Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts...
Transcript of Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts...
![Page 1: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecological diversity and economic change:
Vulnerability in a rural mountain community in Øystre Slidre, Norway
Siri Eriksen, Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo
![Page 2: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Focus of study
• How do commercialisation of production
and climatic variability and change alter
the flexibility with which people manage
socio-environmental change?
– How do people manage climatic variability
presently?
– How may sources of flexibility – ecological
diversity, economic diversity, social relations
and learning – shift?
![Page 3: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Øystre Slidre
![Page 4: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Selection of site
• Mountain agricultural site
• Short season – snow cover 6 months a
year
• Temperatures and rainfall critical for
grazing/harvests
• Ongoing huge changes to agricultural
sector and to economic sectors
![Page 5: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Move animals to the mountain plot about 8
weeks every summer
• Goats, sheep, dairy, cattle
![Page 6: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Use of valley and mountain plots
• Local knowledge and networks to plan and
organise work critical
• Economic diversification
![Page 12: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Rainfall, snowfall and temperatures important for activities at different times in the season
• Informants observe milder and wetter autumn and variable winters
• Increased vegetation growth
![Page 13: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Shifts
• Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over the past decades
• Agricultural production concentrated on fewer hands
• Increased reliance on economic diversification: nearly all farming households have off-farm employment
• Limited success of niche production
• Loss of grazing rights, prioritisation of commercial tourism development rights
![Page 16: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Informants ascribe changes to policies,
changing economic structures, and
generation changes
• Increasing production costs: Fertiliser and
fuel costs doubled over the past year
• Dependency on state support that varies
with national political configurations
• Conflicting policies
![Page 17: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Shifts in flexibility and implications
for vulnerability
• Tendency towards specialisation of
production involving reduced ecological
diversity
• Economic sources of flexibility, as well as
support for ecological diversity related to
high national incomes from oil production
![Page 18: Vulnerability in Mozambique · autumn and variable winters •Increased vegetation growth. Shifts •Reduction in hunting, fishing and cheese production as source of livelihoods over](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022053111/6086073dcdd1f61e1e26a2df/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Importance for well-being of: • sense of cultural identity and belonging
• good social relations
• being valued by society, have a say in decisions important to their daily lives
• Perceived increasing dependency on fickle and sometimes conflicting national policies
• Powerlessness in the face of commercial tourism interests
• Social networks and cooperation are aspects of quality of life in their own right
• New ways of producing demand new forms of social networks
• Attempts by people to retain control over how the local dynamism is managed