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Transcript of W3C OWL Ontology Web Language Olivier Corby .
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W3C OWL Ontology Web
Language
Olivier Corby
http://www.inria.fr/acacia/cours/essi2005
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OWL
http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt
Pour compléter les possibilités d’inférences de RDF
Raffiner les descriptions
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OWLLogique de description
Basée sur RDF
Avec une syntaxe RDF/XML
1. OWL Lite
2. OWL DL
3. OWL Full
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OWL Lite
Basée sur RDF (moins )
Classes, propriétés et individus sont disjoints
Un individu ne peut être aussi une classe,
Une classe ne peut être un individu
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Logique de description
Modèle objet pour la classification de concepts
concept : ensemble d’individus
rôle : relation binaire entre individus
concept et rôle : niveau terminologique (Tbox)
individus : assertion (Abox)
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LD
Relation de subsomption : organiser les concepts par niveau de généralité :
un concept A subsume B si l’ensemble des individus représentés par B est inclus dans l’ensemble des individus de A : A est plus général que B
classification : déterminer la position d’un concept dans une hiérarchie de subsomption
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OWL
Concepts primitifs vs définis
Les concepts sont définis par des expressions mettant en jeu des concepts et des rôles
condition nécessaire (et suffisante)
être compatible avec la définition pour appartenir au concept : celui qui joue avec les Rolling Stones est un Rolling Stone
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OWL Racine
owl:Thing
owl:Nothing
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Class
ex:Human rdf:type owl:Class
owl:Class rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Class
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Classe définie
Un humain a des parents humains :
Human(x) (parent(x, y) Human(y))
Human : all parent Human
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allValuesFrom
owl:Restriction : definit une classe anonyme
owl:Class Human
rdfs:subClassOf
owl:Restriction
owl:onProperty parent
owl:allValuesFrom Human
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allValuesFrom
Marion hasParent Olivier
Marion rdf:type Human
=>
Olivier rdf:type Human
Pinocchio hasParent Gepetto
Gepetto rdf:type Human
=>
On ne peut rien en déduire
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Equivalence
owl:Class Human
owl:equivalentClass
owl:Restriction
owl:onProperty parent
owl:allValuesFrom Human
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allValuesFrom
<owl:Class rdf:about=‘#Human’>
<rdfs:subClassOf>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty rdf:resource=‘#parent’>
<owl:allValuesFrom rdf:resource=‘#Human’/>
</owl:Restriction>
</rdfs:subClassOf>
</owl:Class>
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allValuesFrom
owl:Class Gorilla
rdfs:subClassOf
owl:Restriction
owl:onProperty parent
owl:allValuesFrom Gorilla
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someValuesFrom
Human : some parent Woman
owl:Class Human
rdfs:subClassOf
owl:Restriction
owl:onProperty parent
owl:someValuesFrom Woman
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Cardinalité
Cardinality : nombre de valeurs sémantiquement distinctes d’une propriété
owl:Class Human
rdfs:subClassOf
owl:Restriction
owl:onProperty parent
owl:cardinality 2
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Cardinalité
owl:cardinality 2
owl:maxCardinality 2
owl:minCardinality 2
OWL Lite : 0 ou 1
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Sous-classe
owl:Class Woman
rdfs:subClassOf Human
rdfs:subClassOf Female
Woman Human Female
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Intersection
owl:Class Woman
owl:intersectionOf
owl:Class Human
owl:Class Female
Définit une équivalence entre Woman et l’intersection de Human et Female
Human Female Woman
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Axiomes
A rdfs:subClassOf B
L’extension de A est un sous-ensemble de l’extension de B
X rdf:type A X rdf:type B
A owl:equivalentClass B
même extension : CNS
X rdf:type A X rdf:type B
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Propriétés
owl:ObjectProperty
Propriété dont la valeur est un individu (une instance)
owl:DatatypeProperty
Propriété dont la valeur est une valeur littérale (integer, string, float, boolean, date)
owl:AnnotationProperty
rdfs:comment rdfs:label
Ne participent pas aux inférences, purement documentaire
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Propriétés
ex:mother rdfs:subPropertyOf ex:parent
rdfs:domain
rdfs:range
Héritées de RDF
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Equivalence
p1 owl:equivalentProperty p2
X p1 Y X p2 Y
Quand on importe une ontologie
ex:hasPart owl:equivalentProperty ns:sous-partie
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Inverse
p1 owl:inverseOf p2
X p1 Y Y p2 X
hasParent owl:inverseOf hasChild
John hasParent Jim Jim hasChild John
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Symétrie
p rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty
X p Y Y p X
ex:sibling rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty
John ex:sibling Jack
Jack ex:sibling John
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Transitivité
owl:TransitiveProperty
X p Y Y p Z X p Z
ex:partOf rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty
ex:axis ex:partOf ex:engine
ex:engine ex:partOf ex:car
ex:axis ex:partOf ex:car
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Transitivité
Intérêt pour l’interrogation :
?x ex:partOf ex:car
ex:axis, ex:engine
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Propriété fonctionnelle
ex:husband rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty
Une valeur unique pour une ressource donnée
X ex:husband Y
X ex:husband Z
Y = Z
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Propriété fonctionnelle inverse
ex:motherOf owl:InverseFunctionalProperty
Une ressource unique pour une valeur donnée
X ex:motherOf Z
Y ex:motherOf Z
X = Y
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Individus
owl:sameAs individus identiques :
BillClinton owl:sameAs WilliamClinton
Individus différents :
BillClinton owl:differentFrom GeorgesDoubleYou
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OWL DL & Full : Enumeration
owl:Class SouthCity
owl:oneOf
ex:Nice
ex:Marseille
ex:Montpellier
ex:Toulouse
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Restriction de Valeur
owl:Class Human
rdfs:subClassOf
owl:Restriction
owl:onProperty numOfLeg
owl:hasValue 2
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Union
owl:Class Humanoid
owl:unionOf
ex:Chimpanzee
ex:Gorilla
ex:Man
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Complement
owl:Class Invertebrate
owl:complementOf
Vertebrate
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Disjoint
owl:Class Man
owl:disjointWith
Woman
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Autre
<owl:imports rdf:resource=‘#onto.owl’/>
owl:deprecatedClass
owl:deprecatedProperty