WAFIC 2013 fitness research update

Fitness Research 2013

Copyright ‐ Dr Mark McKean USC 1

Dr Mark McKean PhD AEP CSCS RSCC*E

RESEARCH UPDATE 2013

SPONSORED BY FITNESS RESEARCH

Current Issue: Vol. 2, No. 1 – July 2013

Next issue due out December 2013 Vol.2, No. 2

Open access

Free registration and subscription

No submission fees for authors

Part of the Fitness Research program in partnership with Australian Institute of Fitness, Australian Fitness Network, University of the Sunshine Coast.

RESEARCH PROJECTS

Group Exercise

Quantifying 4 different Les Mills Classes for energy expenditure, steps taken, HR.

Strength Training

6RM squat scores to determine quadricep and hamstring strength levels.

Biomechanics

Anterior knee shear and rotation during exercise in ACL injury

Wii‐Fit

Does 6 weeks of balance training on Wii‐Fit board improve balance in oldies

Nutrition

What do fitness members want from trainers regarding nutrition knowledge?

GROUP EXERCISE

Quantifying and Comparing Activity in Group Fitness Classes

Honours project: Aimee Harvey

RESEARCH AIM

Research aim

Evaluate and compare physical activity levels and physical responses from four different group exercise classes, using a single sensor device combined with heart rate data.

13 Males (27.9 ± 6.3 years, 177.4 ± 5.1cm and 78.7 ±4.8kg)

17 females (30.5 ± 6.7 years, 167.5 ± 4.67cm, and 63.8 ±9.2kg)



METHODOLOGY

Participants completed four Les Mills Programs; in a randomised order over a seven day period and completed a six question survey post participation.

BODYPUMP™, BODYCOMBAT™, BODYBALANCE™ and BODYATTACK™

Participants followed similar dietary patterns

All classes were performed in the same air‐conditioned group exercise studio (19 degrees Celsius).

Instructors were certified and registered exercise professionals with Fitness Australia.

METHODOLOGY

Participants wore a Polar RS400 heart rate monitor as well as a BodyMedia SenseWear Pro3 armband.

MEASUREMENTS

BodyMedia SenseWear MF‐SW Armband (SWA) measures

physical activity and movement data from a tri‐axial accelerometer – steps, force data

physiological sensors (skin temperature, heat exchange and galvanic skin response)

Heart rate measured through Polar HRM

RESULTS – ENERGY EXPENDITURE

ENERGY EXPENDITURE (kJ)

BODYCOMBATTM BODYPUMPTM BODYBALANCETM BODYATTACKTM

M 2498.1

(2303.8,2692.5)#*

1513.3

(1494.3,1612.2)#*

1068.2

(1009.9,1126.6)#*

2550.7

(2398.6,2702.8)#*

F 1890

(1751.2,2030.5)#*

1112.8

(1026.9,1198.7)#*

713.5

(636.6,790.3)#*

2035.8

(1890.2,2181.3)#*

STEP COUNT


M5575.5

(5344.6,5806.5)#*898.9

(783.8,1013.9) #*

171.9(126.8,217.1)*

5701.8(5528.3,5875.3) #*

F 5167.1(4964.3,5369.9) #*

747.2(640.8,853.6) #*

156.6(124.6,188.6)*

5516.5(5434.4,5598.7) #*

RESULT - STEPS



.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

400.00

450.00

500.00

550.00

600.00

650.00

700.00

750.00

800.00

850.00

900.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Step Count

Step Count track by track for all four classesBODYCOMBAT MALE

BODYCOMBAT FEMALE

BODYPUMP MALE

BODYPUMP FEMALE

BODYBALANCE MALE

BODYBALANCE FEMALE

BODYATTACK MALE

BODYATTACK FEMALE

RESULTS

Confidence in classes helping participants to achieve goals – highest for BODYPUMPTM followed BODYATTACKTM

Most enjoyable classes ‐ highest for BODYPUMPTM

followed BODYATTACKTM

Order of complexity from complex to not at all –BODYCOMBATTM, BODYATTACKTM, BODYBALANCETM,

BODYPUMPTM

RESULTS

BODYATTACKTM and BODYCOMBATTM – Average METS for both classes fell into the vigorous category.

BODYPUMPTM and BODYBALANCE – Average METs for both classes fell into the moderate category

AVERAGE METS


M 7.9

(7.5,8.3)#*

4.9

(4.8,5.1)#*

3.7

(3.5,4)#*

7.6

(7.4,7.9)*

F 7.5

(7.2,7.7)#*

4.3

(4.1,4.5)#*

3.2

(2.9,3.5)#*

7.5

(7.2,7.8)*

DISCUSSION

BODYATTACK™ and BODYCOMBAT™.

Both classes resulted in the highest readings for HR, step count, METS and TEE. Although order differs between males and females.

METs for the entire class set fell into the vigorous category of 6.0 – 9.0 METS, supporting claims made by Les Mills International.

DISCUSSION

Over 5000 steps taken for both males and females in

BODYCOMBAT™ and BODYATTACK™ .

The ACSM has suggested that 100 steps per minute for 30 minutes is a rough approximation of moderate intensity exercise.

BODYATTACK™, was 103.65 steps.min‐1 for males and 100.29 steps.min‐1 for females.

BODYCOMBAT™ resulted in 101.37 steps.min‐1 for males and 93.95 steps.min‐1 for, females

CONCLUSION

These results allow the authors to rank classes in the following order in terms of energy expenditure for males and females.

BODYATTACKTM, BODYCOMBATTM, BODYPUMPTM and BODYBALANCETM

No significant difference shown between BODYATTACKTM, BODYCOMBATTM.



STRENGTH TRAINING

Compare lower body 6RM strength scores and resultant ratios between female football players and strength athletes

Honours project: Dan Marshall

RESEARCH AIM

Research aim

Quantify and compare 6RM strength scores and subsequent ratios of various lower limb strength exercises, between female football players and female strength training subjects

15 Female amateur‐level football players (26.3 (6.4) years, 165.9 (6.9) cm and 64.4 (10.5) kg)

15 Female strength athletes (29.1 (4.5) years, 165.6 (4.4) cm, and 63.6 (5.2) kg)

No significant differences in populations for age, weight, height etc. ‐ groups matched

Ratios reported as right limb – no significant side to side strength differences between both dominant and non‐dominant limbs and groups

METHODOLOGY

Day 1 – subjects were tested for 6RM strength scores of back squat and single leg standing hamstring curl

Day 2 – subjects were tested for 6RM strength scores of stationary lunge and prone hamstring curl

Exercise order on each testing day was randomised. Subjects performed a standardised warm up for each exercise

Testing was supervised by an accredited Australian Strength and Conditioning certified coach to ensure correct exercise technique was adhered to

METHODOLOGY

• Back Squat Technique

METHODOLOGY

• Single Leg Standing Hamstring Curl Technique



METHODOLOGY

• Stationary Lunge Technique

METHODOLOGY

• Prone Hamstring Curl Technique

RESULTS

MEAN 6RM STRENGTH SCORES (kg)

Back Squat

Single Leg

Standing

Hamstring

Curl (SLSHC)

Stationary

Lunge (SL)

Prone

Hamstring

Curl

Football 51.7

(42.8,60.5)

13.3

(11.2,15.5)

29.5

(23.9,35.1)*

32.0

(28.8,35.3)

Strength 60.9

(52.7,69.0)

15.1

(12.0,18.3)

36.5

(32.3,40.7)*

34.2

(30.6,37.8)

STRENGTH RATIOS

SLSHC to Back

SquatSL to Back Squat

Football0.28

(0.22,0.34)

0.58(0.51,0.65)

Strength0.25

(0.20,0.30)

0.62 (0.55,0.69)

RELATIONSHIPS

Strong linear relationship found between the 6RM back squat and 6RM stationary lunge in both groups (0.82 football, 0.79 strength athletes)

Moderate linear relationship (0.60) found between back squat strength and training frequency in the strength training group

RESULTS

MUSCLE SYMMETRYbetween dominant and non dominant limbs

Single Leg

Standing

Hamstring Curl

Stationary Lunge

Football -2.01% -2.35%

Strength 2.65% -0.55%



DISCUSSION

Bilateral to unilateral compound ratio

Back squat to Stationary lunge

59.7%( 55.0% ‐ 64.4%)

Bilateral to unilateral knee flexor ratio

Back squat to hamstring curls (single leg)

26.5% (22.8% ‐ 30.3%)

BIOMECHANICS

Anterior knee shear and rotation during exercise in ACL injury

Investigators: Dr Sue Keays, Dr Mark Sayers, Mr Daniel Mellifont, Dr Carolyn Richardson

RESEARCH AIM

Research aim

to compare anterior tibial displacement (ATD; sometimes referred to as anterior shear), and internal tibial rotation during two commonly prescribed exercises in ACL‐deficient and healthy knees, namely:

open kinetic chain (OKC) seated knee extension

closed kinetic chain (CKC) single leg wall squatting

METHODOLOGY

3D motion analysis (Qualisys 3D‐Motion Analysis System tracking 17 infrared markers) of the knee during seated knee extension with 3kg weight and a unilateral wall squat was performed with eight ACL deficient patients and eight healthy subjects matched for age, gender and sports history.

Representative of some ACLD participants, possibly with more dynamically stable knees, and shows a similar profile to participants with healthy knees. Here the tibia moves posteriorly from 0°‐70° of knee flexion



Representative of a possibly less dynamically stable group of ACL‐deficient participants. Here the tibia remains more anteriorly displaced throughout range more so in the CKC wall squat than the OKC seated extension.

RESULTS

significantly less control of knee shear (i.e. increased ATD) in the wall squat compared to the seated extension for both healthy and ACL‐deficient knees (p=.049).

Participants with ACL‐deficiency also showed abnormal internal rotation of the tibia with both exercises (i.e. the tibia was significantly more internally rotated (p=.003) in ACL‐deficient knees, irrespective of the exercise).

CONCLUSION

Do not assume that all closed chain knee exercises are safe. Seek advice from the treating clinician (e.g. physiotherapist) when prescribing exercises for people with ACL injuries or surgery.

Do not use wall squats or loaded open chain knee extension exercises for these clients unless you are certain they can maintain knee control (including knee shear/ATD and tibial rotation).

Exercises need to be individually assessed and carefully prescribed.

It remains essential to focus on the individual’s functional ability and control when prescribing and performing exercise.

WII-FIT

To determine the safety and effectiveness of Nintendo Wii‐Fit balance training in independent older adults.

PhD Project: Vaughan Nicholson

RESEARCH AIM

To determine the safety and effectiveness of a six‐week unsupervised Wii‐Fit based program for an aged population (65 years or older) who resided in an independent‐living retirement village setting

The pre‐ and post‐ outcome clinical measures included those commonly associated with falls risk (balance, lower limb strength, fear of falling).

METHODS

The intervention group completed 3 x 30 minute Wii‐Fit sessions per week for six weeks, the control group received no intervention.

Testing sessions were conducted at week ‐1 and week 7.

The Wii Fit sessions were held at two retirement villages where subjects completed the sessions within their respective community halls unsupervised. Subjects in the intervention group completed a logbook to document their playing time and games played on the Wii.



Participants played selected Balance games from Wii‐Fit Plus for at least 30 minutes three times per week, for six weeks.

Nine games from the balance component of Wii‐Fit Plus were chosen based on balance challenge, safety and enjoyment.

Participants were required to play at least three games from the nine options each session, and all nine games were to be played at least once in the first week of the study.

Participants undertook all gaming unsupervised within the community hall of their retirement village. Participants were encouraged to undertake the sessions in pairs.

COMPLIANCE & RESULTS

41 subjects completed follow up testing (19 Wii group, 22 control group; 27 females, 14 males),

mean age of 74.5 (5.4years) with an age range of 65‐84years.

19 subjects in the Wii group completed an average of 17.5 sessions over the course of the six‐week program and completed 32.3 minutes of game play per session.

Total sessions completed ranged from 12 to 21.

Overall adherence was 92%, comprising a total of 316 sessions out of the prescribed 342 (19 subjects x 6 weeks x 3 sessions per week).

Variable Group Baseline 6-weeks Mean difference

TUG (sec) Wii 7.85 (1.16) 7.24 (1.36) 0.54(0.79)*

Control 7.53 (1.86) 7.39 (1.63) ‐0.13(0.88)

Functional reach (cm) Wii 27.00 (5.03) 29.47 (4.46) 2.47(5.08)

Control 29.73 (4.37) 31.05 (4.31) 1.32(5.07)

Lateral reach left (cm) Wii 19.84 (5.67) 22.08 (4.97) 2.14(4.79)

Control 21.25 (4.47) 18.91 (3.52) ‐2.14(4.41)

Lateral reach right (cm) Wii 19.39 (4.68) 21.16 (3.44) 1.76(4.88)

Control 21.09 (3.14) 20.05 (4.42) ‐1.05(5.11)

Single leg stance left (sec) Wii 13.78 (13.48) 16.46 (15.99) 1.67(11.73)**

Control 19.89 (19.85) 13.37 (13.56) ‐4.03(10.28)

Single leg stance right (sec) Wii 16.29 (14.67) 19.18 (15.88) 4.03(11.6)**#

Control 16.78 (15.17) 14.83 (13.90) ‐1.72(12.33)

Repeated sit to stand Wii 15.82 (3.68) 17.72 (3.65) 1.65(2.16)

Control 15.09 (3.38) 17.05 (5.14) 1.71(2.97)

Gait (m/s) Wii 1.34 (0.15) 1.38 (0.17) 0.04(0.12)**

Control 1.41 (0.19) 1.37 (0.20) ‐0.05(0.11)

CONCLUSION

The six‐week unsupervised Wii Fit based program for an aged population (65 years or older) was found to be effective with significant group related improvements occurred in the Wii Fit intervention group for five out of eight clinical tests used to assess mobility and balance.

Participants were very competitive

Aged care homes invested in Wii Fit games post research

PT’s could prescribe Wii Fit games for elderly clients as additional activity in own home

FITNESS INDUSTRY

Type and scope of nutritional and lifestyle advice sought by Australians who utilise Exercise professionals and related services

Investigators: Dr. Mark McKean, Professor Brendan Burkett, Dr Gary Slater, Dr Florin Oprescu

RESEARCH AIM

To determine the type and scope of nutritional and lifestyle advice sought by

every day Australians who utilise Exercise professionals and related services:

what their fitness and lifestyle related goals were when joining the

fitness facility;

what information and advice they were seeking when they joined to

assist them with their goals;

what nutritional and lifestyle related information they received from

fitness professionals and does this information fit with what they were

seeking;

the participant’s confidence in the information provided and their

intention to use it;



METHODS

500+ respondents from regional and city areas of Australia

Online 200+ national coverage

Face to face 300 + regional clubs on Sunshine Coast Qld

iPads – SurveyMonkey

Average age 35 (20‐74 year range)

RESULTS

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

Number 1 goal (rated as a 5 Likert scale) as a percentage of total responses

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

Lessthan 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Per week, how many days do you attend your fitness facility? Less than 1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

14.0%

16.0%

18.0%

20.0%

Lessthan 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ormore

Per week, approximately how many hours do you train/work out towards achieving your health and fitness goals?

Less than 1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 or more

80%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

Less than 1month

1 to 3months

3 to 6months

6 to 9months

9 to 12months

1 to 2 years 2 years ormore

What is the average length of time you have worked continuously with an Exercise Professional?

Less than 1 month

1 to 3 months

3 to 6 months

6 to 9 months

9 to 12 months

1 to 2 years

2 years or more

50%



0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

50.0%

1 2 3 4 5

Describe the impact your exercise professional has had on your health and fitness goals. (1 = very negative, 2 = negative, 3 =

neutral or no impact, 4 = positive, 5 = very positive).

1

2

3

4

5

86%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

45.0%

From the list below select those reasons that prevent you from eating better. Please TICK ALL relevant boxes.

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

1 2 3 4 5

Please rate how confident you are in all of the nutritional advice you received from your Exercise Professional.(1 = not

confident, 2 = low confidence, 3 = confident, 4 = very confident, 5 = extremely confident)

1

2

3

4

5

90%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

Stronglydisagree

Disagree Neither agreenor disagree

Agree Stronglyagree

I prefer to work with an Exercise Professional who offers advice on nutrition.

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Neither agree nordisagree

Agree

Strongly agree

55%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

Stronglydisagree

Disagree Neither agreenor disagree

Agree Stronglyagree

I prefer to work with an Exercise Professional who has specific qualifications in nutrition.

Stronglydisagree

Disagree

Neither agreenor disagree

Agree

Stronglyagree

57%

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

Exercise Professionalsare experts in nutrition

Exercise Professionalsshould be experts in

nutrition

Exercise Professionalsshould know a fair bit

about nutrition but do notneed to be experts

Exercise Professionalsdo not need to know

much about nutrition (nottheir job)

Exercise Professionalsshould refer clients to

nutrition experts

Based on your experience how do you see Exercise Professionals when considering their nutrition knowledge? Select one option from

below.

80%



Do YOU OR an Exercise Professional currently monitor your body composition i.e. body fat, muscle

mass?

No

Yes 0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

Percentage of clients responded with rating these as a 4 or 5 on Likert scale for importance

SUMMARY

A large proportion of clients:

want to use a trainer with nutrition knowledge

Expect trainers to have a good level of day to day nutrition knowledge

Goals relate to body composition

Don’t have their body composition measured by their trainer

CURRENT PROJECTS

GROUP EXERCISE

Changes in Body Composition, Bone density, Balance in oldies after 6 months BodyPump.

Chief Investigator: Vaughan Nicholson(PhD Project)

RESEARCH AIM

Research aim

Explore the response to participation in a BodyPump program in apparently healthy independently living older adults

Aged 65yrs plus

Measured VO2 (predicted max),balance and mobility tasks, 1RM leg strength, Body Composition and Bone density (DEXA‐BodPod)



METHODS

Three stages of testing

Stage 1 – pretesting

Motion Lab – force plate data

Body Comp – DEXA‐BodPod

Gym – 1RM Leg strength incline leg press

Submax VO2 gas analysis with 3 lead ECG

Stage 2 ‐ BodyPump induction

Stage 3 – 3 months participation & mid stage testing

Stage 4 – additional protocol added – Body Balance

Stage 5 – final testing

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Physical Literacy on Children

Honours project: Claire Tompsett

RESEARCH AIM

Research aim

Produce a screening tool that can be used by practitioners to improve movement and influence physical activity participation by all school aged children

Determine whether testing foundational movement capacities of children underpin the movements in skill based tests

Investigate relationships between scores on these tests and lifestyle factors such as BMI and participation hours in physical activity

Create a baseline of scores for movement improvement

Determine the inter‐ and intra‐reliability of the scoring

METHODS

A target of 300 participants, equal quantities from year 4, year 6 and year 8 across 5 schools

Collection of anthropometric data including height and weight to determine BMI.

Objective measurement of 7 movement competencies’

Questionnaire ascertaining lifestyle factors

Ethics approval number A/13/440

DIABETES

The effect of two exercise bouts on fat oxidation rates and post prandial or 24‐hr glucose control in an insulin resistant population group.

Honours project: Rachel Luff

RESEARCH AIM

The research aims to identify if impaired rates of fat oxidation in the insulin resistant population can be improved by depletion of whole‐body carbohydrate stores via evening exercising, low carbohydrate feeding and exercise the following morning in a fasted state.

Secondly, the research seeks to identify if this strategy would help glucose control over a 24‐hr period.

The findings may provide clinicians, physicians and other health professionals with useful advice to giver their patients regarding glucose control and reductions in fat mass.



METHODS DAY 1

The study would use a repeated measures design

Day 1:No exercise

6.30pm, standardised moderate carbohydrate meal

Day 2

7am, 60 minute fasted‐state steady state low‐intensity exercise session while measuring fat oxidation rates

8.30am, post‐prandial glucose and other blood testing, such as lipids, or 24‐hr glucose monitoring.

METHODS DAY 2

Wash out period

Day 1

5pm, aerobic interval session

6.30pm, standardized low carbohydrate dinner

Day 2

7am, 60 minute fasted‐state steady state low‐intensity exercise session while measuring fat oxidation rates

8.30am, post‐prandial glucose and other blood testing, such as lipids or 24‐hr glucose monitoring.

TECHNOLOGY

The Use of Inertial Sensors to Study Surfing Manoeuvres: Does the Lower Body Force Profile Change with Age and Surfing Ability?

Honours project: Chris Wood

RESEARCH AIM

Research aim

quantify the acceleration of the surfboard during a ‘bottom turn’ and ‘carving turn’ in normal surfing conditions using inertial sensors;

quantify the forces generated by the lower limbs in performing a ‘bottom turn’ and ‘carving turn’ in normal surfing conditions using inertial sensors;

compare these forces with those generated by the lower body during tests of performance in the laboratory; and

determine if the lower body force abilities change with age, gender and/or surfing ability.

METHODS

20 semi elite juniors and 20 master surfers

Two testing sessions

Session 1: Motion Laboratory

Anthropometry, Postural sway control and Power jump tests

Session 2: Maroochydore/Coolum beach

Surfers fitted with three inertial sensors and one on the board

Ride four waves and perform two predetermined surfing manoeuvres

Force data of manoeuvres analysed

OTHER RESEARCH

Pullups V lat pulldown biomechanics

EMG activity of quads and hammies in split squats

Use of single leg vertical jump to determine asymmetry in legs

Nutrition & exercise prescription knowledge of AEP’s

Exercise prescription knowledge of dietitians

Qld OzTag – fitness profile of players and refs

Barriers to Swimming participation in disabled groups

Group exercise – class interventions

Aquatic therapies

Heart rate variability and use in training and recovery



SEND YOUR IDEAS FOR FITNESS

RESEARCH TO

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JOURNAL OF FITNESS RESEARCH

Current Issue: Vol. 2, No. 1 – July 2013

Next issue due out Dec 2013 Vol.2, No. 2

DR MARK MCKEAN PHD

Research Fellow

University of Sunshine Coast ‐ Fitness Research

[email protected]

WAFIC 2013 fitness research update

Health & Medicine

Transcript of WAFIC 2013 fitness research update