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CHAPTER - V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Education is the process by which the individual is shaped to fit

into the society and which maintains and advances the social order. It is a

systematic process designed to make man more rational, mature and

knowledgeable. Education is the modification of behaviour of an individual

for his own personal happiness, for his better adjustment in society and for

making him a successful citizen, contributing something original to the

society.

"Education of a man is an education of a single person, but the

education of a woman is an education of a family", said Gandhiji. This

quotation gives us a lot of understanding about the importance of Girls'

education.

In this scientific world it is necessary to educate the girls to make

them liable to live with honour. Education enables them to take right

decisions in difficult times. An educated man can live well, think well,

decide well and do well.

An educated woman may proof to be a good friend, good mother,

good sister and a good life partner. Therefore education is necessary to

make a confident woman.

178

State Government of Maharashtra implementing a programme

"Shrimati Savitri Bai Phule Dattak Palak Yojana" especially for poor and

economically backward girls students at the school level to improve the

condition of girls education.

As the study is related with especially Muslim students it is better

to go through the scientific base of Islam.

Every religion of the world has been named either after its founder

or after the community or nation in which it was born. For instance,

Christianity takes its name from its prophet Jesus Christ; Buddhism from its

founder, Gautam Buddha; Zoroastrianism from its founder Zoroaster; and

Judaism, the religion of the Jews, from the name of the tribe Judah (of the

country Judea) where it originated. The same is true of all other religions

except Islam, which enjoys the unique distinction of having no such

association with any particular person or people or country. Nor is it the

product of any human mind. It is a universal religion and its objective is to

create and cultivate in man the quality and attitude of Islam.

Islam, in fact, is an attributive title. Anyone who possess this

attribute, whatever race, community, country or group he belongs to, is a

Muslim. According to the Quran (The Holy Book of the Muslims), among

every people and in all ages there have been good and righteous people who

possessed this attribute - and all of them were and are Muslims. Islam is an

179

Arabic word and connotes submission, surrender and obedience. As a

religion, Islam stands for complete submission and obedience to Allah .

As the whole of creation obeys the law of God, the whole universe,

therefore, literally follows the religion of Islam - for Islam signifies nothing

but obedience and submission to Allah, the Lord of the Universe. The sun,

the moon, the earth and all other heavenly bodies are thus 'Muslim'. So are

the air, water, heat, stones, trees and animals. Everything in this universe is

'Muslim' for it obeys God by submission to His laws. Even a man who

refuses to believe in God, or offers his worship to someone other than Allah,

has necessarily to be a 'Muslim' as far as his existence is concerned.

Islam affirms the equality of man and women as human beings.

This however, does not entail non-differentiation of their respective roles

and functions in society. Islam disapproves of the free mixing of the sexes

and regards this as conflicting with the role it assigns to the family in

society. The primary responsibility of women is to concentrate on the home

and the family, and all that is required to operate and develop these

institutions. She, too, has certain social responsibilities, rights and duties,

but her primary concern is the family.

S.A.A. Maududi, Towards Understanding Islam, (Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami, 1994), P. 17.

180

The Quran says "Men are in charge of woman, because Allah has

made the one of them to excel the other, and because they spend of their

wealth (for supporting them and the family)".2

"And they (women) have rights similar to those (of men) over

them, according to what is equitable, and men have a degree (of advantage)

over them, Allah is Mighty, Wise".3

In this scientific world it is necessary to educate the girls to make

them liable to live with honour. Education enables them to take right

decisions in difficult times. An educated man can live well, think well,

decide well and do well.

An educated woman may proof to be a good friend, good mother,

good sister and a good life partner. Therefore education is necessary to

make a confident woman.

The research scholar herself is a Muslim teacher serving in an

Urdu school. It is observed that many of the Muslim students particularly

Muslim girls do not continue their higher education after passing the

Secondary School Certificate Examination. One of the causes of such

discontinuity is the attitude of parents towards higher education. In any

K. Ahmad, Family Life In Islam, (Delhi: Markazi Maktaba Islami, 1982), P.15.

3Ibid.

181

educationally backward community or society this happening is not a sign of

progress towards the future. The cause of such discouragement of Muslim

girls should be found out, so that remedial action of this negative attitude

can be suggested to the concerned authorities. In order to achieve this aim

the problem is stated as "Opinions Of Parents Towards Higher Education

Of Muslim Students In Amravati Division".

The main purpose of the study was to study the Opinions of

Parents towards Higher Education of Girls in Muslim Community in

Amravati Division. The allied objectives of the study are (1) To study the

hindrances in the higher education of Muslim girls; (2) To study the

educational status of parents in Muslim community; (3) To study the

economical status of selected Muslim parents; (4) To study the attitude of

the parents towards higher education of boys in Muslim community; (5) To

find out remedies to overcome the so called problem; (6) To compare the

attitude of the parents of both boys and girls towards higher education; (7)

To compare the attitude of the parents of towards higher education in

different five districts of Amravati Division; (8) To study the hindrances in

the higher education of Muslim boys; (9) To study the Social Status of

parents of Muslim Community; (10) To study the Muslim Religious Centers

in Amravati Division; (11) To study the Muslim funding agencies for higher

education of Muslim students in Muslim Community; (12) To study the

Muslim Schools in Amravati Division; (13) To study the Hostel facility for

higher education of Muslim students in Amravati Division; (14) To study the

educational awareness of the Muslim community parents for higher

education; (15) To survey the Muslim higher education institutes in Muslim

182

Community and (16) To study the incentive and awards given to Muslim

students.

The significance of the study was argued on the basis of the points

viz. (1) The causes of hindrances of higher education will be considered by

the authorities to provide higher education to Muslim girls; (2) The study

would find out the relationship of economic status of parents with higher

education of Muslim girls; (3) The study would find out the relationship of

educational status of parents with higher education of Muslim girls; (4)

Simultaneously the study would project the attitude of Muslim parents

towards higher education of boys; (5) The results of the study might

motivate the Muslim parents towards higher education in both boys and

girls and (6) The results of the study might help the Student Islamic

Organisation and ACMEU in carrying out their missions.

It was hypothesised that the Muslim parents have a negative

attitude towards higher education of their girls. It was also hypothesised that

the Muslim parents have a positive attitude towards the higher education of

their boys. There might be a positive association of economic status with

higher education of both boys and girls in Muslim community.

The study was delimited to the aspects like (1) The study was

delimited to the area of Amravati Division only; (2) The study was delimited

to the Muslim Parents only, which includes Father, Mother and Guardian

and (3) The term Higher Education means standard XI and above.

183

The limitations of the study were (1) The reliability of the

Opinionnaire was dependent upon the honesty of the respective parents and

(2) Only two thousand and five hundred (2500) parents from the whole

division were selected for the information to be gathered from schools.

A summary of the writings of recognized authorities and of

previous research provides evidence that the research scholar is familiar with

what is already known and what is still unknown and untested. Since

effective research is based upon past knowledge, this helps to eliminate the

duplication of what has been done, and provides useful hypotheses and

helpful suggestions for investigation.

Capitalizing on the reviews of expert researchers can be fruitful in

providing helpful ideas and suggestions. Keeping this in mind the research

scholar made an attempt to go through the related literatures in libraries of

Shri Shivaji College of Education, Amravati and Amravati University,

Amravati. It was found that very few studies have been carried out in this

neglected area. No directly related study was found, showing that better

scope is there to work on the present topic.

J.W. Best, Research In Education, (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1983),Pp.40-41

184

The data for the present study were collected from the parents of

Muslim both boys and girls of Amravati Division who have stopped

continuing the further higher education.

At the outset the research scholar collected the names and

addresses of such Muslim parents whose girls or boys have passed the Class

X examination of Maharashtra Board of Secondary Education. This formed

the size of the population for the present study.

For the selection of sample i.e. parents, a simple random sampling

method was used. At last 2500 parents were selected for the opinionnaire

study. They were served the opinionnaires to obtain the information

pertaining to the present study.

There were two major tools for the collection of data for the

present study. They were as follows:

To collect the information about the attitude of parents towards

higher education of Muslim girls and boys the investigator used an

opinionnaire. It had a five point scale i.e. Strongly Agree, Agree,

Undecided, Disagree and Strongly Disagree.

At the outset a preliminary (Blue Print) opinionnaire was

developed. The outline was discussed with the faculty members of the

college. Discussions were also made with the faculty members of M. Ed.

departments of other institutions. After discussion, the opinionnaire was

developed.

185

It was put before the honorable guide for his approval. Initial

modifications were made and the opinionnaire was given a trial run among

the local parents. The filled up opinionnaires were collected and evaluated.

Necessary modifications were made and the validity and reliability of the

opinionnaire was found by using product moment coefficient of correlations.

The final opinionnaires were sent to all the selected parents in the

Amravati Region along with a covering letter from the Post-Graduate

Department of Education, Amravati University, Amravati along with a

request letter and a self addressed stamped envelop. The parents from whom

the opinionnaires were not received within one month were given reminders

and they were pursued for sending their responses.

To have a face-to-face dialogue and to collect more reliable data

personal interviews were arranged with pre-intimation to some of the

interviewees. The interviews were conducted according to an interview

schedule. While selecting the interviewees, due consideration was given to

involve people from various cross sections of the society.

The filled up opinionnaires were collected and responses to the

concerned statements were entered into a computer program. Accordingly

the Master Chart was developed.

The parents of the girls and boys who discontinued their higher

education after the standard mentioned in introduction were filled up the

opinionnaires. These opinions were tabulated with tallies against each

question

186

For statistical analysis the researcher used Chi-Square (x ) test, to

test whether the frequencies obtained in different questions against five

heads viz. SA, A, UD, D, SD differ from the expected frequencies or not.

The opinions received under five heads against the finally fifty

selected items were analysed by applying Chi-Square (% ) test. The level of

significance was set at 0.05. To give a pictorial shape to these opinions Bar

Graphs were given

The responses recorded during the interview with some selected

parents, educationists, religious persons, social workers, politicians, and

administrators were clustered under five headings as mentioned in the

Interview-Schedule. The help of these views were taken while discussing

the results drawn after applying Chi-Square test to the responses of

opinionnaires. The results derived from the fifty statements are presented

here in Tables 51 to 54.

187

Table 51 Showing the Observed Frequencies On Statements 1 To 13

Pertaining to Opinions Of Parents Towards Higher Education Of Muslim Students In Amravati Division

Opinion

SDA

D

U

SA

SA

x2

Ql

1871

275

83

146

125

4740.2

Q2

1

1

87

2410

1

9131.3

Q3

1

2426

1

71

1

9281.04

Q4

2177

250

71

1

1

7113.7

Q5

39

2357

98

5

1

8633.2

Q6

1

3

78

2417

1

9195.968

Q7

1

1

181

41

12276

7929.24

Q8

1

73

119

2303

4

8146.6

Q9

1

1

267

2230

1

7588.4

Q10

7

13

74

2398

8

9012.3

Qll

1

40

35

1

2423

9247.5

Q12

1

181

2

63

2253

7725.488

Q13

1

49

332

2117

1

6688.6

Chi-Square at 4 df and 0.05 level of significance is 9.49. * Significant at 0.05 level of significance.



Opinion

SDA

D

U

SA

SA

x2

Q14

38

1

87

2373

1

8780.3

Q15

1

39

2

2444

14

9449.7

Q16

1

1

70

2420

8

9222.732

Q17

41

148

20

2290

1

8036.2

Q18

1

1

1

2408

89

9112.776

Q19

41

1

37

215

2206

7331.4

Q20

1

1

83

106

2309

8199.2

Q21

1

1

1

2485

12

9850.744

Q22

1

1

86

2411

1

9140.6

Q23

37

1

240

2181

41

7134.8

Q24

1

1

208

2289

1

8065.6

Q25

1

1

86

2411

1

9356.7

Q26

1

1

1

225

2272

7925.224


188



Opinion

SDA

D

U

SA

SA

x2

Q27

1

1

1

2460

37

7925.2

Q28

1

1

1

2496

1

9960.04

Q29

20

2290

41

1

148

8036.172

Q30

1

80

1

2318

100

8279.1

Q31

1

1

44

2453

1

9538.296

Q32

2430

1

67

1

1

9538.3

Q33

2108

1

110

200

81

6504.7

Q34

7

2490

1

1

1

9101.2

Q35

2460

1

1

37

1

9900.3

Q36

2407

83

1

8

1

9101.2

Q37

1

1

2489

8

1

9890.4

Q38

1

1

234

2263

1

7851.9




Opinion

SDA

D

U

SA

SA

x2

Q39

2312

100

1

86

1

8225.5

Q40

1

2490

7

1

1

9900.3

Q41

1

2253

181

63

2

7725.488

Q42

1

63

1

2415

20

9173.192

Q43

2412

85

1

1

1

9149.9

Q44

2349

64

19

67

1

8553.5

Q45

110

81

2107

200

2

6496.2

Q46

100

2312

1

86

1

8225.5

Q47

2349

67

1

64

19

8553.5

Q48

1

1

1

2496

1

9960

Q49

1

7

150

20

2322

8329.3

Q50

11

215

94

2179

1

7106.4


189

From the above tables it is clearly seen that the obtained Chi-

Square for all the statements is greater than the table value of Chi-Square.

Hence it is concluded that the five categories of responses differ

significantly from each other. It implies that the positive statements are

accepted as most of the parents support these statements and the negative

statements are rejected as majority of the parents oppose these statements.

The statements presented before the parents are given below:

S. No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Statement Parents discourage higher education of girls because they do not know the importance of education for their girls. Parents discourage higher education of girls because of fear of antisocial elements. Parents discourage higher education of girls because they have more children. Parents discourage higher education of girls because they think their girls will not be in their control after higher education. Parents discourage higher education of girls because they think that education up to X class is sufficient. Parents discourage higher education of girls because of poor standard they are unable to get higher education. Parents discourage higher education of girls because of poor standard (Less Motivation) they are unable to get higher education. Parents discourage higher education of girls because of expiration of one of the parents. Parents discourage higher education of their children because they themselves are less educated. Maternal uncles suggestions affect the higher education of children's in positive way. Some literate parents encourage their children's for higher education. People living in slum area discourage the parents for higher education of theirs children. Parents discourage higher education of their children's because the father is illiterate. Parents discourage higher education of their children's because of lack of finance

190

S. No.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

Statement Parents discourage higher education of their children's because they cannot provide books and other necessary equipments. Parents discourage higher education of their children's because they cannot pay the donation for admission. Parents with less income discourage their children for higher education. Parents discourage higher education of their children's because they cannot pay donation for their jobs. Parents should be made aware about the importance of higher education of their children in this scientific world. Parents should be educated that girls' education is as important as that of boys'. Parents should be convinced that higher education makes their children independent in taking decisions. Illiterate parents should be made attracted towards "Adult education" Healthy and congenial atmosphere should be provided in colleges. Pictures especially on girl's education should be shown in slum areas. Students/children's should be motivated towards higher education. Parents should be convinced for family planning. Parents discourage higher education of boys because some parents follow blindly their elders. Parents discourage higher education of boys because their relation opposes them. Parents discourage higher education of boys because their boys get unsuccessful in lower classes. Parents encourage higher education of boys because father is Literate. Parents discourage higher education of boys because of expiration of one of the parents. Parents discourage higher education of boys because boys go out of track. Parents discourage higher education of boys because they cannot afford uniform. Parents discourage higher education of boys because they have more money. Parents discourage higher education of boys because they cannot provide vehicles to their boys. Highly educated boys do not respect elders. Parents discourage their boys for higher education because of the increasing attraction towards western fashions in colleges.

191

S. No. 38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44. 45. 46. 47.

48.

49.

50.

Statement Highly educated girls and boys become advanced minded. Highly educated children's girls and boys some becomes characterless. Father discourages his children's for higher education because of the bitter experiences of their educated life partners. Mother encourages her children's for higher education because of the better experiences of their illiterate life partner. Higher education cerates obstacles in the marriage process. Highly educated women and men cannot serve well to old mother and father in laws. Highly educated students become arrogant. Highly educated children cannot live happily in poor families. Highly educated children cannot like Indian culture. Highly educated children break religious traditions. Non-Living in slum area encourage the parents for higher education of their children Educated friend circle of the parents encourage higher education of their children. Some illiterate parents encourage their children for higher education.

The frequencies obtained against each of the statements are shown

in Figure No. 51 to 54.

192

I Strongly Disagree • Disagree • Undecided D Agree • Strongly Agree

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

1

0% —*

1

Ufltf Ql Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Qll Q12 Q13

Fig. No. 51 Showing Frequencies of the responses to statements 1 to 13

Pertaining To Opinions Of Parents

• Strongly Disagree • Disagree • Undecided D Agree • Strongly Agree

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 Q19 Q20 Q21 Q22 Q23 Q24 Q25 Q26



I Strongly Disagree • Disagree • Undecided • Agree • Strongly Agree

100%"!

80%

60%

40%

20%

Q27 Q28 Q29 Q30 Q31 Q32 Q33 Q34 Q35 Q36 Q37 Q38



• Strongly Disagree • Disagree • Undecided O Agree • Strongly Agree

100% Q

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% -Q39 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q44 Q45 Q46 Q47 Q48 Q49 Q50

Fig. No. 54 Showing Frequencies Of The Responses To Statements 39 To 50


194

Conclusions:

Based on the results of the study the following conclusions are

drawn:

1. Most of the parents discourage higher education of girls because they

do not know the importance education for their girls.

2. Majority of the parents discourage higher education of girls because

girls are discouraged to join services and there is tendency of getting

the girls married at early stage.

3. Parents discourage higher education of girls because they think basic

education upto class X is just sufficient because they lack proper

guidance.

4. Parents discourage higher education of girls because their localities

are far away from the schools and lack of finance required for

uniform, vehicles to their girls and tuition fees.

5. Parents discourage higher education of girls because they give more

importance to religious education.

6. Parents discourage higher education of girls because their girls get a

unsuccessful in lower classes and parents themselves are illiterate/less

educated.

7. It is observed that maternal uncle's suggestions effect the higher

education of girls in a positive way.

195

8. Parents discourage higher education of girls because they can not

provide books and other necessary equipments for their girls and they

can not pay the donations for admissions.

9. Parents discourage their girls for higher education because of the

increasing attraction towards western fashions in colleges.

10. Majority of the parents discourage higher education to their boys and

girls because due to higher education they become arrogant, advance

and it creates problem for their marriage.

11. The income of the family had a great effect on enrolment and dropout

situation of girls.

12. The parents' attitude towards girls' education was negative.

13. Girls from a large family had to help their mother.

14. Girls were considered to be weaker member of society.

15. Maximum number of students does not continue their higher

education because they were not properly motivated for learning.

16. Due to absence of lady teachers in higher education parents

discourage higher education.

17. Unemployment is a major cause of discourages of higher education.

18. Parents discourage higher education due to lack of environmental

condition.

196

19. Parents living in slum discourage children's for higher education.

20. Parents discourage higher education of girls because of expiration of

one of the parents.

21. Parents discourage higher education of girls because of fear of anti

social element.

22. Educated friend circle of parents' affect the higher education of girls

in a positive way.

Recommendations:

Based on the analysis of the opinions and suggestions given by the

parents and experts the following suggestions are received which will help in

imparting and providing higher education to Muslim students:

1. Special awareness programmes should be arranged for the parents to

make them aware about the importance of higher education of girls in

this scientific world.

2. The parents should be educated that girls education is as important as

that of boys as they can do all the activities as the boys do.

3. Parents should be taught that basic education is not sufficient.

4. Parents should be convinced that higher education makes the girls

independent in taking decisions in their future life.

197

5. Seminars, meetings and gatherings should be arranged to impart

proper guidance to the Muslim parents.

6. Healthy and congenial atmosphere should be provided in colleges

with special reference to the girls.

7. Parents should be convinced for "Family Planning" even though most

of the Muslims oppose it.

8. Girls should be motivated towards higher education as the boys are.

9. Illiterate parents should be made attracted towards "Adult Education",

the need of the hour.

10. Extra coaching classes for girls for one hour should be

arranged.

23. Parents should be educated that girls also can join job like their boys.

24. Government and Voluntary agencies should arrange picture shows on

Girls education in slum areas.

25. Religious persons like Maulvees and those who impart religious

education, they should also convince the community about the higher

education of girls.

26. Muslim social welfare societies should work to raise the ratio of

higher education of girls in comparison to the boys.

198

27. Scholarship should be given to Muslim girls especially for the

continuation of their higher education.

28. Muslims should collect the 'Zakaat' and use it for the purpose of

higher education of girls for the economically backward class

families.

29. The same type of study may be carried out by selecting other

communities and cross sections of the society.

30. The same type of study may be carried out by selecting other areas or

states.

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