Potential Vernal Pool

NHESP Estimated Habitatof Rare Wildlife

AN INSIDE LOOK AT REGULATING EMISSIONS

FROM THE U.S. ENERGY

INDUSTRY

vs.

2 of 42

My Background

• University of California @ Davis – Undergrad– B.A.S. Chemistry & Communications

• University of California @ Riverside – Grad– Ph.D. Analytical Chemistry

• Individual particles size & chemical composition (SPMS)• Combustion Source Emissions

– Cars/Trucks/Biomass/Coal

• Ambient Air Quality Studies

• Now – Air Quality Consulting

3 of 42

Epsilon Associates, Inc.

• Located in Maynard, MA (near Boston)• Environmental Consulting Firm• Staff of ~45 Employees• Air Quality

– Engineers / Scientists / Meteorologist

• Water / Soil– Engineers / Environmental Scientists

• GIS (Geographic Information Systems)• Historical Preservation

4 of 42

Epsilon’s Air Quality Services

• Air Quality Modeling• CALPUFF Modeling• Air Pollution Control (BACT,

MACT, LAER)• Air Quality Monitoring• Air Plan Preparation• PSD Permits• Title V Operating Permits• Noise Monitoring/Modeling• Emission Inventories• Compliance/Due Diligence• Emissions Offsets/Credits

• Overall CEMS Management• CEMS/DAHS Audits• CEMS Training• Monitoring Plan Development• QA/QC Plan Development• State/Federal Report

Preparation– EDR– EEMPR

• Provide Regulatory Support w/ CEMS Modifications

• Re-/Certification Applications• Provide Regulatory Support &

Guidance

5 of 42

My Job• Assist Clients (the Energy Industry) in Meeting State and

Federal Air Quality Regulations • Source of Regulatory Support & Guidance • DAHS Optimization / Configuration

– Remote Access

• Site-visits (Quarterly)• Everchanging Technology & Regulations

– Instruments, Monitoring Equipment, Troubleshooting, Computers, Software, Regs…

• Assist Clients w/ Problems @ Hand– Reporting Issues / Compliance Issues / Permit Mods / Training…– Keeps My Job Interesting

• Very Technical• Telecommute

6 of 42

Our Main CEMS Clients• Mid to Large Combustion Units

– Universities (MIT, someday UW?)– Industry (NECCO, Gillette, Munksjo)– Trigen Energy – Steam Generation– Exelon– FPL– WPS– Boston Generating– Suez Energy

Electric Generation

7 of 42

Florida Power & Light Facilities

8 of 42

Combustion Units

• Boiler – Is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated under pressure to produce steam

• Combustion Turbine (CT) – Internal combustion consisting essentially of an air compressor, combustion chamber and turbine wheel that is turned by expanding products of combustion

• Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) –Generates steam by use of exhaust heat from a CT and can be fired with duct burners

9 of 42

Combustion

Hydrocarbons(Organic Molecules - C, H)

Natural GasRefinery Gas

No. 2 – No. 6 Fuel OilsCoal

Petroleum CokeTires

FUELCH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + HEAT

REACTION PRODUCTSIMPURITIES, &

LEFTOVERSAir Pollution

(NOx/SO2/PM…)PAHs

Trace MetalsFlyash

+

10 of 42

Some More Definitions• Simple Cycle

– Typically a combustion turbine that produces electricity only– Least efficient of the three processes– Typically peaking facilities (plants on standby)

• Cogeneration – Simultaneous generation of electricity and useful thermal energy

(multiple types of energy) from a single fuel source– Thermal energy (steam) can also be used for heating/cooling/ process

purposes– CT/HRSG

• Combined Cycle– CT/HRSG coupled w/ Steam Turbine to produce electricity very

efficiently

11 of 42

Simple Cycle Power Plant

• Simple Cycle• Peaking Facility• 62 MW• Near N.Y.C

12 of 42

60 MW = How Many Incandescent Light Bulbs?

60 Watts

60 Megawatts

That’s ~1,000,000

lightbulbs!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!

13 of 42

~15 Watts

~60 MW

60 MW = How Many CFBs(Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs)?

That’s ~4,000,000

lightbulbs!!!!!!!!!!

Who says we can’t help withthe energy problem?

14 of 42

Why Do We Need Air Quality Regulations?

• To Protect Us– Minimize Adverse Health Effects

• respiratory problems, asthma, premature mortality

• To Protect the Environment– Minimize Visibility Degradation– Minimize Atmospheric Deposition

• acidifies surface waters & damages forest ecosystems & soils

• To Protect the World– Air Quality is Not Just a Local Problem– Pollution can be transported thousands of miles– Climate Change

15 of 42

www.epa.gov/cair/charts_files/cair_final_presentation.pdf

16 of 42

What Are the Main Current Air Quality Standards/Regulations?

• NAAQS• Code of Federal Regulations

www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfr-table-search.html#page1

– Cap & Trade Programs www.epa.gov/airmarkets/index.html

• Acid Rain Program (SO2) – Began 1995• NOx Budget Program (NOx) – Began 1999

– Other Regs• New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)• Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)• New Source Review (NSR)

• State Regulations (WA Dept. of Ecology)– (WAC) www.ecy.wa.gov/laws-rules/ecywac.html

17 of 42

Fluctuation in 2006 NOx Allowance$

18 of 42

What Are Other Near Future Air Quality Regulations?

• Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)– Goal: Further reduce SO2 & NOx to meet NAAQS by lowering caps of

Acid Rain & NOx Budget Programswww.epa.gov/interstateairquality/

• Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR)– Goal: To reduce Hg utility emissions from 48 tpy to 15 tpy, a reduction of

nearly 70 %. www.epa.gov/air/mercuryrule/index.htm

• Cap & Trade Programs• Clean Air Visibility Rule (CAVR - BART)

– Goal: To restore visibility in America's National Parks and Wilderness Areas www.epa.gov/oar/visibility/index.html

• All Passed in 2005 & Will Require Compliance in 2009– States are drafting regulations now

• EPA is also Revamping Reporting Structure• CO2 Regulations are on the Horizon

www.rggi.org/ & www.chicagoclimatex.com/

19 of 42

States Affected by CAIR

www.epa.gov/cair/index.html

20 of 42

www.epa.gov/cair/charts_files/cair_final_presentation.pdf

21 of 42

Who Are the Regulators?EPA Regions

www.epa.gov/epahome/locate2.htm

22 of 42

Who Are the Regulators?WA Dept. Of Ecology

www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/AOP_Permits/AOP_permits.html

23 of 42

How Do Sources Quantify Emissions & Show Compliance with Limits?

• CEMS - Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems– State/Federal Regulations Require Power

Plants/Industrial Facilities to Continuously Self Monitor Pollutants

– Operating Permits – Restrict Air Emissions– NOx/CO/SO2/Opacity…– Hg (soon)– Sample Inlet/Heated Umbilical/Sample

Conditioner/Analyzers/Fuel Meters/DAHS

24 of 42

Combined Cycle Power Plant

750 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant in PA near Philly

CEMS Sampling &Exhaust TestingPlatform ~120ft

Heat RecoverySteam Generator

Exhaust Stack 275ft

CombustionTurbine 1

Steam Turbine

25 of 42

CEMS Schematic

26 of 42

DAHS• Data Acquisition and

Handling System• Repository for…

– CEMS historical data– QA data

• Used to Generate State/Federal Quarterly/Annual Reports

• Remote Access

27 of 42

The Energy Industry Self Reports

• Every Facility is Required to Submit Emissions Reports• Federal Reporting

– Quarterly EDR / EEMPRs– Semi-/Annual Title V Air Permit Compliance Certifications

• State Reporting– Quarterly EEMPRs– Annual Emissions Statements

• Can Lead to Enforcement Through– EPA/State Audit – Find noncompliance w/ permit– Excessive Emissions / CEMS Downtime

28 of 42

Why Trust Emissions Data from Industry?

• Required CEMS QA/QC Program – Daily Calibrations on all Analyzers– Quarterly 3-pt Calibration– Annual RATA

• Compare facility CEMS to third party CEMS

– Facility penalized for excessive CEMS downtime• Acid Rain/NOx Budget (more allowances)• States Discretion (minimum data availability – NOV)

• State/Federal Gov’t Discretion to Audit Facility– Public complaints– Poor EEMPRs

29 of 42

Pollution Control Devices /Add-On Controls

• NOx - SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction)• CO - Oxidation Catalyst• SO2 – Dry/Wet Scrubbers• PM – Baghouse, Electrostatic Precipitator,

Cyclone Separator, Wet Scrubbers

30 of 42

NOx Control Technologies

• Low Nitrogen Content Fuels ( Fuel Bound NOx)• Water/Steam Injection ( Thermal NOx) • Low NOx Burners/Combustors • SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction

4NO(g) + 4NH3(g) + O2(g) 4N2(g) + 6H2O(g)

• SNCR – Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction

catalyst

31 of 42

Baghouse

• Particulate Control Device• Similar in concept to a giant multiple bag vacuum cleaner• Exhaust passes though cloth filter bags that collect particles • Clean (shake or blow air)• Expensive to operate• High removal efficiency

32 of 42

Pollution Control Devices

www.epa.gov/air/mercuryrule/

33 of 42

“REAL” Pollution Controls• Renewable Energy

– any naturally occurring, theoretically inexhaustible source of energy, as biomass, solar, wind, tidal, wave, and hydroelectric power, that is not derived from fossil or nuclear fuel

– Dr. Dan’s Biofuel www.fuelwerks.com/

– Wind www.roaring40s.com.au www.awea.org/

– Wind/Solar www.fplenergy.com/

• Alternative Energy– energy, as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional

fossil-fuel sources, as coal, oil, and natural gas

• Increase Energy Efficiency– Power Plants to Energy Star Appliances

• Energy Decentralization– Minimize Losses Through Energy Distribution– Residential Wind Turbines / Solar Panels

34 of 42

Solar Energy Implementation Alameda County

2.3 MW solar array will save $700,000 annuallyUW Pgm on the Environment – Hunter Lovins – Natural Capitalism - depts.washington.edu/poeweb/

35 of 42

Solar Energy Implementation 1 MW on a Roof

Program on the Environment – Hunter Lovins – Natural Capitalism - depts.washington.edu/poeweb/

• Shenzhen Southern China• Soccer Stadium in Germany

36 of 42

Solar Energy ImplementationCal State East Bay

www.powerlight.com/success/calstate.php

37 of 42

INNOVATION / SCIENCE FICTION?Some of the Many Future Energy Alternatives

• CO2 Sequestration – Zero Emissions Power Plant (ZEPP)www.aip.org/tip/INPHFA/vol-10/iss-5/p20.pdf www.fossil.energy.gov/ DOE - FUTUREGEN

• CO2 Capture– Extract atmospheric CO2 (David Keith – U.Calgary)www.ucalgary.ca/~keith/index.html

• A Hydrogen Economy (Small/Efficient Fuel Cells)• Green Fuels Technology

– Uses photosynthesis to grow algae, capture CO2 and produce high-energy biomass

www.greenfuelonline.com/technology.htm

• Solar Towerswww.enviromission.com.au/

38 of 42

EnviroMission’s 50 MW Solar Tower

39 of 42

EnviroMission’s 50 MW Solar Tower

August 2006 Business 2.0

40 of 42

The Stabilization Wedges

• Steve Pacala & Robert Socolow @ Princeton -Science Paper www.princeton.edu/~cmi/resources/CMI_Resources_new_files/

Wedges%20ppr%20in%20Science.pdf

• Condensed Movie Version www.princeton.edu/~cmi/resources/CMI_Resources_new_files/CMI_Stab_Wedges_Movie.swf

• Basic idea is to flatten CO2 levels by offsetting near future CO2 emissions increases (energy increases) with technologies that exist today.

41 of 42

The Future of The Energy Industry• Tighter Regulations are Inevitable• Cleaner Power Plant Technologies

– “Hybrid” combustion technologies• Coal gasification…

– CO2 Sequestration• Cleaner / Renewable Fuels

– Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel - EPA• 1993 5,000ppm to 500ppm• 2006 500ppm to 15ppm

– Biodiesel• Most Importantly

– Renewable Energy Alternatives• Solar, Wind, Hydro, Fuel Cells,…

42 of 42

The Future of The Energy Industry?

vs.

or