W EIGHT M ANAGEMENT Chapter 14. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. H EALTH R...
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Transcript of W EIGHT M ANAGEMENT Chapter 14. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. H EALTH R...
WEIGHT MANAGEMENTChapter 14
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESS BODY FAT Obesity Is associated with:
Unhealthy cholesterol and TG levels Impaired heart function CVD Hypertension Cancer Impaired immune function Gallbladder and kidney disease Skin problems Impotence, sleep disorder back pain, arthritis Type II diabetes (strong association)
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BODY FAT Visceral Fat
Subcutaneous Fat
Percent Body FatDefinition:
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EVALUATING BODY WEIGHT AND BODY COMPOSITION
Methods for Evaluating Obesity Body Mass Index (BMI): Calculated by the following equation: Weight in pounds
X 703 / Height in inches (squared) Under 18.5 =
18.6 - 24.9 =
25-30 =
Over 30 =
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METHODS OF DETERMINING PERCENT BODY FAT
• Hydrostatic (underwater) weighing
• Skinfold measurements
• Electrical Impedance Analysis
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ENERGY BALANCE
Energy balance equation: Energy in = caloric intake from food Energy out = caloric expenditure
Resting metabolism Digestion Physical activity
When energy in = energy out Maintain weight Calories > Energy out positive energy balance (Gain weight
over time) Calories < Energy out negative energy balance (Lose weight
over time)
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BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION AND HEALTHApples
Pears
Assessed by measuring waist circumference
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PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH VERY LOW LEVELS OF BODY FAT
• Low % body fat has been linked to problems with the Reproductive, Circulatory, & Immune systems
• Female Athlete Triad1. Abnormal eating patterns2. Amenorrhea3. Decreased bone density
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FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EXCESS BODY FAT
Genetic FactorsGenes influence body size, shape fat distribution300 genes have been linked to obesity
Physiological FactorsMetabolism
Low BMR/RMR = Basal/Resting Metabolic Rate (number of calories you'd burn if you stayed in bed all day)
Hypothyroidism=
Hormones Leptin
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FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EXCESS BODY FAT
Lifestyle Factors Eating
Easy access to high calorie foods Eating out of proportion
Physical Activity Reduced
Psychosocial factors Emotions Coping strategies
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PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH WEIGHT
Body ImageSevere body
image problems like Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) can exist
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EATING DISORDERS• Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa - Failure to eat enough food
to maintain a reasonable body weight
– Characteristics• Fear gaining weight, distorted self-image, compulsive behaviors
and rituals, excessive exercise
– Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa• amenorrhea• Intolerant of cold• Low blood pressure and heart rate• Depression and suicide
– Medical complications• Disorders of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and
skeletal systems
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EATING DISORDERS• Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa - recurring episodes of binge
eating followed by purging
• Characteristics:• Rapid food consumption, followed by purging; afterwards feels ashamed, disgusted, physically and emotionally drained.
• Health Risks:– Erodes tooth enamel– Cardiac arrhythmia– Esophageal tearing– Rupture of the stomach– Menstrual problems– Increased depression 14
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EATING DISORDERS
• Binge-EatingBinge-Eating - Similar to Bulimia except no Purging behavior.
• Characteristics– Eating patterns - very rapid, eating until
uncomfortably full.– Often eat as a way of coping.– Likely to be obese.– High rates of depression and anxiety
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