitary workers should be occupied for full working days. Sanitary worker work on latrine operation and maintenance, bathing area operation and maintenance and solid waste management. .

LITERATURE REVIEW

1) [Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in disaster response Published by The Sphere Project 2004]. In this research book the minimum criteria is defined in disaster. It focuses on humanitarian charter and minimum standards. Work on minimum standards in water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion. Also worked on vector control, solid waste management, drainage. Water supply and sanitation initial needs assessment checklist. Minimum water quantities for institutions and other uses. Water and excreta related diseases. Minimum numbers of toilets at public places and institutions in disaster situations.

2) [Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report] by World Health Organization and UNICEF. Worked on Global water supply and sanitation in developing countries. Global status of water changes during the 1990s to 2000. Water supply and sanitation in large cities.Monitoring the population with access to improved drinking-water supply and facilities for improved sanitation has posed major problems. Storage of water by bottle and vended water.

3) [Bob Reed and Rod Shaw WEDC Loughborough University Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK]. In these study paper of Emergency sanitation for refugees. Worked on immediate tasks at a new camp it includes the site layout, population clusters, topography, ground conditions, and available construction materials. Preventing defecation area near to foods and water source.Schematic plain for defecation field. Design of family pit latrines.

4) [ACF-France on behalf of the Global WASH Cluster February 2009].THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS. This work guide to human right to water and sanitation in emergency situations and advocacy. This study on access to water and sanitation is a human right that states and non-state actors must respect, even in humanitarian crises. Everyone has a to water. Everyone have a right to adequate sanitation. States responsibility water and sanitation.

5) [world health organization 2010, ISBN 978 92 4 159935 1] UN-water global annual assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2010: targeting resources for better results.This study work guide to, Sanitation – economics, Water supply, Potable water - supply and distribution, National health programs, Millennium development goals.

6) [By Synne Movik and Lyla Mehta, The Dynamics And Sustainability of Community-led Total sanitation: Mapping challenges and pathways] in this research paper the role of Community-led Total sanitation (CLTS) is defined. This research emphasis community action and behavior changes as the most important elements to achieving better sanitation. The social, ecological, technological, interactions of community led. Dealing with risk and incertitude.

7) [Tackling a Global crisis: International year of sanitation 2008 by UN-water]. This research paper on problem face by men and women by improper sanitation especially to female. This research Focus on five key messages 1 Sanitation is vital for health, 2. Sanitation contributes to social development, 3. Sanitation is a good economic investment, 4. Sanitation helps the environment, 5. Sanitation is achievable.

8) [By Annette Prüss-Üstün, Robert Bos, Fiona Gore, Jamie Bartram Safe water, better health ISBN 978 92 4 159643 5, year 2008 copy right WHO]. This research study focuses on diseases caused by poor water and sanitation. Almost one tenth of the global disease burden could be prevented by improving water supply, sanitation, hygiene and management of water resources.Ensuring poor people’s access to safe drinking-water and adequate sanitation and encouraging personal, domestic and community hygiene will improve the quality of life of millions of individuals.

SCOPE OF STUDY

Scope of study is to provision of safe drinking water and better sanitation in emergency. Water and sanitation are critical determinants for survival immediately after and during the initial stages of a disaster. After disaster death from diseases related to inadequate sanitation, insufficient water supplies and poor hygiene will be increase.To reduce the water bone disease and diseases related to improper sanitation.To adequate supply of drinking water and sanitation problem minimize.

OBJECTIVIS

1) Do not defecate in the open.2) Drink safe water even if it tastes of chlorine.3) Wash hands with soaps or ash.4) To provide sufficient latrines and baths.5) To maintain proper hygiene condition

Methodology

Initially we survey for WASH Rapid Needs Assessment.WASH RNA consists of following data.

Collection of data in manually forms.

Collection of data depends upon the following components.Camp name; _______________________District; ___________________________Tehsil; ____________________________Union council; ______________________Contact name; ______________________Cell; ______________________________Number of families; __________________Total population; _____________________Number of children less than or equal to age five years; __________Note total population= number of families multiply by 7.

Collection of data for drinking water in emergency.

First of all we find where people currently get their drinking water and non-drinking water.Sources; like Truck, hand pump, water supply.Open sources (lake, river, stream, etc).

Ideally we do not want to truck water.We can install hand pump if condition permit.We will be providing jerry can for storage of water to families.A final solution we can use water bladders (pillow tank of water) and tanker treated water.Water quality testing on-going.For hand pump required WATER ASSESSMENTS is taken.

We will provide one hand pump for 28 families or 200 people per head hand pump.Purification of water by providing AQUATABS and Life straw where water test is not sweet.

Note this only for emergency response.

Collection of data for sanitation in emergency.

Collection of data for sanitation depends upon population.Initial response is a type of trench (pit) latrine. It is fast and low cost.Required small area.Area required per latrine = 1m * 2m Area required for 5 latrines = 3m * 5.5mSimple bathing areas will be provided with sectioned cubicles with plastic sheeting.Baths are provided for washing. One latrine and one baths are enough for 50 people or for seven families.

On the basis of above evaluated data we can know how many hand pump and pit latrines and bathing areas are required for installation. Note this is only for emergency response.

References.

1 © ACF - THE HUMAN RIGHT TO WATER AND SANITATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS by the Global WASH Cluster. Copyright © Global WASH Cluster 2009 Global WASH Cluster, UNICEF New York, 3 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA washcluster@unicef.org.

2 Pakistan water sector strategy, NATIONAL WATER SECTOR PROFILE. Volume October 2002.

3 http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/emergencies/how_we_work/manual_excreta.htm.

4 Davis, J. and Lambert, R., Engineering in Emergencies: A practical guide for relief workers, IT Publications, London, 1995.

5 House, S. and Reed, R.A., Emergency Water Sources: Guidelines for selection and treatment, WEDC, Loughborough, 1997.

6 Médecins Sans Frontières, Public Health Engineering in Emergency Situations, Paris, 1994.

7 Oxfam Water Supply Scheme for Emergencies, Oxfam Technical Unit, Oxford, 1992.

8 Reed, R.A., 'Technical Brief No. 29: Designing simple pipelines', Waterlines, Vol.10, No. 1, IT Publications, London, 1991.9 Reed, R.A. and Shaw, R.J., 'Technical Brief No. 38: Emergency sanitation for refugees', Waterlines, Vol.12, No. 2, IT Publications, London, 1993.

10 Reed, R.A., (ed.) Technical Support for Refugees: Lessons from recent experiences, Proceedings of the 1991 International Conference, WEDC, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, 1993.

11 Reed., R.A. and Smith, M.D., 'Water and sanitation for disasters', Tropical Doctor, Vol. 21, Supp. No. 1,Royal Society of Medicine, London, 1991.

12 UNHCR, Handbook for Emergencies, Geneva, 1982.

13 UNHCR, Water Manual for Refugee Situations, Geneva, 1992.

14 http://www.nabuur.com/en/group/water-and sanitation.

15 http://www.iccsafe.org/Communities/PMG/Pages/WTS.aspx

16 http:// www.humanitarianreform.org/WASH.

17 http://www.tilz.tearfund.org/Research/Water+and+Sanitation+reports/

18 http://www.steps-centre.org/ourresearch/water.html

19 http://www.unwater.org/flashindex.html

20 http://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/

21 http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/glaas/en/index.html

22 http://www.esa.un.org/iys/health.shtml

23 http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Pakistan

24 http://www.wsp.org/wsp/about/Water-and-Sanitation-Organizations

25 http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/pakistan/default.asp

26 Bahadar, N., I. L. P. Nyborg, et al. (2006). ‘Cultural preferences in designing ecological sanitation systems in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan’, Journal of Environmental Psychology 26: 236-246.

27 http://www.sphereproject.org/component/option,com_docman/task,cat_view/gid,18/Itemid,203/