VRD-A165 ON8 FIN FISH SEASONALITY AN UTILIZATION OF HANPTOUN ROADS 12AND ENTRANCE CHANNEL(U) OLD DOMINION UNIV NORFOLK VAAPPLIED NARINE RESEARCH LAB R S BIRDSONG ET AL. OCT 64

UNCLASSIFIED DACU65-8i-C-0651 F/6 8/1 M

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-- N1 A RU11 F INAM 16-

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Fin ishRoads and the Entrance Channel apn

Ray S. Birdsong, Robin L. Bedenbaugh, and Randal D. OwenApplied Marine Research Laboratory

Old Dominion UniversityNorfolk, Virginia 23508

DTlCEECTEfor AR18j r

The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,Norfolk District

underContract No. DACW65-81-C-0051

DuKMt Y-~ ATEME I al US Army CorpsDIBTRI3'Jwpuli f1020 O Engineers

Dwubuldou U Norfolk DistrictK'

U 8681 015

a-........ ..,"

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THI PAGE " -"

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plied Marine Research Lab. Norfolk District

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Norfolk, VA 23508, Norfolk. Vireinia 23510-1096

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Norfolk, Virginia 23510-1096 U11 TITLE (Include Security Clasufication)

Fin Fish Seasonality and Utilization of Hampton Roads and the Entrance Channel

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FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP fin fish, seasonality, distribution, seasonal use patterns,hi.toric data, gillnet sampling, trawl sampling, lowerChesapeake Bay, Elizabeth River, James River, Southern

!9. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessuay and identify by block number)

Trawl, gillnet, and pound net sampling methods employed to assess abundance and distribution.Results presented in catagories of Bay spawners, River spawners and offshore spawners usingbay as nursery. Also of interest is information presented on fish anomalies found in

Elizabeth River samples.

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* 18. Branch Elizabeth RIver, Hampton Roads Harbor, recreational fishing, commercialfishing, anomalous fishes, temporal distribution, young-of-the-year

%. *~

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Fin Fish Seasonality and Utilization of Hampton

Roads and the Entrance Channel 1P

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4 's

Ray S. Birdsong, Robin L. Bedenbaugh, and Randal D. Owen

Applied Marine Research LaboratoryOld Dominion Universit,-

Norfolk, Virginia 23508 -

DTIC 'f ELECTE-

for". MAR I t 19j

The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,

Norfolk District

under

Contract No. DACW65-81-C-0051

~7Tjz: ATEMENT

DAUtbl Uuhi3ito

TABLE OF CONTENTS

. _

introduction ................................................ 1N

Methods and Materials ....................................... 2Trawl sampling ...........................................2Gillnet sampling ............... .......... .......... . 3 -. ' ,%.

Pound net sampling ........................................ 3Description of stations .................................. 4

R esults .. ....................................................... 6Bay spawners .............................................. 8Anchoa mitchilli (bay anchovy) ............................ 8Cynoscion regalis (weakfish) .............................. 9Pogoni cromis (black drum)........................... 10Bairdiella chrysoura (silver perch) ................... 11Tautoga onitis (tautog) ............................... i1Rachycentron canadum (cobia) .......................... 11Peprilus alepidotus (harvestfish) ....................... 12 .Symphurus -a-giusa (blackcheek tonguefish) ............. 12Psuedopleuronectes americanus (winter flounderz) ...... 12Trinectes maculatus (hogchoker) ................. ..... 12

River spawners ........................................... 13Acipenser oxyrhynchus (Atlantic sturgeon) ............. 13Alosa aestivalus (blueback herring) ................... 14Alosa pseudoh rengus (alewife) ......... ............. 14Alosa sapidissima (American shad) ..................... 14Alosa mediocris (hickory shad) ........................ 14Dorosoma cepedianum (gizzard shad) .................... 15Morone saxatilis (striped bass) ....................... 15Mo ohe, americana (white perch) ..... ................... 15

Offshore spawners using bay as nursery ..................... 16Brevoortia tyrannus (menhaden) ........................ 16eiO-tomus xanthurus (spot)............................... 16

Micropooinias undulatus (Atlantic croaker) ........... 19Sciaenops ocellata red drum) ............ ........ ... 21rophycis gia pooted hake).... ................. 22

Urophycis chuss (red hake)............................ 22Paralichthys dentatus (summer flounder) ............... 22

Elizabeth River fish fauna....................... ...... 24

Fisheries ................ . . ........................... . 27

Acknowledgements.......................... ................ 28

Literature Cited ..................... ....... ....... ..... 29

Tables ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Figures ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..59

14Tt*

Availb~l~t *: 83

NT7'1

INSPECtEO

%7, -°7 -k-I a

Introduction 'k

This study of finfish seasonality and utilization of'

Hampton Roads and its entrance channels was commissioned by

the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers to provide information

necessary in the assessment of the environmental impact of'

Norfolk Harbor and channels deepeening project.

The primary objectives of the study were to determine

the relative distribution and abundance of fish species in

the study area (Fig. 1), and to describe their seasonal use

patterns. With increasing sophistication, marine ecologistz

have come to the realization that a single year of study of

seasonal phenomena provides a poor picture of events and

processes. The two year duration of this study provides a

somewhat clearer understanding of variability within the

system. Additionally, where available, other sources of

historic data have been incorporated. -A companion study of

catches by a pound net located off Lynnhaven have been par-

ticularly useful (Birdsong, et al, 1984). - '

Over the past decade several studies of fiih abundance

and distribution have been conducted in the general Hampton

Ki Roads area, most as a portion of the environmental impact

assessment of one project or another. Most of these studies /- /

remain buried in the "gray literature" of limited circulation

reports. Two of these which we have found to be the most

useful in reviewing the available data ar -viron-

mental assessment repo Porstmouth Refinery, NUS

I-k-2-

Corp. (1975) and a study of dredging effects in Hampton Roads

edited by Priest (1981). We make no attempt to review these

various studies here, but have referred to them where appro-

priate in the text.

Methods and Materials

Trawl sampling. Trawl stations were collected monthly 7 .

from January 1982 through January 1984, excluding February

1982 and December 1983, at eight stations described below and .'

shown in Figure 1 and Table 1. Each trawl station comprised

three 10 minute tows with a 16 foot wide, semiballoon, otter

trawl. The trawl carried a 1/4 inch mesh codend liner.

Catches were worked up on deck, when possible, and the

bulk of the material discarded. Unusual species and voucher .

specimens were preserved in 10% formalin and placed in the

fish collection of the Old Dominion Univeristy Department of

Biological Sciences or the fish collection of the Virginia

Institute of Marine Science.

All fishes were identified and counted. Standard length

(SL) measurements to the nearest millimeter were taken on all

species from each 10 minute tow as follows:

1. Less than 25 individuals of a species taken -

all measured.

2. More than 25 individuals of a species taken -

-3- ."

_ .% S.

20 randomly selected individuals measured

along with the largest and smallest as selected

by eye. .A

3. When the catch was composed of two distinct

size classes of a species, each size class was

treated separately.

Gillnet sampling. Eighteen gillnet samples using 600 IL

feet of 6 foot deep sinking net were taken between March 1982

and October 1983 as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1. A station

consisted of setting the net in the afternoon and picking it -

up the following morning. Over the course of the study

several different nets and mesh sizes were used ranging from ,.-

2 inch stretch to 7 inch stretch mesh. Most sets were made

with nets between 3 and 5 inch stretch mesh.

The precise location of the gillnet station varied from

month to month, but was genreally located off Ocean View at

approximately 36 56' N, 76 14' W in 20 - 24 feet of water.

The gillnets were the most highly selective gear used in

this study and produced the smallest percentage of the total

species taken by all gear types. We have not treated the

gillnet data quantitatively but have used it to add to the

list of species occurrences and as indicators of seasonality

for those species favored by this gear type.

Pound net sampling. Sixteen pound net samplings were

conducted between May 1982 and November 1983 (Table 1) at a

pound net located just east of Lynnhaven Inlet at 36 55.3' N,

76 04.4' W (Figure 1). On each sampling day the entire catch

. .. ..... . . . . ..-

-- 4-

65,el.

was examined and all species were indentified and counted.

Where the abundance of a species was too great for enumer-ation, total poundage was taken. The log books of the ..

poundnet operator, Mr. George Ross, provided additional data

on the poundage of saleable species taken on each net pull

during the period 1973 1981. These data have been employed

in this paper to indicate seasonal abundance patterns in

several commercially important species. The poundnet sam-

pling program is reported on in more detail in a separate .5..

report (Birdsong, et al, 1984).

Description of trawl stations. (Fig. 1)

Station 1. Located approximately 5.5 nautical miles

east of Cape Henry light house at 36 55.5' N, 75 54.7' W.

Depth 55 - 65 feet; bottom smooth, composed of 55% sand, 40%

silt, 5% clay. Salinity range during the study period 19.0 -

31.2 ppt, X = 26.5 ppt.

Station 2. Located approximately 2 nautical miles east

of the Second Island of the Bay Bridge-Tunnel at 36 58.3' N,

76 04' W. Depth 36 - 45 feet; bottom nearly barren, composed

of 98% sand and 2% silt. Salinity range 15.3 - 28.8 ppt, X

23.3 ppt. %

Station 3. Located just west of the First Island of the

Bay Bridge-Tunnel at 36 58.2' N, 76 07.7' W. Depth 23 - 30

feet; bottom composed of silty sand with some large mussel

beds. Salinity range 17.2 - 26.6 ppt, X = 22.0 ppt.

Station 4. Located approximately 3 nautical miles east

of Fort Wool south of the shipping channel at 36 59.5' N, 76

'"--

-5- .

13.2' W. Depth 22 - 23 feet; bottom composed of silty sand

with occassionally heavy growths of the bryozoan Chrysia.

Salinity range 13.7 - 22.8 ppt, X = 20.1 ppt.

Station 5. Located east of Craney Island landfill, west

of the ship channel in the mouth of the Elizabeth River at

36 55' N, 76 20.7' W. Depth 25 feet; bottom of 70.8% silt,

16.7% sand and 6.6% clay. Salinity range 13.3 - 21.9 ppt, Xh 4L

• 18.1 ppt.

Station 6. Located in the main stem of the Elizabeth

River off Lamberts Point, west of the ship channel at 36

52.3' N, 76 20.5' W. Depth 25 feet; bottom of 60.9% silt,

26.9% clay, 12.3% sand. Salinity range 12.8 - 21.7 ppt, X

17.7 ppt. *__

Station 7. Located approximately 1 nautical mile up the . -.

Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River from its confluence ---

with the Eastern Branch at 36 49.9' N, 76 17.5' W. Depth 45

feet; bottom composed of poorly sorted fine silt and littered

with industrial debris. Salinity range 9.9 - 20.9 ppt, X

16.1 ppt.Station 8. James River approximately 5.5 nautical miles

upstream of the James River Bridge, southeast of Mulberry

Island and south of the ship channel at 36 03' N, 76 34' W.

Depth 25 feet; bottom composed of poorly sorted coarse silt

with some oyster reefs. Salinity range 6.8 - 17.9 ppt, X K

13.5 PPt.

Results

The trawl stations were clustered Using the Dice

Coefficient for presence/ absence (Boesch, 1977), treating the

*data sets for 1982 and 1983 separately. The results of the

clustering analysis are shown in Figure 2. For 1982 the bay

stations 1 - 4 clustered together, with 1 and 3 most similar

and 2 Most dissimilar. Similarly, the riverine stations 5-

8 Clustered together, with the Elizabeth River main stem

stations 5 and 6 Most similar and the Southern Branch station

7 most dissimilar.

The results of the analysis On the 1983 data set dif-

fered somewhat from that on the 1982 data set. Bay stations

1 1, 3, and 4 clustered together similar to 1982, however

* station 5 at the mouth of the Elizabeth River showed a

greater similarity to these bay stations than to the other

*riverine stations. Station 2 showed less similarity to the

*other bay stations than in 1982. Elizabeth River stations 6

and 7 and James River station 8 clustered together for 1983.

To facilitate analysis and discussion, the following

- subjective compromise of the two cluster analyses has been

employed in pooling length frequency and seasonality data:

* stations 1 - 4; stations 5 - 6; station 7; and station 8.

While neither cluster analysis strongly supports the isola-

tion of stations 7 and 8, this was done to allow focus on the

Elizabeth River, and particularly the Southern Branch.

Trawl data form the basic information source for this

-7-

study; however pound net and gill net data have contributed

importantly to the analysis of seasonal occurrence and

-'species abundance. Table 2 shows the number and percent of

total fish species taken by gear type. Trawl collections

account for slightly less than 70 percent of the species seen

during the study and are, no doubt, biased toward smaller and

more bottom oriented fishes.

Several species known to occur in abundance in the study

area were not collected. These species, primarily members of

the killifish family Cyprinodontidae, inhabit shore margins ~4

and are rarely taken in open water trawl collections.

Musick (1972) lists 209 species of marine estuarine and4.

diadromous fishes as at least occassionally found in the

*Chesapeake Bay. Of these, 109 were considered by him to be

sporadic or rare in -occurrence. Only 27 estuarine and

anadromous species, and 2 marine species were noted as I!* occupants of the bay throughout their entire life cycle. The

*resident species are made up largely of small speciesV..

inhabiting grass beds, oyster reefs and marsh fringes. None

are of more than minor commercial importance and all are

widely distributed.

During this study 104l species of fishes were taken.

* Tablas 3 and 4 show months of occurrence and stations of

occurrence for these species. The most abundant species at

each of the 8 trawl stations, and their rank among stations,

* is given in Tables 5 through 12.

For purpose of discussion we have categorized users of

~-8-

the estuary into: bay spawners, rivers spawners, and species

spawning outside the bay but using the estuary as nursery .%f . "

grounds. Some two dozen species which make significant use i

of the Chesapeake estuary have been singled out for discus-

sion, most because of their abundance, but a few because of

their rarity. Our coverage of the following species is not

even, but emphasizes those species taken in abundance during

this study.

Bay Spawners

Ten species of bay spawners are here discussed. Several

other species of fishes may occassionally spawn in the bay

(e.g. Menticirrhus spp. and Sciaenops ocellata according to

Olney, 1978), but little is known as to the extent of their

- spawning use.

Anchoa mitchilli (bay anchovy). The bay anchovy was the

most abundant and ubiquitous species taken during this study.

A. mitchilli was collected during every month of the study

and was somewhat more abundant at river stations than at bay

stations and in winter than in summer.

Olney (1978) found eggs of A.. mitchilli to compose 89

percent of all fish eggs taken during the months of spawning.

During his study, concentrations never fell below 320 eggs/10

m and to reached as high as 1400/10 m in August 1973. The

spawning period for A. _mitQilli appears to begin and end

abruptly. An identical pattern was found in 1982 and 1983 in

a companion plankton study to the report. Spawning apparent-

_w. . .7 -w W.. -w Z r% __V V .IVW_ . .W

-9- d.

°.%%. d

ly occurs throughout the Chesapeake Bay estuary with most

SCynoscion re ntlis (weakfish). The weakfish was the mt o*--- - ._'#

fourth most abundant species in the study area. Existing

life history information for C. regalis has been reviewed by '.

*Chao and Musick (1977).

I Weakfish apparently spawn in and near the mouth of

Chesapeake Bay (Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928; Joseph, et

al, 1964a; Olney, 1978). Spawning occurs May to September ,'.-.

with peak spawning mid-May to mid-June (Hildebrand and

* Schroeder, 1928), however, Olney (1978) reported large num-

S. bers of C. regalis eggs in the lower Chesapeake Bay in August

of 1971.

Few young-of-the-year (YOY) smaller than 40 mm SL were

collected at the Bay stations (Figs. 3 and 4), the young

apparently moving into the rivers soon after hatching. Young

of the year were first recorded at the Elizabeth River sta-

tions in small numbers in May (Fig. 7) and became abundant in

July (Figs. 5, 7 and 8).

Two spawning pulses appear to be present based on the

occurrence of YOY less than 35 mm SL at the Elizabeth River

stations. This phenomenon was especially pronounced in 1983

(Figs. 6 and 8) where a YOY mode around 20 - 50 mm SL first

appears in July and again in September. Merriner (1976)

found that female C. regalio in North Carolina waters appear

to spawn in two pulses, with the majority of the eggs spawned

in May or June and a second and smaller spawn in July or

N ...

-10-

August. -

The YOY apparently begin moving out of the river in

October with the larger individuals leaving first. All C.

regalis have left the river by the end of December.

Yearling trout appeared at both bay and river stations

in May. Larger trout of year class I and older move into the

Chesapeake Bay in March and are abundant in April in pound net

catches. These large trout (greater than 200 mm SL) largely

escaped our trawl catches. It appears then, from our data,

that returning yearlings move back into the Bay slightly

later than older weakfish.

Pogonias cromis (black drum). Black drum spawn in the

bay mouth in April and May. Joseph,et al (1964a) reported

large numbers of black drum eggs west of Cape Charles.

Running ripe adults are caught in large numbers off Kiptopeke %

in April. By the end of the run in early June all fish taken

are spent. The dearth of larvae in the area led Joseph, et %%

al (1964a) to speculate that the bay was a marginal spawning

area. Juveniles are found in small numbers in brackish and

fresh tidal waters in the bay (Frisbie, 1961).

Bairdiella chrysoura (silver perch). While few silver

perch were taken during this study the species is present in

the estuary from April to December and most abundant from

August to October (Chao and Musick, 1977). Hildebrand and

Schroeder (1928) reported ripe silver perch in deep waters of

the bay in May. Silver perch move out of the bay and south-

ward in winter (Chao and Musick, 1977).

W. W-7

, ~~- 11 -- ,,. ..

Tautoga onitis (tautog). Only four tautogs were taken

during this study, however, it is a common species in the

lower bay from December through June. The preferred habitat

of this species; around rocks, pilings, and other underwater

structures, makes capture by trawls unusual. Olney (1978)

reported the collection of T. onitis eggs in the bay mouth in

May and July, and suggested that the sparsity of eggs and

* larvae may indicate that the Chesapeake Bay is the southern

* limit of tautog spawning. Cooper (1965) reported that

juveniles use grass beds as nursery grounds. One of us

(Birdsong) has taken juvenile tautogs among patches of sea

lettuce (Ulva) in one meter depth in the Lynnhaven estuary.

Rachycentron canadum (cobia). Joseph, et al (1964b)

reported the spawning of cobia in the lower Chesapeake Bay in

the vicinity of the Virginia Capes. Cobia eggs were collect-

ed from June through August, with a peak in July. Juvenile

cobia are occassionally taken in Chesapeake Bay and were

reported from the lower York River by Joseph, et al (1964b);

however, little is known of their ecology.

Peprilus alepidotus (harvestfish). Olney (1978) col-

lected larvae of this species throughout the lower bay in

August and felt that the small size of the larvae and their

distance from the bay mouth indicated a spring and early

summer spawning period in the Chesapeake Bay and he noted

that the juveniles are frequently associated with jellyfish.

S~mPhurus plagiusa (blackcheek tonguefish). The black-

cheek tonguefish was ubiquitous in the study area, but not in

-..v V.'.*Y ~ *~~-. ~ - '* .* . -

-12- .-.. ..b

*. ,..., -

abundance at any stations. There is limited evidence of

spawning in the bay mouth (Olney and Grant, 1976). Schauss• ,-.~..., :,. ,

(1974) reported metamorphosed juveniles of S. p laiusa in ,% , ,e %

Lynnhaven Inlet on a muddy-sand bottom.

Pseudopleuronectes americanus (winter flounder). This

species was rarely taken during this study, apparently being

more abundant in the upper bay than in the lower bay (Musick,

1972). Spawning of P. alericanus apparently takes place

throughout the bay (Olney, 1978) from December through May

with a peak in March. Juveniles remain in the Bay until they

are 2 + years old (Frame, 1974) moving to deep water during

colder months (Mc Cracken, 1963).

Trinectes maculatus (hogchoker). Hogchokers apparently

spawn over a wide area of Chesapeake Bay and were reported as*...

a major component of the egg and larvae collections of Olney ...

(1978). He reported the capture of eggs from June through

September, with peak egg abundance in August. Larvae and

juveniles move up into the lower salinity waters of rivers

(Dovel, et al, 1969) and overwinter in the bay and lower

reaches of the rivers.

River Spawners

Qf the eight species of anadromous river spawners

discussed below, all but two, the white perch and the gizzard

shad, spend a major portion of their life cycle outside the

" bay and pass through the bay mouth on their way to the

spawning grounds in the tributaries. Three of these species,

_ . W' \*V

-13-

the Atlantic sturgeon, American shad, and the striped bass,

are found today in smaller numbers than in former times.

Causes for these declines are uncertain, but most likely

involve degradation of the upstream spawning grounds and

overfishing.

Acipenser oxyrhynchus (Atlantic sturgeon). During this

study only three Atlantic sturgeon were seen, all juveniles

taken from a single gillnet set in April 1982 off Ocean View.

The species is endangered and in low abundance in the

Chesapeake Bay. Adults migrate into the major Chesapeake bay

tributaries in March and April (Vladykov and Greeley, 1963)

where spawning takes place in fresh or brackish water (Dees,

1961). Juveniles may remain in estuarine waters until 3 - 5

years of age (Vladykov and Greeley, 1963). Little is known

of the larval ecology.

Alosa aestivalis (blueback herring). This species

passes through the lower bay in spring from February through

May with the peak run in April of most years (Hildebrand and

Schroeder, 1928), however, during this study the peak run was

in February and March. Young of the year apparently leave

the bay in winter, but some overwinter in deeper bay waters

(Hildebrand, 1964). Blueback herring were taken at all trawl

stations but were most abundant in the main stem of the

Elizabeth River.

Alosa pseudoharengus (alewife). The spawning migration

usually begins in late February to early March, usually

slightly ahead of the blueback herring and American shad

; ...........*p p

-14-

(Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928). Spawning takes place far

upstream in small tributaries. Young of the year mostlyleave the bay by winter, but some may overwinter in deeper % %

bay waters (Hildebrand, 1964).

Alosa sapidissima (American shad). The spawning run of *-"' *

the American shad peaks in March and April in the Chesapeake

Bay. Spawning takes place in the upper tributaries where the

young nursery until fall when most leave the bay (Hildebrand,

1964)..:. , .

Alosa mediocris (hickory shad). The spawning run for

hickory shad occurs in the lower bay in March and April ir.

the Chesapeake Bay. Spawning apparently takes place in

freshwater tributaries, however, no observations of spawning

adults have been reported (Hildebrand, 1964). Young hickory

shad apparently leave the spawning area in late summer to

fall (Mansueti, 1962).

Dorosoma cepedianum (gizzard shad). The gizzard shad

spends its entire life cycle in brackish and fresh water and

is common in the bay proper only in fall and winter.

Spawning takes place in freshwater in early summer and the

young remain in freshwater (Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928).

Morone saxatilis (striped bass). The striped bass,

formerly abundant in the Chesapeake Bay, is presently in a

state of serious decline. Only five specimens were taken

during this study. Adults congregate around the bay mouth in

winter and move into freshwater habitats of rivers in April

and May where spawning occurs (Hardy, 1978). In the

... ,.p

Chesapeake Bay tributaries, larval nursery areas are the same

I .- . ,. '*as the spawning areas. Juveniles remain in low salinity

waters and move downstream during their second summer

(Rinaldo, 1971). Striped bass apparently remain in the bay

* for their first 3 - 4 years of life.

Morone americana (white perch). White perch were

commonly taken in our trawls only at the James River stations

(station 8). While found in the bay, this species prefers

lower salinity waters. Spawning occurs in freshwater from

late March to June (Mansueti, 1964). Nursery areas are the

same as spawning areas and as development proceeds there is a

downstr-am movement (Rinaldo, 1971).

Fishes which spawn offshore and use the Bay and Tributaries

as Nursery Grounds

Brevoortia tyrannus (menhaden). Menhaden were taken at

all stations and were especially abundant in winter and

spring. Spawning occurs in shelf waters off the Chesapeake

Bay mouth (Massmann, et al, 1962). McHugh, Oglesby, and

Pacheco (1959) indicate a fall and spring spawning peak off

Chesapeake Bay. Larvae move into the bay in May and June and

in November (Dovel, 1971). Juveniles use brackish to

freshwaters as nursery areas and may be found as far as 56 km

upstream from brackish water (Massmann, 1954). Juveniles

move out of the estuary into coastal waters late in their

first summer (June and Chamberlain, 1959), but some

overwinter in the bay. Menhaden were taken in the bay during

S. - -* *~. *5 ~.5*9q* 'w'~S '~ - * .

-16-

every month of the present study.

Leiostomus xanthurus (spot). The spot was the most

abundant fish taken by all three gear types, the ubiquitous "'Anchoa mitchilli excepted. The distribution, seasnality,

diet, and growth of L. xanthurus in the Chesapeake Bay have

been the subject of many studies over the past 60 years.

Notable among these are those of Hildebrand and Schroeder

(1928), Pacheco (1962a and 1962b), and Chao and Musick

(1977). Growth and diet studies on spot from a variety of

Gulf and Atlantic estuaries are summarized by Chao and Musick

(1977).

Figures 9 - 11 show the size frequency distributions for ...

trawl captured spot for the pooled data from bay stations 1 -

14.

Young-of-the-year first become abundant at the bay sta-

tions in May, at lengths of about 10 to 25 mm SL. These

young are presumably spawned offshore during late autumn

through early spring (Powles and Stender, 1978). The YOY

fish appear to move through the lower bay rapidly and few are

taken in trawls in June and July (Figs. 9 and 10).

Adult spot become abundant in the bay in August (Fig. S

10) moving in from coastal waters. Larger YOY and yearlings

also begin to move out of the rivers into the bay in late

summer. This assemblage forms a bimodal, but continuous size

distribution as seen in Figure 10, September 1982. In Octo-

ber the yearling and older spot begin to exit the bay for

offshore waters. During both years of this study no spot

,4.J ?LC - 9 2. .j ! - - ..--.. ---'--

-17- .

were taken at any bay station in February and March.

Size distribution of spot in the main stem of the *b"

Elizabeth River (Figs. 12 - 14), the Southern Branch of -

Elizabeth River (Figs. 15 - 17), and the lower James River

(Figs. 18 and 19) are shown below. Young-of-the-year-9pot

appear at the river stations shortly after they enter the

bay. Growth of YOY fishes is rapid through September when

they have reached a size of 90 170 mm SL. Chao and Musick

(1976) reported a September YOY size range of 70 - 185 mm

total length (TL) in the lower Chesapeake Bay and York River,

Virginia and Pacheco (1957, in Chao and Musick, 1977) re-ported September YOY of 135 - 185 mm TL in the lower Ches-

apeake Bay and York River. Pacheco (1962a) noted that YOY

spot taken in pound net catches had a modal length 40 mm".

larger than those taken in trawl hauls. We assume from this

that the largest YOY individuals are more successful at

avoiding the trawl, and consequently, in late summer and

early fall the YOY size distribution, as indicated by our

catches, is biased toward smaller sizes.

Size bias not withstanding, it appears that the larger .

YOY individuals start to move out of the rivers before the

smaller, as evidenced by a decrease in modal size in October

at all river stations. As can be seen in Figure 16, some YOY

fish, albeit a small number, overwinter in the rivers.

Overwintering of YOY in the York River was reported by Chao

and Musick (1977).

Simultaneous with the entry of OY spot into the rivers,

* ., *. #AN

-18- ' '

yearling spot approximately 90 - 180 mm SL, return to the

rivers. These are represented by the second mode in Figure

12, May 1982 and Figure 18, May 1982, for examples. In the .? $

main stem of the Elizabeth River in May 1982 (Fig. 12) a

third mode of fish around 175 mm SL appears to be present.

Yearlings are present at the river stations by April and

absent by October. b.row

Among the river stations, station 7 in the Southern

Branch was unique in that yearling spot were abundant only

during June 1982.

Micropogonias undulatus (Atlantic croaker). The-

Atlantic croaker was taken in abundance at all stations and

by all gear types from March through November. Croakers pro-

vide the basis for an important recreational and commercial

fishery in the lower Chesapeake Bay; however, the population

exhibits large fluctuations in abundance (Haven, 1957;

Massman and Pacheco, 1960; Joseph, 1972). The fluctuations

may largely result from annual differences in the severity of .,

winter temperatures inshore in the nursery ground as well as

offshore on the spawning ground (Joseph, 1972; Chao and

Musick, 1977; Norcross and Austin, 1981).

Spawning of the Chesapeake croakers apparently occurs in

the near shelf waters east and southeast of the Chesapeake

Bay mouth (Pearson, 1941; Haven, 1957; Grosslein and Azaro-

vitz, 1982). Young of the year croaker appear at river

stations in September and October (Figs. 23, 26, 28, 29).

During the present study individuals less than 25 mm SL were

_'1

-19-

seen during every month except July and August. Similar .

. observations by Haven (1957) and Chao and Musick (1977)

suggest a spawning season spanning most of the year; however,

Morse (1980) disputed th is on the baiS of gonad

observations, and postulated a spawning period of September

through December, with a peak in October. He suggested that

the presence of small fish in the estuary during most months

may be the result of no overwinter growth or sampling bias

* due to differential size distribution or trawl avoidance.

White and Chittenden (1977) also suggest an October peak in

spawning with December as the postulated end of spawning.

Neither sampling bias, differential size distribution, -

nor trawl avoidance appear relavant to the explanation of the

occurrence of croaker less than 20 mm SL in May and June. V ."

- Only a lack of winter growth would appear to bear on the

question if we assume a December end to spawning. The

predominance of a single mode of small croaker (115 - 40 mm

SL) at all river stations during winter and spring supports

the proposition of little or no winter growth. However, the

presence of two modes of small fish, about 25 mm SL and 75 mm

SL in the Southern Branch in June 1983 (Fig. 27) and 3 modes .

in the mainstem of the Elizabeth River in the same month

(Fig. 24) and in June, 1982 (Fig. 22) is difficult to

* reconcile with a limited spawning period around October. A

similar intermediate mode not easily assigned to young of the

year or yearlings was seen by Chao and Musick (1977) in the

York River in 1972 and 1973.

IV , ,.'

-20-

Young-of-the-year fish grew rapidly from Jjne through

the summer at the river stations and reached a iength of 100

- 240 mm SL by September. Croakers started to move out of

the river stations in September with yearlings leaving first _

and YOY following in October and November.

Adult or near adult croakers (greater than 130 mm SL) -

occur in the lower Chesapeake Bay from March through Novem-

ber. Pound net catches indicate two pulses of abundance, one

in Spring, March through May, and the another in September.

The spring pulse is presumed to be year class 1 and older--:_-L --.

fish returning to the bay from offshore. The September pulse

appears to be made up of a mixture of age classes but domi- .

nated by YOY fish. Our trawl collections in both 1992 and

1983 did not record the spring croaker run at the bay sta-

tions (Figs. 20 and 21), however, the fall run was sampled

during both years. While the sampled spring run tends to

.. comprise slightly larger fish, we find if difficult to accept

gear avoidance as the sole cause for the virtual absence of

croaker in our bay trawls in the spring. We have no informa-

tion bearing on this phenomenon, however it may be the result

of some difference in the behavior of the year class 1 and

older fishes returning to the bay from the YOY dominated

groups leaving the bay in the fall. "

Sciaenops ocellata (red drum). Red drum apparently

spawn outside the Chesapeake estuary during the fall months

"* (Mansueti, 1960), however, information concerning spawning

and the larval stages is scarce. Mansueti (1960) speculates

77 7 - 7 7 W - ...

-21-*

that planktonic larvae are carried into the estuary in the .."__

salt wedge in the fall and descend to the ocean in early

winter. Schauss (1974) took 64 young red drums ranging in - I

length from 9 to 39 mm in Lynnhaven Bay from July to mid-

October, thus demonstrating that at least some spawning oc-

curs as early as July. Mansueti (1960) states that small -

Sciaenops have never been taken in Chesapeake Bay during the

winter months (December to February). During the present

study two small S. ocellata were taken in January, one (62 mm *-...*...

SL) at station 6 in 1983, and another (54 mm SL) at station 3

in 1984. It appears that at least some young-of-the-year S.- .. i,.-.-

ocellata overwinter in the bay.

Urophycis reia (spotted hake). Spotted hake were

abundant at all river stations and only slightly less

abundant at bay stations. Spawning apparently takes place

offshore between September and November (Barans, 1972). Fish

of 30 - 90 mm SL, young of the year according to Barans

% %

(1972), enter the bay from December through May (Figs. 32 and .'.

33) and the rivers at approximately the same time (Figs. 34 -

Yearling and older fish enter the bay from March through

May and remain through December. During most months year

class modes are difficult to discern, being readily apparent

only during months when YOY are entering the bay system. U'

Maximum abundance of U. regia is reached in April and May,

both in the bay and in the rivers.

Urh.cis chuss (red hake). The red hake is abundant

..... *

- 2- - -- b .

-22-

only in the bay mouth at trawl station 1. Spawning occurs

offshore primarily in spring and summer (Hardy, 1978).

Juveniles from 50 - 200 mm SL enter the bay in late winter

and early spring and leave by June.

Paralichthys dentatus (summer flounder). Summer floun-

der were common at all stations, but generally more abundant

at bay stations than at river stations. In winter, adult P.

dentatus are found offshore and mostly in waters between 70 -

155 m in depth. In summer there is a general shoreward

movement of the populations (Byrne and Azarovitz, 1982).

Spawning occurs offshore in autumn, with peak spawning

off the Virginia Capes falling around October and November

(Smith, 1973). Young of the year were first taken at our bay

stations in July at about 60 - 100 mm SL (Figs. 38 and 39).

These small flounders must have been present at least a month

earlier because we took YOY of similar size at the river

stations in June (Figs. 40 and 41). It appears that the YOY

move through the lower bay rapidly and concentrate in the

rivers in early summer.

Year one and older fish were first caught in March and

April, and remained in the rivers until September - October

when they began to move out. The yearlings and older fish

remain- ed in the bay until December, after which none were

taken. It is likely that three year fish (about 370 mm SL

according to Byrne and Azarovitz, 1982) and older moved out

to the spawning grounds earlier (September to October), but

because of gear avoidance we have little information on these

--. M M . ,-

* .. • .p .

" ~-23- .. '

larger size classes. _____

Young of the year remain in the rivers through December

(Fig. 4l) and then apparently move out into the bay where :,-

they over winter. Some P. dentatus were taken in the bay

during every month of the year (Figs. 39 and 40).

Elizabeth River

We have singled out the Elizabeth River for special

* discussion because of its recognition as one of the most

heavily polluted areas in the Chesapeake Bay estuary. In

. addition to a heavy sediment burden of several heavy metals,

*] very high concentrations of a variety of polynucleated

aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) contaminate the sediments

* throughout much of the Southern Branch (R.W. Alden III, pers.

*comm.). We collected over the two years of this study at

three stations in the Elizabeth River, two in the main stem

(stations 5 and 6) and one in the Southern Branch (station

* 7). Table 13 shows sediment concentrations of PAH's at three

sites in the Elizabeth River provided by R. W. Alden, III

from unpublished data. Our station 6 encompasses site G and

our station 7 encompasses sites L and M of Table 13. It is

apparent from these data that sediments in the vicinity of

station 7 in the Southern Branch are considerably more

polluted with PAH's than sediments in the main stem at

stations 5 and 6.

In spite of the heavy industrialization of the Elizabeth

River, many fishes utilize it as a nursery area, and some for

............

...... ....

-24- ,. P.

spawning. Work done by Ecological Analysts, Inc. in 1979 (as V.i

cited in Priest, 1981) shows the presence in the Southern

-: Branch of eggs or larvae of gizzard shad, bay anchovy, tide-

water silverside, Atlantic silverside, white perch, gobies,

. and hogchoker. Hedgepeth, et al (1981) indicate the proba-

bility of some spawning in the upstream tidal creeks of the

Elizabeth River by blueback herring, alewife, American shad,

• .and striped bass.

In our trawl studies, the Elizabeth River mainstem

stations were among the most prolific producers of fishes.

Station 6 (Table 10) ranked first in the abundance of the bay

anchovy, Atlantic croaker, spotted hake, weakfish, blueback

herring, Atlantic silverside, and silver perch. This station

',*[ was also the second largest producer of spot and the largest ,."

producer of all species combined.

4Station 7 in the Southern Branch, located less than 4

miles upstream from station 6 and under a similar salinity

regime, differed markedly in the abundance of fishes (Table

-11) and had the lowest species diversity of any station.

- Compared to station 6, abundance at station 7 was: bay

*anchovy 10%, summer flounder 25%, spotted hake 35%, hogehoker

46%, and spot 55%. Croaker and weakfish show no similar

reductions in abundance.

The reduction in the number of spot at station 7 does

not appear to be spread evenly across the size classes.

Comparing figures 15 - 17 with 12 - 14 it is apparent that

F p.? %, . a, '|

1- -j N- W- '.

-25-

the Southern Branch is receiving a smaller number of return-

ing yearlings than is the main stem. Comparisons of figures

7 - 8 with 5 - 6 of the weakfish and figures 25 - 28 with 22

- 24 of the Atlantic croaker suggest some avoidance of the

Southern Branch by yearling fishes of these two species as .N..

well. Chao and Musick (1977) noted a tendency for YOY of all

three of these species to be distributed farther upstream in

the York River. We cannot say whether the apparent lower

abundance of yearlings in the Southern Branch is salinity

related, however, on most sampling days the salinity at

station 7 was within 1 ppt of the salinity in the main stem.

The most striking physical difference between station 7 and

the main stem was the pollutant load in the sediments.

The most remarkable feature of the Southern Branch fish

fauna is the high rate of occurrence of diseased and anom-

alous individuals, especially among the benthic species.

Tables 14 and 15 summarize some of the observations on

diseased fishes. More observations than those shown here

have been made and will be reported on separately. The area

of the river where anomalies occur coincides with the area

showing heavily contaminated sediments. The incidence of

anomalies at stations 5 and 6 in the main stem was at a level

similar to that seen at the bay stations and at a comparison

station in the Western Branch. Anomalous fishes are fre-

quently encountered upstream from station 7, however (William

Hargis, pers. comm.).

-"- ----' -• - - -

-26-

.

Fisheries

Recreational Fishing: Thimble Shoal Channel impinges on

the primary recreational fishing grounds in the lower *

Chesapeake Bay. No data exists on recreational fishing C.

effort or catch levels for the area, however, the level is

high. Recreational fishing effort is focused on the area

around the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel. The author has

counted from aerial observations on a single pass, over 500

recreational vessels fishing within 1/4 mile of the bridge-

tunnel during peak fishing season in late spring. -;. .*.

While some 30 species of fishes are occassionally taken

* by recreational fishermen, the majority of the recreational

effort is directed toward the seven species shown below.

Species Months of Occurence Peak Abundance

bluefish April - October April, May, Octoberweakfish March - October April, May, Junespot August - October September, Octobersummer flounder* April - November September, Octobercroaker March - October March - May, Septembertautog December - June May, Novemberblack sea bass June - November July

Commercial Fishing: commercial fishing for finfish

species in the study area is primarliy by pound nets,

gillnets, and purse seines. Table 16 gives the total

landings of commercial fin fish in NMFS area 311 for 1982 -

83. Area 311 excludes the rivers. Figure 42. shows the

seasonal distribution of catch for six of the leading commer-

cial species. For these species, catches are prlmarliy

-, ** '2 Ii 1

- 7 W V. - .- W-.

%* -....

\. "*%<a -27-

between April and November with some summer drop off between We

June and August.

Acknowledgements t-w

We wish to thank the following for assistance and con- .

siderations during this study: Dirk E. Peterson, David W.

Byrd, Suzanne De Blois, Steven Buchanan, Ed Sismour,

Elleanore Moll, Selena Basnight, Bert Parolari, Wick Harlan,

H. R. Barker, Jr., Tim Morrison, and Ana Ranasinghe, all stu- V"-

dents in the Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion

University; Mr. George Ross and Mr. Kenny Etheridge wh-

allowed us to examine their pound net catches; Mr. C. J.

Kozik, for gillnetting advice; Mr. William Kelly and Mr.

Anthony Sylva of the National Marine Fisheries Service for

assistance in obtaining catch data; Drs. Eric Barth and Louis

Rugolo, Department of Oceanography, Old Dominion University,

for providing data analysis of commercial catch data; and

Captain Robert Bray, Captain J. D. Padgett and Mr. Nelson

Griffin of the Old Dominion University research vessel Lin-

wood Holton.

i -

-28-

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b.

.. . . . . . .

Vladykov, V. D. and J. R. Greeley. 1963. Order Acipenser-oidei In: Fishes of' the Western North Atlantic (H. B.Bigelow , ed.). Number 1 , Part III, pp. 26-60. Se ar sFound. Mar. Res., New Haven.

Welsh, W. W. and C. M. Breder, Jr. 1923. Contribution tolife histories of Sciaenidae of the eastern UnitedStates Coast. U. S. Bur. Fish. Bull. 39:141-201.

*White, M. L. and M. E. Chittenden, Jr. 1977. Aspects Of thelife history of the Atlantic croaker, Micropogoniasundulatus. Fish. Bull. 75(l):109-123.

%U

-34-. ...

Table 1: Sampling schrjule and number of stations by geartype for the period January 1982 - January 193. ,

StationsDate

Trawl Gillnet Pound Net

1982 January 8 1FebruaryMarch 8 1April 8 1May 8 2 1

June 8 1 2July 8 1 1August 8 1 1September 8 1 1October. 8 1 1November 8 1 1December 8 -W

1983 January 8

February 8March 8 1April 8 1 1May 8 1 1

June 8 1 1July 8 2 2

August 8 1 1September 8 1October 8 1 1

November 8 1

December

1984 January 8

-,. -,

!%"~.

.4 -35-

Table 2. Number and percent of total fish species taken by4* gear type.

.43*

~0 0~ 4.

0 05

0 0 0

000

Trawl 73 20 69 .5 19.0 v

-Gilinet 32 3 30.0 2.9

*Poundnet78274357

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

V.*-'..

.er

-36- .'

:3o2.e 3. Mcntn(s of occurrence in the catch (x present: m ont~s ofgreatest abundance).

------------------- ---- --- --- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- --- --- --rMonth(s) of Occurence

Species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -J F M A M J J A SO0N D

* Z-ampreys*Petromyzon 2marinus (sea lamprey) x x

* Requieum Sharks*Carcharhinus obscurus (dusky shark) x x

Carcharhin us Riumbeus (sandbar shark) x xMustelus canis (smooth dogfish) x x x x x

* Dogfish SharksSqualus acanthias (spiny dogfish) x

* SkatesEala ianteria (clearnose skate) x x x x x x x!Iaa erinacea (little skate) x

StingraysDasyatis americana (s. stingray) x x

*Dasyatis centroura (roughtailstingray) x

Dasyatis sabina (Ati. stingray) x xDasyatis sayi (biuntnose stingray) x x x * x xGyjmnura micE!ura (smooth butterfly ray) x

Eagle Rays%

-. MyliobdtiS frerninvillei (bullnose ray) a x x x__nptr ____s(cwos ay x xx

- Sturgeons*AciaenjSEr 2xyrhynchuj (Atl. sturgeon) x

% Tarpons

%Eios saurus (ladyfish) x AMeI~op atlanticus (tarpon)

Anajuilia rostrata (American eel)x xxxxxx x* ~ fljer oceanicus (Conger eel) x Y~II

* yr22tis punctatul (speckled worm eel) x

HerringsAlosa aestivalis (blueback herring) x # aAlosa mediocris (hickory shad) x

*Alosa aSeudoharen~us (alewife) x x*Alosa sapidissma (American shad) x x * x x*Brevoortia tyrannus (Atl. menhaden) 0 0 * x x x x x x x x

Dorosoma c epedi anurn (gizzard shad) ax x x x x2p~isthoalma ajlinum (Atl. thread

*herring) x

-37- 4

7ao).e 3. Cont.

Month(s) of Occurernce%Species --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- e

J F M A M J i A S 0 N D

* AnchoviesAnchoa mitchilli (bay anchovy) *'1 x x x x x x x

Svnodus foetens ( inshore lizardfish) x x

Carps and Minnowsg~prinus carpio (common carp) x x

Toadfishes*Opsanus tau (oyster toadfish) x x x x x x x x x x

* Clingfishes*Gobiesox strumosus Cskillet fish) x x x

GoosefishesLophjius americanus (goosef'ish) x x

CodfishesGadus morhua (Atl. cod) xMerluccius bilinearis (silver hake) * * * 0 x xE~ohycis chuss (red hake) x * * * x x x x x

2 rop!Iycis re.Eia (spotted hake) x x * 0 * x x- x x x x x

* Cusk-eels* phidion marginatum (striped cusk-eel) *x x x x x *x x

KillifishesFundulus majilis (striped killifish) x

SilversidesMenidia menidia (Atl. silverside) * x x x x

Pipefishes anid Seahorses sehs) xxxx_________ eretu (lined ehr ) xxxx

Syngnathus floridae (dusky pipefish) x* Ingnath us fuscus (northern pipefish) x x x x x x x x x x* Snjnathus louisianae (chain pipefish) x

Temperate BassesMorone americana (white perch) x *x x 0 x x * x xMorone saxatilis (striped bass) x x x

Sea BassesCentropristiS striata (black sea bass) *x x x x x x x xMyjjroperca microlepis (gag) x x x

* BluefishesPomatomus saltatrix (bluefish) x * X x x x * x

*-Yv '-I- j--rIwv VV L %r *-r -- NC' k V- - - -- W-4 N -J

-38-

--ioie 3. Cont.

* Month(s) of OccurenceSpecies------------------------------------

* J F M A M J J A SO 0 D1 ECo bias

11chcent!:on canadum (cobia) x

* RemorasEcheneis naucr-ates (sharksucker) x x x x

* JacksCaranx chrEysos (blue runner) x xCaranx hi pos (crevalle jack)gIOI~oplites saurus (leatherjacket) x xSelene vomer (lookdown) x x

*Selene setapi nn is (Ati. moonfish) x x x * xSeriola dumerili7(greater amberjack) xSeriola zonata (banded rudderfish) xTrachinotus carolinus (Florida pompano) x x x x x

Grunts*Orth2istis chrysoptera (pigfish) x x x x x P.

PorgiesA rcosarus robAlocephalus (s bee ps-

head) x*Stenotomus chrysops (soup) x x x '*x x

Drums ell chs o ura (silver perch) x x x *x x * x

Cy-noscion nebulosus (spotted seatrout) x x x x x21nolcion rejEal is (weakfish) x ** x x x x x xLeiostomus xanthurus (spot) x x x x x x * * 0

*Larimus fasciatus (banded drum) x x x4%Menticirrhus americanus (s. kingfish) x x x x x x x x x I

*Menticirrhus littoralis (gulf kingfish) x x* Micr22po%2niaj undulatus (Atl. croaker) x x x x x 'x x

Pogon1ias cromis (black drum) x

Scinp 2cellata (red drum)

Chaetodipterus faber (Ati. spadefish) x x

* WrassesTautjj onitis (tautog) x x x

Mulletst ujil 21palu (striped mullet) x x

* BarracudasSphyraela borealis (n. sennet) x x x

StargazersAstroscopus guttatus (n. stargazer) x

-39-

:able 3. Cont. Mi-

Month(s) of OccurenceSpecies ----------------------

J F M A M J J A S 0 N D '#

Blennies* Chasmodes bos~quianus (striped blenny) x ..

Hypsoblennius hentzi (feather blenny) x x x x x x x

GobiesGobiosoma bosci (naked goby) x x x x x x x x x x xGobiosoia Yinibur~ (seaboard goby) x x xMicRL2obius thalassinus (green goby) x x

CutlassfishesTrichiurus le~turus (Ati. cutlassfish) x x x x a

*MackerelseEuthynnus alletteratus (little tunny) xSarda sarda (Ati. bonito) xScomber scombrus (Ati. mackerel) x xScomberomorus cavalla (king mackerel) x ax x aScomberomorus maculatus (Spanish

mackerel) x x * x a

ButterfishesPeprilus al epidotus (harvestfish) x x a a a x U

Prustriacanthus (butterfish) x x a a x a x x

Searobins*Prionctus carolinus Cn. searobin) x x x x * x x x x*Prionotus evolans (striped searobin) a x x x x x a x x

Lefteye Flounders II1Etr 2 s crossotus (fringed flounder) x x .- *

Ej~aoks microstomus (smallmouthflounder) x a x x x x x x x a x x

Paalchhv dentatus (summer flounder) x x x x~ x x x~ x * a a a -Vi* Scokhthalnu s ajuosus (windowpane) x a x x x x x x a x x

* Righteye Flounders* Pseul2_kleuronectes americanus (wint.

flounder) x

* SolesTrinectes maculatus (hogchoker) x x x aaaaaax x x

TonguefishesjZSnphuruj pljiasa (blackcheek

toungefi3h) x x x x x x x x x x a x

Filefishes and TriggerfishesAlutera. schotkfi (orange filefish) x xBaliStes c aoriSCU3 (gray triggerfish) x xRonac-a-nth-us ?4jiid.us (planehead

filefish) x

*. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . *

-a~~* 3. Cont

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Species~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ------ Mot*.. f-Ocuec

- - - - - - -- - - - - - - -

J F M A M i i A S 0 N

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

bMoitnis) of x courence

Spoeridscl bnaclats (rie puide) x x x x x x x

Sea turtlesCaretta caretta (loggerhead turtle) x x

* ------------------------ -------- --- ------ - --------- --- *----------.- - m.

0

10 1

-o IU- In 1031

I 0 1 1

IM I 4

02 No m-4 - I1*

3) 1411..'a.~v It 11

V 0 aZ c I1'L 0 N N.

0, 1 01 9I 1-)2m L

o Z1 I 11 IM

L. 1111110 -91 1;0'101

0. 101 'O:Il . Mmi ' =

41 *1 1 2- 0 o 1. 1 . s.

1- . I .103m 1 V t- C- soN '10 1.4! -.-- 11 i aiM L1Li2

to I 031 . W A11 IL 1I 0 1 .1 4l L1M 41 .14 i L10)-10

f 0.

Iv 41 1 1 , aIC. I W l 01 L.* 01 C 1 Cl. .aV c

11 14C 101 =IXC I 1. 4 -. 4j 04 0>4 10.1 . 1 ( n j 0 - 4 11 11L.11 f 010 1 4

I. 64 " 2 S 4 4 XX 0 114 0

L.3 .I 104l - I 4 4 t ll i l 111 .14 o-1 0 0 0 w .

103 50 L) b . . QA 9 1 tcZa 2-11 L 2 )Z

- 1 4 1 aIj t

3) I . I

-42-

I m I I -

cI 1141I 0 D

I m -

I 1 I . I- I-' x I-x xx

I I I x I *xx xX

14) xx xX

x .x I 0. W

1 0 6 I x

I v

-0'. -C -'. 0 N

be I - >1 C "I

L. IM I 0. 6

Ii n

14)1 014 30 a lI1 "4 , I ,0 . 4

I 4. L= 1I1 o4o f0i 0c o M M1 06 a 01I14 6 ) a L . . a m l L -

4CIjl 12 -4. XC XC 14 X 0 1 01 al of 111103 I1 " - ,a

0 o I Ai0 l a f Q l 00' 4-1I!L1 10 In 01 VX X X1 0 oil 1 Nl IIa CA 11 01

mI aIW..

4 .ofo fO 1L. f f L al2 - 0X X X f- 91 1 zC 14 X4.0

114 cx I I -fco l0 -C ., o* L.- oo l 0-1 0GZ=0 0*~ 041

-..43-.

N 01 I~~I 0 -~

I c

ICU)

lx x xxx

CO I I ,'

x

xt I x 64

a I I%

0 N I N

m I- I

m -4 to 06I

0 0U1

1~141 0 06

I0 1 1

I6- -I c

10* I1 I4 -434 -0

Ic L0 01 1. r. I (a 14 x Iz 10 .1

I) 0 I1O1 of X 1 03-1 x 210 axxxX K x*I

V.0 S.)Ii 14 41 1 0

141 0I100 .

"I L'( I IL 1* - -r- = 0 tI: 0. I - f l I,1-41 0 4

fI (U 'O IO Ca Of j i o 0 f I c. 1 fc fo

V:. I3 ofI lc !c 0 L .):11 4-1L .1 0 at , 0 01 M a 1 10 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 V

10 I0 0

X. %'.' TV

-44-

I z

E 00 1 ~ - n r.- 1 F- - l-U

I, 'I~ 0.0)

I xI I

I

,I x I

01 I1 I

01) Io010 0 ) 1

4)~~ - -Xa M

ICCf aI X 9) V MxII~idg114 I I4

ml I Of 0:11 =Io * t f 01a _1 c vIcIL o

I0 IIn I) , 0 4j C S1 0of) :4 >4 **I.I )16 , 2 w lzJC .

.O I .I )tmGz" I rIIL I .~ 0i- 1 C 101 )i c C I c12to1)1 n *i c: clV .1L j0 1wl 4 4 0 4 0 0 l l Clcl

10 .~ I0 'o Oa 1 1. 1.0 i;Ot o 0

10. I(j 9 X X. % x*,V(1 14 " a x C 0 toL m LNncCD4 0

CI 0 InII .1zIzIzIQ n1 4u ( - o-l 0tll o omlOIN~ I. a0 a x

C_- In 31

-45-. A

- C~tO t () (I L. r -- -~ _r_ _

I"o . em ev -i -0 a

11I x

I V 2 xI CU 9 x

lo- A x X

- 11x x

4) C/C I .0 0 -4J 0- -M IV AC 22 -cU~ 00

to IAl a o 0 0 ( dc .f.t

I 10 C

I oI

I t 0C Ij XX tai ~ICC/ 010 -I I Ial3

I~~ cr 10- to I 'oX C C X C X

W) l Im XX (cc 1X 0 1 X 4 10 1 a ja

VI of al1 M

I0 02 (di L. 1 0x 0 lx l 0 , 4,SICI1 3 ) 1 I

ee tU 0 ~ ml to So LX XX1 01

Il 01 0 0 I 'I = m 1

I 1I111 ) l i ) m 1

Qo '11 ". Ix 'M X "e xa I a 11 4 = l W 1 4,I I1 a)I fL1L1L1 0 = I V I l o c w 'i 0 l 4 l lc

10.lzoo IN = X XX N CCXX

1I0 I I . . 0I0 L 4)IM t 4)"1 n

.4 I1 @2 M. Al,4 V.0

* ~~ 0 -I C 4 )C 3. C.C@ 2 .I I ... L 3. -I 4) )2 C -I @2 I.

7 F,6'7.

10 ..I

I 4)'

I Z tC.-

I~~~ L..I..~~

In 0

0 100 0

LI r - a a l

II Ii l

* IC 0

m I M C

-47Is

Table 5. Summation of trawl catch at station 1 in 1982-83 for the 18 most abundant species. -. '.

Species Number Caught RanK Among,

FishesAnchoa mitchilli 2,810 5tUrophycis chuss 609 1Cya2jSjk2a lEalis 368 5Leiostomus xanthurus 368 8RaIa janteria 228 1Stenotomus oh rysops 208 1Urophy-lis rejia 178 5Etropus microstomus 139 2Parali c hths dentatus 131 14

p2~aa undulatus 1 12 8Prionotus carolinus 78 1Merluccius bilinearis 614 1 -~

Ophidi on mar.Einatum 60 1*Icophthalmus aquosus 49 2Peprilus triacanthus 28 1Centropristis striata 22 1Sphoeroides maculatus 15 1

SquidsLolli1Euncula brevis 295 1 *.'..

Total Species Caught 41 3Total Specimens caught 5,5714 7

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

S.I

J9.*

Table 6. Summation of' trawl catch at station 2 in 1982-1983 for the 20 most abundant species.

- -- -- -- -- -- -- ----- -- - -- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --

Species Number Caught Rank AmongStations

FishesAnchoa mitchilli 1,121 8Leiostomus xanthurus 1,013 7Micro poj.onia s undulatus 621 3

Cynoscion rejEalis 585 4Paralichthys dentatus 165 2Etropus microstomus 165 1Urophy-cis re-Eia 142 6

*Stenotomus c hr~s2ps 142 2Uroph ycis ch uss 78 2ScopThalmsauss7YTrinec tes maculatus 66 6Merluccius bilinearis 52 2

Prionotus carolinus 45 2Iyfl~nathus fuscus 37 1Menidia menidia 30 6Peprilus triacanthus 28 1IS~Rnpurus Rjajiusa 27 2

Alosa Es e udo harenEu s 25 1

SquidsLolli~uncula brevis 124 2

Tota Speies augh 43

Total Species Caught 439 2Total----Specimens------Caught----4,539----

-49-~

Table 7. Summation of' trawl catch at station 3 in 1982-83 for the 15 most abundant species. -

Species Number Caugnt Rank AmongaStat ions

FishesLeiostomus xanthurus 5,926 1

'4Anchoa mitchilli 1,'449 6Microp ogonias undulatus 208 6g~noscion regalis 1648Parali chthys dentatus 123 5Urophycis re~ia 1127Brevoc rtia tyrannus 95 3Menidia menidia 72 2 .-

Scophthalmus aquosus 37 4Pomatomus saltatrix 36 1Trinectes maculatus 27 7Prionotus carolinus 26 3Opsanus tau 19 4Alosa RISudoha re nus 18 2

SquidsLolliguncula brevis 110 3

Total Species Caught 44 1Total Specimens Caught 8,464 5

-- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Ur2

YN % %nkz I

F).~ '.a.7.%

-50- P 4.

Table 8. Summation of trawl catch at station 4 in 1982 -

83 for the 14 most abundant species.

Species Number Caught Rank AmongStations .:l.:

Fishes ...

Anchoa mitchilli 9,060 3 .

Leiostomus xanthurus 3, 163 3Cynoscion regalis 677 2Micro2poonias undulatus 305 5Paralichthys dentatus 212 1 .Trinectes maculatus 114 4Brevoortia tyrannus 90 4

Urophycis regia 86 8Menidia menidia 48 3Scophthalmus aquosus 40 3

Symphurus paiusa 38 1Opsanus tau 24 2Centropristis striata 12 3

SquidsLolliguncula brevis 46 5

Total Species Caught 40 4Total Specimens Caught 14,054 2

7-1-- - 1-1-

Table 9. Summation of trawl catch at station 5 in 1982-83 for the 13 most abundant species.

-------------------------------------------------------.

Species Number Caught Rank AmongStations

FishesAnchoa mitchilli 9,750 2Leiostomus xanthurus 2,261 5Cylnoscion regalis 338 6Brevoortia tyrannus 213 2tUrokhlycis rea 2064

2joisundulatus 1747Trinectes maculatus 96 5Parali chthys dentatus 95 6'. e.Alosa aestivalis 50 3Menidia menidia 28 7Urophycis chuss 27 32saflus tau 19 4

SquidsLoliguncula brevis 58 4

Total Species Caught 33 6Total Specimens Caught 13, 309 3

...... ---

-52-

Table 10. Summation of trawl catch at station 6 in 1982-83 for the 14 most abundant species.%

Species Number Caught Rank AmongStations

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - -

FishesAnchoa mitchilli 14, 104 1

Leiostomus xanthurus 5,665 2Micr2koEonias undulatus 1,914 1Urojjycij E2&ia 1,228 1Trinectes maculatus 1, 142 22ynoscion regalis 734 1Alosa aestivalis 152 1Menidia menidia 149 1Paral ichthys dentatus 80 7Brevoortia tyrannus 56 6Bairdiella chrysoura 36 1Opsanus tau 23 3Gobiosoma bosci 23 2Urophycis chuss 21 4

Total Species Caught 37 5Total Specimens Caught 25,401 1

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- V----

-- -.- ,. - 5-3- - -~-----~-- v- -.--- i . ;j.~w~

-53-

Table 11. Summation of trawl catch at station 7 in 1982-83 for the 13 most abundant species.

Species Number Caught Rank AmongStations

FishesLeiostomus xanthurus 3,090 4Micropogonias undulatus 1,816 2Anchoa mitchilli 1,365 7C_noscion regalis 654 3Trinectes maculatus 526 3"Urophycis reia 427 3

Brevoortia tyrannus 62 5 ,,

Menidia menidia 41 5Alosa aestivalis 37 4Gobiosoma bosci 35 1

Osanus tau 32 1Ophidion marginatum 23 3Paralichthys dentatus 20 8

Total Species Caught 31 8Total Specimens Caught 8,200 6

--

- .4 .-,-~

-4 . 5 -J- -.. -. ',.-

Table 12. Summation of trawl catch at station 3 in 1982-83 for the 13 most abundant species.

Species Number Caught Rank AmongStations

FishesAnchoa mitchilli 6,926 4Trinectes maculatus 2,413 1Leiostomus xanthurus 1,416 6Urophycis relia 696 2Micropogonias undulatus 509 4Cynoscion regalis 325 7Brevoortia tyrannus 310 1Paralichthys dentatus 158 3Alosa aestivalis 64 2Morone americana 43 1Menidia menidia 35 42khidion marginatum 31 2Alosa mediocris 29 1

Total Species Caught 32 7Total Specimens Caught 13,185 4 -j

------------------------------ ----------------- *

............. ------------. .. . .

. ..

-p -55-

Table 13. Sediment concentration of' polynuclear aromatichydrocarbons in the Elizabeth River.*

Site (ng/g dry wt.) . -

PNA-- - - - - - - - -G L M

Napthaiene 167 120

Acenaphthylene 71 120 -:Ij

Acenaphthene 68 98 248 NL

Fluorene 46 209 406

Phenanthrene 233 781 1469

Anthracene 64 165 441

Flouranthene 196 1 188 1717

Pyrene 308 1171 1499 .

Benzo(a)anthracene 225 501 428

Chrysene 156 1 143 974

Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 140 ' ~.

1,12 Benzo perylene 200

Benzo (a) pyrene 657 435L .R*=

Benzo (b) tluoranthene 5337

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 5189 .

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

*These data have been provided from the unpublishedwork of R. W. Alden, III, Applied Marine ResearchLaboratory, Old Dominion Univerity.

-56-

Table 14. Comparison of the Southern Branch and thd

Western Branch of the Elizabeth River in

~s9 frequency of diseased and anomalus fishesfrom June 1983 - August 1984.

Locale Fishes Number Diseased PercentdiseasedExamined or Anomalous or Anomalous

SouthernBranch 4,298 194 4.5

Western ~~TBranch 2,966 2 0.07

F% %

%-

-57-

R%

d. . . . I

Table 15. Types of anomilies observed by species of fishin the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River, -rJune - August, 1984.

., ...':

Species Eroded Bloody Body CataractsFins Fins Lesions

American eel - 1 -----------

spotted hake - 22 4 25

oyster toadfish 5 11 -

spot 7 - - 22

croaker 2 2 5

weakfish - - - 2

hogchoker 7 6 .

summer flounder - 2 - -

Total 21 42 6 54

i~

W,.4\.

Table 16. Commercial fish catch of the 11 most abundantspecies in MMFS area 311, lower ChesapeakeBay. *

Pounds Landed

Speies1982 1983

bluefish 1, 128,190 250, 127

weakfish 449,469 300,961

spot 436,258 596,640

croaker 87,552 103, 118

harvestfish 34,332 39, 102-

summer flounder 24,481 66, 346

alewife 16,774 151

butterfish 14,598 33,562

Spanish mackerel 11,486 2,329

American shad 10,157 15,066

mullets 4,390 13,143

------------------------- ----------------- ----------------- t~k4*Industrial fish and menhaden excluded.

144

%

P N

4W4

I-1 k S

Fig.1. Mp ofstuy ara inicatng he eght raw

statons numbred quars), illnt stti-

(G ,adpudetsain(I

8

7

Id 5

4 1983

3

2

8

6

5

7

4 1982

3

1%-

LEVEL OF SIMILARITY

Fig. 2. Phenograms resulting from the cluster analy-sis for similarity between the eight trawl'stations for 1982 and 1983.

20 DEC 82

N =102

10

NOV 82

20N8

lot"'

OCT 82

20 N=132

10

SEP 82

S20 N= 79

00

z ............AUG 82

20 N=2

10 .

JUN N-0 JUL 82

20 N6

10

JAN.MAR.APR N:0FEB- NO COL. MAY 82

20 SN=3

10

~Al D~~ 0 N1 flO O0 mC w ~ co om~~N N ~

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 3. Size frequency distribution o f Cynoscion reg~alis

(weakfish) at stations 1 through 4 (pooled) for May1982 through December 1982.

• .. ,-_-

NOV 8320 N 134

10

40: OCT 83

N=293

20

SEP 83AL20 N=121

10

U) AUG 83 A<20 N=32

D

~10

Z

JUL 83

20 N=5

10 '

JUN 8320 N=2

10

MAY 8320 N=9

10

" 0 & " : " N N N M

7 CY yo , .......

cm- C0 N 4 M ''. -

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 4. Size frequency distribution of Cynosjoin rejjAlij(weakfish) at stations 1 through 4 (pooled) for May1983 through November 1983.

DEC N:0 \NOV 82

20 N=67 s-10 .

I ~OCT 82 ~20 '..

d N=7

10 '

SEP 8220 N=12

10 S

AUG 82

S20N~ 68

- 10

JUL 8220 N=69

10

JUN 82

20 N=6

10

JAN,MAR,APR N-0FEB - NO COL. MAY 82

20N= 54

10

O~~O? P, co rn00000 0 0 0 00

77 7 7*y .c~ C?0 0 000 0O 0 00 000 00 00- C~j c) w ) bO 0 ~ C~ - N0 Cq

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 5. Size frequency distribution of cynoacion rejalis(weakfish) at stations 5 and 6 (pooled) for May 17TNovember 1982.

..... ......

20 NOV 83

N=33 -

10

OCT 83

20 N=106

10 ~'*

SEP 8320 N=84

10

20 AUG 83

2 0

101

JUL 8320 N3

10

JUN 83

20 N=20

JAN-APR N:0 %A8

20 N=16

10

0iJ~- -i m-

II I I T IY ce C4 N N CMC7 N N~

000000 0 0000 a1 00080 00 8_ 04 0000000000000

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

*Fig. 6. Size frequency distribution of' Cy-n~sion reialis

*(weakfish) at stations 5 and 6 (pooled) for May 1983through November 1983.

L.uJ 1: -20 -65- DEC 82

N=4

10

NOV 82

20 N=26

10

OCT 8220 N=5

10

SEP 82 '-

20N3

00

25 AUG 82

Z 20 N=36

10

JUL 8220 N=29

10

JUN 82

20 N 1

10

JAN.MAR.APR N:0

20FEB-NO COL. MAY 8220N=2

10

01 0 00 0M 0)000 000 0) 0) 0~ 0 0b 0) 00 D0 (100 0

0, 0, 0 i0 i i0 i60 0i 01010*1 *i NY V W) SD F-

000 000 0000 0 0 0000 00 0 0 a 0- NC V~ (D SD 0 - N M VfQF 0~ 0-CI 0~ )

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 7. Size frequenicy distribution of~ jnoscion regalis(weakfish) at station 7 for May 1982 through Decem-ber 1982.

NOV 8320

N=60

10 ~* .

I - % =' . -

20I OCT 83

N=91

10

20 SEP 83

N=43

10

o

20 JUL 83

10

20 JUN 83

N=5

10

JAN-APR N0Ki

20 MAY 83

N=l

10

010 0 0 0 0 0 7.0000 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,oS ,0 000, 00,0,0C0 Y00 o-oc ? NCi oo oo0CdC ~Ilo o Co~

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 8. Size frequency distribution of Cynoscion regalis

(weakfish) at station 7 for May 1983 through Novem-

ber 1983.

30 NO 8 2 ".","e

E-"

40 NO2

:. '< N-0 UG 82.-- .,.'

)20N=0""''

MAY828

20 N=13

10

JOCT88

FNO S P8240 N=N=8

0 0

4 JUL82N=0 AUG 82

20 N:80%

10

TANDMA RD -GT0m

10

. 9. M %e 0 JUN b 0i 9eio , 8 M ,xn~u

20 to 0 = - t

T ANDARD LEGT:(m

(spot) at; stations 1 through 4 (pocled!)_ for ApriTl1982 through November 1982.

-68-

JUL 83

20 N=17

10

JUN 8320N3

NZ3

10

MAY 8320 N2

10 .~. *

-J FEBMAR N- - 0APR 83

20

S10

JAN 83 "

20 N'68

10

40 DEC 82N .192

20

01 0 C~ 1 (-1 (

000 000 0~ 000 0 0 0 0- N~ C f m0 (0G 0 C1q mIN(

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 10. Size frequency distribution of Leotou xatuu(spot) at stations 1 through 4 (pooled) for December1982 through July 1983.

- -- - 7...

-t-69-

20 N=92

10

* OCT 83

.9. N=10620 ,.-.' - ]

j10

D

5_ SEP 83

0 20 N=82z

10

AUG 83

20 N=48

10

m~O m~ g; CD m ~ 0i 0i a; ai 0i00i 0 i000 0 0i 60 6)0

I - 1, .-

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 11. Size frequency distribution of Leiostomus xanthurus

(spot) at stations 1 through 4 (pooled) for August

1983 through November 1983.

.w w w FWV r 'i W. - -W% 4* -'. W . -C - - 4 .

-70-

DEC IN:040 NOV 82

20 %~3

31OCT 82' - -

20 N =89 . . .

10j

20

20

142

40 SEPL82 4

Z20

40 N=820

20

FEB~. NO. CO..PR.

20N4

10 ~.

MA 2 0 0'

20rug Noeme 1982.

-~ JUL8 3

P 20

10

JUN 8320 N=52

10

MAY 83

20 N=16'

10 **%d

<APR 83 5

:20 N=4

0 10z-

p. ~~~MAR ... '

N=O FEB 83e.20

N= I i.

10

JAN 83

20 N= 3

1983~ thrug Juy193

C, , C) 0 0-. . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Cy .?n v. * CO

-72-

20 NOV 83N120

10

L=.

1% 20 N7

on 10

> ~SEP 83

z 20 N79

10

AUG 8320 N=29

A10 J F ~

0) ~ ~ ~ C 4Mf(D a) onC ?c? MNC) tj 0i q; - -n 4M 4M M (nNg ig 0II I I #I T -,Ts~ g oX 7 7 007 0 N

00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 000 a 0 aD~O 0-0 *

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 14. Size frequency distribution of Leiostomus xanthurus(spot) at stations 5 and b (pooled)-or August 1963through November 1983. -

~~~.~~ ....'' ..*.* . ~ .

20 SEP 82N=I

10-'*.7

AUG 82

20 N=42

10

JUL 82

20 N= 45

10 1

JUN 82

20 N=10

10

MAY 8220 N=2Z

10

JANMAR N:0FEB - NO COL. APR 82

20 N

10

CY - ,co0c -( m oN 0%Cm

C1 (~C, v IO, 'DR 0 : 'J(C M IfCO O - N M~

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 15. Size frequency distribution of Leiostomfus xanthurus(spot) at station 7 for April 19a though Septme --- --1982.

MAR 83 420

N~l

10

FEB 8320N=2

10

20 JAN 83N,2

10 '

DEC 8220 N=42

010

NOV 82

20 N=66 'ai%

10

OCT 8220 N=57

10

0~00)0 0)) 00))0) m))00 0))))0000 (n

0)0) 0 0 0 0 0)0 0)0 0)0 00)0)0 00

STANDARD LENGTH (mm) W

Fig. lb. Size frequency distribution of Leiostomus xanthurus(spot) at station 7 for October 1982 through March1983.

-75-

a NOV 8320 N6

10 *'J*. %

OCT 83

20 N=66

10

SEGP8320 N6

10

AUG 8320 N=413

<10

JUL 83Z20 N=66

10

20 N=36

101

20 N-3

10

20 APR8I3o 0 ;

1

010 001 0 0' 1 00 0a0 of1008010000 010

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)U"Fi.g. 17. Size frequency distribution of Leiostomus xanthur,;s

(spot) at station 7 for April 1983 through November d19d3. II

-76-

DEC 8220 N=35

10 0 *

NOV 82

20 N5

4 10

OCT 82

20 N=58

10

SEP 82

20 N=66

1l0

AUG 82

Z 20 N= 34

10

JUL 82

20 N= 14

10

JUN 82

20 N=3

10

JAN.MAR, APR N -0

FEB -NO COL. MAY 8220 N=69

00 000 0 a 000 000 000 0-~c CAJC N.f C - N) f(O a

7 %~

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 18. Size frequency distribution of' Leiostou xnthuus(spot) at station 8 for May 1982 through December1982.

-77-

NOV 83%20

N=62

10 .

S-I., .-OC T 83

2U N =66

10

SEP 83

20 N:13

10 .

AUG 83

20 N=15

10

> JUL 83

Z 20 N=21

10 * * .'

JUN 83 ,,.

20 N=6

.%.s . .

10

MAY 83 ,

20 N=16

10

JAN-MAR N-0APR 83

20 N= 2

STANDARD LENGTH (rm) ,

Fig. 19. Size frequency distribution of Leiostomus xanthurus L

(spot) at station 8 for April 1983 through November1983.

IT W ~ ~ O1...........

7077 7, 7. 57 677.77 w---w---- - -T l--. 07.'r'- 7. 7.C -r

-78-

V._J" a.

20 JAN 83

N=2

10

20 DEC 82

N=8

10

20 NOV 82N=65

10

203

20

SEP 82

10

FESB-NO COL.20' MAR -AUG20Nz0 JAN 82

N-2410

N g 60 0i(' 0i OCD ()- ( ; i(

00 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0w co' I O' 0 0 NC' (a a) 0~ C00 NC'

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 20. Size frequency distribution of' Micropogonias undula-tus (croaker) at stations 1 through 4 (pooled) forFebruary 1983 through November 1983.

-79-

4440 NOV 83

N=65

20

OCT8320 N=71

10H

SEP 83 ik40 N=141

20

20 AUG 830 N=48

~10z

201 JUL 83

NZI10

MAR-JUN J1%20 N=0 FEB 83 . 1. 6

N=26

10

(7)0 ) 4m 0~O 0) 0) m Im ( )() 4 ) a 7 )4 ) 0

a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0oo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o*.04 C'C to (0f 9 r 0 g 0 - :'Jv1 t !C C C'l t 0 C4 )M

STANDARD LENGTH (mm) .

Fig. 21. Size frequency distribution of Micropogonias undula-tus (croaker) at stations 1 through 4 (pooled) f'orJanuary 1983 through January 1983.

20 FEB 83N=45 *

N-31.

20 J,, 3

20 DEC 82N=34

10

- OCT N=O IU1-tpNOV 82

20 ~N=65>> 10 '

z

20 SEP82N=22

10

20 AUG 82 J.,

N=7510

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 23. Size frequency distribution of Micro2o&onias undula-tus (croaker) at stations 5 and 6 (pooled) forAugust 1982 through February 1983.

-80-

20 JUL 82N= 70 k %V

10 **

20 JUN 82N=30

10

20 MAY 82 l

10

20 APR 82 ~N=2

o10

40MAR 82 ~ ~N=55

20

D='

40 FEB -NO COL.JA8

20

I I -0 7 0 - 1, Y 9 C00 00 00 0 12 0 00 00 0 0 0 20 00 0

- 0'( 0U m 0- =vc ! U? 2!!- (0!~ Nt.)e

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 22. Size frequency distribution of Micropogonias undula-tus (croaker) at stations 5 and b (pooled) forJanuary 1982 through July 1982.

-82-

NOV N0 .20 ocT 83 '83

N=47 '

10

301tV %fSSEP 83

20 N.70

10

20 AUG 83

N=33

10

20 JUL 83

N=103~101. ~ -

20 JUN 83 **~~%\

N=47 L L

10

MAR.APR N=0

20 MAY 83

N 15, -. '*

0

N cS C f0 0 * co 0 0 -CY v) v inl (0 0- 0 0~ &

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 24. Size frequency distribution of Micro2ogonias undula-tus (croaker) at stations 5 and b (pooled) for May1983 through October 1983.

K" -83-

20 JUL 82

N=26

10 .,.*"- ' .% .

20 JUN 82

N= 1

10

20 MAY 82N=2

10 .;

I'. , .A

20 APR 82

o10I

FEB -NO COL.

20 MAR 82

N=11

10

20 JAN 82

Na38

10

co 0 0

0 for J an 1 a0 1 0 0 2 t h r o g 0 0

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 25. Size frequency distribution of' Microp22niAj undula-tus (croaker) at station 7 for January 1982 through

July 1982.4 7

7114

-84- -S

20 JAN 83

N' 66

20 DEC 82 ~~N=6 6

10

20NOV 82 vN=66

10

20 OCT 82N=33 6.

~10z

20 SEP 82N~1.9

10

AUG 8220...'

N=55

10

0 0 0 0~ a 0)0 0 0) o0 00)00 Cm )000)(a , 0 - 0 m0a

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 2b. Size frequency distribution of Micro222on.a undula-

tus (croaker) at station 7 for August 1982 through

January 1983.

20 JUL 83

N=45W

10

20 JUN 83N=66

10

20 MAY 83 -N=10 ~

10

20 APR 83

0

20 MAR 83N=52

10

40 FESB83

N=66

20

w 8 (4 c4 M IW 0 - N CD -T T 1 7* 7g 1C ?

0 00 0 00 0000000 00 0 000 0 00 0-4 C.) I t CO m Cy* 0- v~ V) 0W O0- 'N'm

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 27. Size frequency distribution of Micropogonias undula-tus (croaker) at station 7 for February 1982 throughJuly 1963.

9U~~ ~~~~~~~ vwl'w W 'vr .I~~L~~~ - - - - - -- -- - -w

-86-

20JAN 84

N=210 '

20

10

OCT 83

201

N=57

10 *

Z4

20 AUG 83

N=1510 ~*

0i~~~~- ,.S M, 6 M 0 ) - ;

is 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 28. Size frequency distribution of Micropogonias undula-tus (croaker) at station 7 for August 1983 throug.Januray 1984.

87 -

NOV 82 ___

20 N=18 0-

.,'" .T

OCT 82

20 N=26

10

301 SEP 82

20 N 66

A0AUG 82

20 N=20

0

MAY 8220N2

%%

10

% * . 6 %.o

.0 FE -N CO JAN 82-,.

ovem br.82 .

,.1

20

N = 22

7 i"

."

20 )~ If D r ID 0

C

MA -A

8

N

I.

.

D.,".N

(~~

'r ' <

...................... ........ . . . -...N . NN .. ...

STA N DA RD LEN G TH (mam )F~g. 29.

Size frequency

distribution

of _Mil2 2og

nia undula-

tus (croaker) at station

8 for January 1982

through

November

19d2.

20 JUN 83 .N=8 I

10 .? ..- ,.

20 MAY 83N= 16

10 Fi-

20 APR 83

N=2

10

MAR

20 N=O FEB 83

0 N=5

0z

20 JAN 83

N=2

20 DEC 82

10N1

0) ~0 CD0 C)0 0~ )a M( 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 w 00 00000000000000 0

7 7-

2"0 0 0 0 ( 0 - 0N IY

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 30. Size frequency distribution of Mcrop o ion as un: La-

tus (croaker) at station 8 for December 1982 thr:&r,

June 1983.

-89-

20--. N=45

10

OCT 83

20 N=17

10

SEP 8320 N=10

10

z

AUG 8320 N=7

10

20 JUL 83N=30

% % .'.

t-,. Go 0)

010 010 0l d d 0 00 01a0 01 a l d 001 dl dl 01 dl dl45 0 ,-0 0 0 0 -

N C C ' . .C 4 .j

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 31. Size frequency distribution of Micropogonias undu la-

tus (croaker) at station 6 for July 19d3 thro'igh I

', OCTember 1983.

20 ""* -'" -"

*.W~ *~* * .. .* .*;.; .;~;; .;> **. -. , .. -V% % °... -.1 " -'..-

.448,

66W -'9z

cu OD 06 6Le-0LZ

0 z z z 0z cz < Z~

6 6OZ-')0OZ W

6 66 r061 z to691-081 W

6 6L I-OL L L.

6 69 L- 09 L

66O1 3 Q 1 06i o V 0.zk

6 611-011

6606-006 0.. 0 \)

00 0

sivflQIAICNI L 0 C66 e-c .- 4 a) r

66L-0L 04-) 0

6 61~-06 L

66W.-091

No cN w 'o cN CM 6 6LI- OL L L

-j ,(II a 6-691-09t E-Z7 4z2zZ E a.)

66ivt-OIL -4a)C

66CL-0C1

66ZL-O1zI

66UI-011660k-OOL666-06

669-09 %36'6L -L6'69 _ 09

u 5 6 - 09 V

0 0 00 0 o0 0 0 0

N - - Y - N - Nl N

sivflAIGINI .

fiO-R163 09 FIN FISH SEASONALITY AND UTILIZATION OF HANPTOU ROADS 212AND ENTRANCE CHANNEL(U) OLD DOMINION UNIV NORFOLK VAAPPLIED MARINE RESEARCH LAB R S BIRDSONG ET AL. OCT 04

UNCLASSIFIED DACH65-81-C-6051 F/0 8/i U

4p\

4 I1_.. =o .- 4111.0 w.U2- L Ki2b&.

1.25 1.4 6

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART-' NA- UPalIv ,F eT4NI)jQfSl? -A

.4I

4%

.s .~~ " .q 1 ._

--* -9-

20 JUN 83 "YN=33

N = t 9 r. , L'. '

10

20 MAY83Nz 19

* 10

20 APR 83N=60

10

II

>X20 MAR 83N=5

~10Z - !---'1

FEB8320 N= 14

10

20 JAN 83N=5

10

00 00 0 00 12 0 00 0 000 a00000 ~ 0- Cc(U 0)f 0~ -S I* In~ fa 1U CO 00 C% ) Om 'tn 0

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 33. Size frequency distribution of Urophyci3 re.ia (spot-

ted hake) at stations 1 through 4 (pooled) for

January 1983 through June 1983.

. r. .'--'

JUN -DEC N:0MAY82..

20 N94

10 **

APR82V)N=133

-i20

10] - I• *

_> i .. '- "-

Z JAN N:0 MAR82FEB -NO COL. N=6

20

10

0 0 0 0 0 0 a0 00 0 0 0 0 00 00~NC 0 0t CO~ a 0 NC. ! v fC~ :oo !2 )

STANDARD LENGTH k'mm)

Fig. 34. Size frequency distribution of Urphyji3 regi4. (spot-ted hake) at stations 5 and 6 (p-ooledjTor Apr il 1982through May 1982.

-93--4J

.2, NOV 83 'S * 4'.4,20 N=1

10

JUL 83 P

20 N= I

10

JIJN83 ,*20 N=6

10 w - #

MAY 83

20 N. 1

10 NdO

APR20 W73J

20 FEB 83N= 2

10

~JAN 83

20 N=I

O0d ~ 0 0 0 0 L) a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 noN

00--- --- --

oo 0 8 o 8e 0000000000- o

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 35. Size frequency distribution of Urphlyi3 regia (spot-ted hake) at stations 5 and 6 (pooled) for January1983 through November 1983.

-94

L6 6CZOCZ ~

6 60a-00Z

6 691-09L

6 6L1I-OLL t

6*69LV09 t E V)-

Z~~~~~ 10m LIl lpi c

100

66L1-011 U

066909 <

OL 00

o 0 0 0 096cc

6'6 -NV 0 06 2V00

N - - - OZ o

sivnalAlaNI 60eC-OC

6,61z-0lz

661-06t

6'69 1-09 L

Nl cm N NNCGo N 6'6LL-0L1t

* 4 e69i-ogi E

X0 'Co

6611-011 wi

6,00t-001 -j

0

6*6L0-L Z6*69-09 <~

z 6.6v- or

6*61 - 01

0 0 0 (-

sivnaAIaNI

irW~

-95-

20 NOV893

10

OCT 8320 N=4

10

20 SEP 83N=8

C,10

20 AUG 83

10

20 JUL83N=40

10

I cC -W PD m-Q 0 F~~WVf - 0o 0 N m # VI~~ sY '7i177r7

00 0 0 0 C 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00000 0 c

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 37. Size frequency distribution at Uro-phyLs rei (spot-ted hake) at stations 1 through 4 (pooled) tar July1983 through November 1983.

WV-- X7 K7 T-- .7- Z R t

-96-

FEB 83

N=32

p20 JAN 83

N12710

20 OCT 82 #

'0

Z 20 NOV86

2

N=3610

OCT 82 i

20N -- 7

410 a%

20 SEP-U 6 JL82

10

20 AUG 82

10

JAN N:9

20 FE-OCL APR82

10

STANDARD LENGTH (mnm)

Fig. 38. Size frequency distribution of ParalichthU enats(summer flounder) at stations 1 throughj 4 CpooieUjfor March 1982 through February 1983.

h-97

NOV 83

p N:137

20

SEP 83

AUG .... ....20

4 JUL 83'20

JUN86320

N=1H -- ..e10°

MAY 83

20 x

10

MAR 820 N:4

to

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 39. Size frequency distribution of Paralichthys dentatus

(summer flounder) at stations I through 4 (pooled)for March 19d3 through November 19d3.

-.I - -98- --W, - -

%~~~1 'LK'17N

20 DEC 82N,.?

NOV 82 " , -,

4% '0

20 OCT 82

Nz1

20 SEP 82

10N=7

20 AUG 82

N01

In - "-'L' " -4."- . "-'

aZ NO 20

20 JUN 82

N=54.010

* N=210

FES-NO COLMAR N:O APR 82

N=6'0

20 JAN 82

10

000

2 ~ ~ ~ ' 2 *;;*

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

Fig. 40. Size frequency distribution of Paralichths dentatus(summer flounder) at stations 5and b (pooled) forJanuary 1982 through December 1982.

2a~ NOV a3%'b

20 SEP 8

10

20 AG8N=23

10 F

a20 AULG83

0N =3

120

Z JUL 83

N:0

20 MAY 83

10 N = 2 -6 P .

JAN-MAR N:O

20 APR 83

T~ c

0 i2 ..

STANDARD LENGTH (mm)

F..41. Size frequency distribution of Paralich t hs dentat..s

(summer flounder) at stations 5 and 6 (pooled) t.)-

April 1983 through November 1983.

-100-

'V50 SPOT BLUEFISH .-'

40 .- % N*30%

20

J F MA MiJJA SO0ND J FM AM J JASO0N D

50' CROAKER SUMMER FLOUNDER

40'

30'

O20'

I--

0'L WEAKFISH rBUTTERFISH

JFM A MJ JA SO0N D JF M AM JJA S 0ND0

zi.42. Average monthly distribution of' commercial catch Ilower Chesapeake Bay, NMFS reporting area 311, fcr'spot, bluefish, croaker, summer flounder, weakfis-n.and butterfish, 1976 -1983.

,,ft, ft ft ft . ft ft ft - ft

* *~.Ji.i ~

ft ft . ft-ft ft ft ftft ft ft ft fta ~ - .:

ft S *.~ rft. ft

ft.... ft.ft ft~ftfg. ft.

ft ftft*ft ftft~%~~,%ftft%~

ft.~ ft - ft.ftft ft

/AI?

ft ft ft ftftft ~ftftft ft ft ft ft

ft ft ft ft ft ft ft

K

K

ft.ftp

ft.- ft. -

~ft -S.. ft ~ . -