Vulkanaska och flygkaos · SILK-A1 (c. 7100 BP) Katla Veidivötn Grímsvötn ... VEI 0-1 Ingen...
Transcript of Vulkanaska och flygkaos · SILK-A1 (c. 7100 BP) Katla Veidivötn Grímsvötn ... VEI 0-1 Ingen...
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Bolin Centre for Climate Research
Vulkanaska och flygkaosStefan Wastegård, Institutionen för naturgeografi, Stockholms universitet
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Vulkanaska i klimatforskarens tjänst
ca 200,000 år gammal
permafrost, Yukon, Canada
ca 57 år gammal kvartärgeolog,
Stockholms universitet
• Vad är vulkanaska?• Tefrokronologi?• Hur kan vulkanaska hjälpa
klimatforskaren? • Vad hände i april 2010?
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Tefra och tefrokronologiTefra är fragment av magma som slungas upp i atmosfären vid ett explosivt vulkanutbrott. De minsta partiklarna kallas även aska
Tefrokronologi är en geokronologisk metod som använder lager med tefra från explosiva vulkanutbrott för att bygga kronologiska ramverk för bl.a. klimatarkiv och arkeologiska sammanhang
Pinatubo 1991 (USGS)
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
SigurdurThorarinsson (1912-1983)
Isländsk geolog mm, den moderna tefrokronologinsfader
Avhandling från Stockholms högskola 1944
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Proximal vs. distal tefrokronologi
0.1 mmHistoriska tefralager
Hekla-1158Hekla-1104Eldgjá-934Landnám-871
Laacher See-tefran, ca 12.900 BP (foto: Johan Lundberg)
Hässeldalen-tefran,ca 11.300 BP (foto: Björn Morén)
0.1 mm
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Lateglacial/Early Holocene tephras in Scandinavia and
the Faroe Islands
Geokemiskidentifiering
Elektronmikrosond, University ofEdinburgh, Scotland, UK
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Geokemiska signaturer för tefrorpå Färöarna (Lind & Wastegård)
K2O (wt %)
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
TiO
2 (w
t%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Sandoy A (c. 11,350 BP) Saksunarvatn (c. 10,240 BP)Mjáuvötn (c. 6600 BPLandnám (c. AD 870s)
K2O (wt %)
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
TiO
2 (w
t%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Sandoy A (c. 11,350 BP) Saksunarvatn (c. 10,240 BP)Mjáuvötn (c. 6600 BPLandnám (c. AD 870s)
SiO2 (wt %)
64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80
K 2O (w
t%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hässeldalen (c. 11,350 BP)Askja-S (c. 10,400 BP)Høvdarhagi (c. 9725 BP)Skopun (c. 9725 BP)Suduroy (c. 8000 BP)SILK-A1 (c. 7100 BP)
SiO2 (wt %)
64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80
K 2O (w
t%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hässeldalen (c. 11,350 BP)Askja-S (c. 10,400 BP)Høvdarhagi (c. 9725 BP)Skopun (c. 9725 BP)Suduroy (c. 8000 BP)SILK-A1 (c. 7100 BP)
Katla
Veidivötn
Grímsvötn
AskjaSILK
Katla,”Vedde type”
Snæf.?Torfajökull
Basaltiska tefror(Veidivötn, Grímsvötn
& Katla)
Ryolitiska tefror(Askja, Katla &
Torfajökull)
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Tyngdseparering av tefra (Turney, 1998)
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Vedde-askan
Borrobol-askan
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Tefrautbredning under den senaste istidens slutfas (Lind, 2014)
Viktiga hjälpmedel för datering av sediment och jämförelser av klimatvariationer
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Tefra i den grönländska inlandsisen
Iskärneförrådet, Köpenhamn, Danmark
Basaltiskt tefralager från Katla, NGRIP-iskärnan, ca 29.100 BP
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Fosen-tefran, ny tefra från tidig holocen (10.200 BP),
Lind m fl. (2013)
Larsen, 2014
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
By Bjarki Sigursveinsson [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Eyjafjallajökull, april 2010
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Eyjafjallajökull
“Glaciären på bergennära öarna”
Uttalas ungefär så här:A-yah-fyaddla-yoekuddlEnkelt!!
Västmannaöarna
Eyjafjallajökull
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Eyjafjallajökull
Δ StratovulkanΔ Täcks av glaciär
(nr. 6 på Island)
Δ Fyra utbrott i historisktid: 920, 1620, 1821-23 & 2010 (störst)
Δ Samtliga utom 2010 har följts av Katla
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
2018-05-23 / Stefan Wastegård, Inst. för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi
Efter Gudmundsdóttir, 2010
Vulkansystem på Island
KatlaKatla
HeklaHekla
AskjaAskjaSnæfellsjökullSnæfellsjökull
GrímsvötnGrímsvötnReykjavík
EyjafjallajökullEyjafjallajökull
TorfajökullTorfajökull
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Utbrott i historisk tid (fr. 870-talet e.Kr.)
1. Katla, 23 utbrott (1918)2. Grímsvötn, 21 utbrott (2011)3. Hekla, 18 utbrott (2000)
Kända stora utbrott:Öræfajökull 1362Veidivötn 1477Laki 1783
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
VEI = Volcanic Explosivity Index(jmf. Richterskalan)
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Pågående utbrott
● Kilauea, Hawaii, USA● Karymsky, Kamtjatka, Ryssland● Kirishima, Japan
● Dukono, Indonesien● Reventador, Ecuador● m fl
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Eyjafjallajökull 2010
● Fas 1, 21 mars-8 april● Fimmvörđuhals, mellan
Eyjafjallajökull och Katla
● VEI 1● Turistvänligt utbrott
Foto: Henrik Thorburn(Wikimedia Commons)
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Eyjafjallajökull 2010
● Fas 2, 14 april-20 maj● Explosiv fas● VEI 4
● Flygkaos i Europa
17 april 2010(David Karna, Wikimedia commons)
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Eyjafjallajökull 2010
● Fas 2, 14 april-20 maj● Eruptionskolumnen når 13 km● Jetströmmar för askan mot
Europa● Stor påverkan på flygtrafiken;
stora delar av luftrummet stängt 15-23 april
Komposit-bild av askmolnetsutbredning 14-25 april 2010
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Eyjafjallajökull 2010
Ask-partikel från Belfast, insamlad under fas 2
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Eyjafjallajökull 2010
● Fas 3, 21 maj-oktober 2010
● Avslutningsfas
● VEI 0-1● Ingen påverkan på
luftrummet
17 juni 2010(foto: Stefan Wastegård)
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Aska till försäljning…
17 juni 2010, två månader efter den explosiva fasen
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Askja 1875, 29-30 mars 1875
Foto: Henrik Thorburn(Wikimedia Commons)
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
Laki 1783-1784● Fissure eruption under 8
månader, VEI 6● Giftiga gaser
● Hungersnöd; boskapsdöd● Giftig dimma spreds över
Europa
● Franska revolutionen?Foto: Chmee2/Valtameri (Wikimedia Commons)
Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchA collaboration between Stockholm University, KTH and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute