Vowels VVowels of Vowoweellss of of of TaaTaaTaaTaa (West ...

1

Afrikalinguistisches Kolloquium, 05. November 2013Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinSeminar für Afrikawissenschaften

Christfried Naumann

1. Introduction2. Research questions3. Procedure4. Examples5. First results

Vowels Vowels Vowels Vowels of of of of TaaTaaTaaTaa (West !(West !(West !(West !XoonXoonXoonXoon) ) ) ) and and and and their acoustic properties their acoustic properties their acoustic properties their acoustic properties

2

Introduction: Taa

"Khoisan"1. Hadza (isolate)

2. Sandawe (isolate)

3. Khoe-KwadiKwadi†Cape Khoekhoe†ǃOra-Xiri(†)Eini†Namibian Standard Khoekhoe

(Nama-Damara, Haiǁom, ǂAakhoe)

Shua (Cara, Deti†, ǀXaise, Danisi ...)Tshwa (Kua ...)Kxoe (Khwe, ǁAni ...; Ts'ixa ?)Gǁana (incl. Gǀui)Naro (Naro, Tsʼao ...)

4. Kxʼa(NW) ǃXunJuǀʼhoan (incl. ǂXʼao-ǁʼaen)ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan/Nǃaqriaxe, Sasi)

5. TuuTaa (West ǃXoon, East ǃXoon, ...)Lower Nossob† (ǀʼAuni, ǀHaasi, ...)Nǁng (Nǀuu = ǂKhomani, ...)ǀXam† (Strandberg, Achterveld, ...)ǁXegwi†

Hadza

Sandawe

ǂʼAmkoe

ǃXun

Juǀʼhoan

Kwadi†

Nama-Damara

Shua

TshwaNaro

Kxoe

Gǀui-Gǁana

Taa

LowerNossob†

Nǁng

ǀXam†

ǁXegwi†

Cape Khoekhoe†

ǃOra-Xiri(†)

Haiǁom

ǂAakhoe

Eini†

"San" Cf. Güldemann (in press).

HereroKgalagadi

Afrikaans

Introduction: Taa

Taa dialects

3

Introduction: Taa

Taa dialects

4

CentralKalahariGame Reserve

KgalagadiTransfrontierPark

NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

SOUTHAFRICAca. 50 km

CC-BY Naumann 2012

Kumu

Takatswane

Okwa

Lone Tree

Dutlwe

Kokong

Lokalane

Baruchwe

Mabuasehube

Ohe

Phephane

Tsachas

Uichenas

Oorwinning

Bosduin

Hukuntsi

Khakhea

Tshane

Lotlhake

Makopong

Mabutsane

Goa

Aminuis

Ukwi

Kang

Ncaang

Zutshwa

Okomboha

Leonardville

Aranos

Okongowa

Otjikoto

Corridor 17Corridor 18

Corridor 15

Corridor 13Okonyoka

Kule

Ncojane

Ngwatle

MakeMonong

Hunhukwe

BereKacgae

Tsetseng

Maretswane

Inalegolo

Phuduhudu

Morwamasu

Tswane

Khekhenye

Kanaku

Kutuku

Kokhotsha

Werda

Lehututu

Ranyane

Tjaka/ Ben Hur

Metsimantle

Gunkas

GobabisMamuno/Charles Hill

Gochas

Sekoma

ǃAma

Tshaasi

East ǃXoon

ǂHuan

West ǃXoon



NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

SOUTHAFRICAca. 50 km

CC-BY Naumann 2012






NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

SOUTHAFRICA

NAMIBIA

BOTSWANA

SOUTHAFRICAca. 50 kmca. 50 km

CC-BY Naumann 2012

Kumu

Takatswane

Okwa

Lone Tree

Dutlwe

Kokong

Lokalane

Baruchwe

Mabuasehube

Ohe

Phephane

Tsachas

Uichenas

Oorwinning

Bosduin

Hukuntsi

Khakhea

Tshane

Lotlhake

Makopong

Mabutsane

Kumu

Takatswane

Okwa

Lone Tree

Dutlwe

Kokong

Lokalane

Baruchwe

Mabuasehube

Ohe

Phephane

Tsachas

Uichenas

Oorwinning

Bosduin

Hukuntsi

Khakhea

Tshane

Lotlhake

Makopong

Mabutsane

Goa

Aminuis

Ukwi

Kang

Ncaang

Zutshwa

Okomboha

Leonardville

Aranos

Okongowa

Otjikoto


Corridor 15

Corridor 13Okonyoka

Kule

Ncojane

Ngwatle

MakeMonong

Hunhukwe

BereKacgae

Tsetseng

Maretswane

Inalegolo

Phuduhudu

Morwamasu

Tswane

Khekhenye

Kanaku

Kutuku

Kokhotsha

Werda

Lehututu

Ranyane

Tjaka/ Ben Hur

Metsimantle

Gunkas

Goa

Aminuis

Ukwi

Kang

Ncaang

Zutshwa

Okomboha

Leonardville

Aranos

Okongowa

Otjikoto


Corridor 15

Corridor 13Okonyoka

Kule

Ncojane

Ngwatle

MakeMonong

Hunhukwe

BereKacgae

Tsetseng

Maretswane

Inalegolo

Phuduhudu

Morwamasu

Tswane

Khekhenye

Kanaku

Kutuku

Kokhotsha

Werda

Lehututu

Ranyane

Tjaka/ Ben Hur

Metsimantle

GunkasAminuis

Ukwi

Kang

Ncaang

Zutshwa

Okomboha

Leonardville

Aranos

Okongowa

Otjikoto


Corridor 15

Corridor 13Okonyoka

Kule

Ncojane

Ngwatle

MakeMonong

Hunhukwe

BereKacgae

Tsetseng

Maretswane

Inalegolo

Phuduhudu

Morwamasu

Tswane

Khekhenye

Kanaku

Kutuku

Kokhotsha

Werda

Lehututu

Ranyane

Tjaka/ Ben Hur

Metsimantle

Gunkas


Gochas

Sekoma


Gochas

Sekoma

ǃAma

Tshaasi

East ǃXoon

ǂHuan

West ǃXoon ǃAma

Tshaasi

East ǃXoon

ǂHuan

West ǃXoon

Introduction: Taa vowels

Front Back Restrictions

Close Mid Open Mid Closemodal, oral i e a o u

nasal ĩ <in> ã <an> ũ <un> V2

only

pharyngealised aˁ <aq> oˁ <oq> uˁ <uq> V1

only

tense ~ glottalised aˀ <a'> oˀ <o'> uˀ <u'> V1

only

breathy a ̤<ah> o̤ <oh> ṳ <uh> V1

only

strident a ̳<aqh> o̳ <oqh> u̳ <uqh> V1

only

(various combinations in diphtongs, including non-modal vowels in V1 and nasal vowels in V2, e.g. /u+i/, /u+ĩ/, /ṳ+i/, /ṳ+ĩ/, /o+e/, /o+a/, /o+ã/, /o̤+ã/, ...)

Lexical stems in native vocabulary:

C(C)V1CV

2

C(C)V1N

C(C)V1V25

Boden et al. (2008)

6

Vowels of Taa (West ǃXoon) Introduction: Taa vowels

Taa Ṽ, Vˁ, Vˀ, V̤, V̳

GǀuiṼ, Vˁ

Traill (1980), Fehn (p.c.), Gerlach (p.c.), Güldemann in Vossen (2013: 80), Haacke in Vossen (2013: 52ff.), Miller et al. (2009), Miller in Vossen (2013: 46ff.), Nakagawa (2006), Visser in Vossen (2013: 60), Vossen in Vossen (2013: 71).

ǂ'AmkoeṼ, Vˁ, Vˀ

Ts'ixaṼ

KhweṼ

Juǀ'hoanṼ, Vˁ("Vʢ"), Vˀ, V̤

NǁngṼ, Vˁ ("Vʢ")

KhoekhoeṼ

NaroṼ, Vˁ

Non-modal/non-oral

vowels in selected

Khoe, Kx'a and Tuu

languages

ShuaṼ

ǀXam†Ṽ, Vˁ, Vˀ ?

S.KuaṼ, Vˁ, V̳

ǃOraṼ

N.KuaṼ

7

Vowels of Taa (West ǃXoon)

1. Distinct acoustic properties (plotting vowels)

Time (s)12.05 12.40

5000

Fre

quen

cy (

Hz)

TWb130316-0110

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

TWb130316-0110

Research questions

7

Vowels of American English (Peterson & Barney 1952)

Cf. broad band spectrogram (window 0.005s) of Taa /ʔaa/ "you" for one male speaker.

[ ʔ a: ḁ ]

Time (s)12.05 12.40

5000

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Cf. narrow band spectrogram (window 0.02s).

8

Vowels of Taa (West ǃXoon) Research questions

1. Distinct acoustic properties (plotting vowels)

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25

FF FF1

1

1

1

(H

z)

(Hz)

(Hz)

(Hz)

HarmonicsHarmonicsHarmonicsHarmonics----totototo----noise rationoise rationoise rationoise ratio

<ah>

<aq>

<a>

<aqh>

Plot of F1 vs. harmonics-to-noise ratio of four phonation types for one female speaker of West !Xoon (Boden et al. 2008)

9


2. Simple underlying contrast /a, aˁ, aˀ, a,̤ a̳/ vs. /u, uˁ, uˀ, ṳ, u̳/ in V1? (Nakagawa 2010 for Gǀui)

>> /u/ vs. /o/ in V1 in Taa?

Nakagawa (2010: 31)

10


3. More research questions

• allophones & allophonic variation

• phonological representation of [i:], [e:], etc.

(/a+i/ ~ /i+i/ ?, /a+e/ ~ /e+e/ ?, etc.)

• consistent representation of [u] vs. [o] (e.g., for q__, !__ )

• further phonotactic restrictions (e.g., in diphtongs)

>> phonological questions for a concise description of West ǃXoon

11

Vowels of Taa (West ǃXoon) Procedure

Background

• phonological analysis

– structuralist linguistics: through minimal pairs (tea vs. pea, contrast in identical environments ) > sound categories (phonemes) by function (differentiation of meaning)

– (acoustic / articulatory data secondary)

• here: (hybrid categorical) usage-based approach (Pierrehumbert 2001, 2003, 2006)

– phonemes = sound categories with frequency distributions on the phonetic level to one abstract unit on the discrete phonological level

– > primary phonetic properties, secondary usage in sound systems

– equivalent to contrast in analogous environments ("no plausible statement of environmental conditioning") (cf. Burquest 2006: 35)

– distinct (non-overlapping) distributions (clusters) for comparable environments, e.g., F1 + F2 values for vowels #{t/th/d/s/z/l}___{t/th/d/s/z/l}#

Burquest (2006:35)

12

Vowels of Taa (West ǃXoon) Procedure

• March 2013: elicitation of words (in isolation)

• one female and two male speakers

• ca. 1500 ~ 750 vowels

• different contexts:

• C1__C(V) (C

1= anterior egressive or ʔ)

• C1 __ __ [CVV]

• ǀ__C(V), ǀ__ __

• ǃ__C(V), ǃ__ __

• Q__C(V), Q__ __ (Q - uvular egressive)

• CVC__

• annotation/labelling in PRAAT

• script-run measurements• duration

• F1, F2, F3 (at 1/8, 2/8 ... 7/8)

• shimmer, jitter, harmonics-to-noise ratio

• H1, H2, "A1"

• centre of gravity

• extraction of long-term average spectra ("LTAS", 1-1 and bandwidth = mean F0)

13


Modal vowel /a/ (/ʔaa/ "you.SG", anaphoric pronoun)

Time (s)10.52 110

5000

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

TWb130316-0110

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

TWb130316-0110

10.686

Examples

13

[ ʔ a: ḁ ]

Narrow band spectrogram (window 0.015s) of Taa /ʔaa/ "you" for one male speaker.

Frequency (Hz)0 5000

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

leve

l (dB/

Hz)

0

20

40

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Spectral slice from 10.686 s +/- 20ms (= 1/4 of vowel length).

14


Nasal vowel /ã/ (/ʔaã/ "it", anaphoric pronoun, agreement class 2i)

Examples

14

[ ʔ ã: ḁ ]

Narrow band spectrogram (window 0.015s) of Taa /ʔaã/ "it" for one male speaker.

Spectral slice from 26.794 s +/- 20ms.

Time (s)26.46 27.050

5000

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

TWb130316-0110

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

TWb130316-0110

26.794 Frequency (Hz)0 5000

Sou

nd p

ress

ure

leve

l (dB/

Hz)

0

20

40

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

15


Time (s)62.96 63.580

5000

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

TWb130316-0110

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

TWb130316-0110

63.162

Pharyngealised vowel /aˁ/ (/aˁa/ "father")

Examples

15

[ aˁ a ḁ ]

Narrow band spectrogram (window 0.015s) of Taa /aˁa/ "father" for one male speaker.



Sou

nd p

ress

ure

leve

l (dB/

Hz)

0

20

40

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

16


Glottalised vowel /aˀ/ (/taˀa/ "you here")

Time (s)517.7 518.30

5000

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

TWb130316-0110

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

TWb130316-0110TWb130316-0110

517.945

Examples

16

[ t aˀ a ḁ ]

Narrow band spectrogram (window 0.015s) of Taa /taˀa/ "you here" for one male speaker. Formant contours in red, intensity contour in white.



Sou

nd p

ress

ure

leve

l (dB/

Hz)

0

20

40

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

17


Time (s)191.8 192.40

5000

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

TWb130316-0110

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

TWb130316-0110

192.033

TWb130316-0110

Breathy vowel /a/̤ (/taa̤/ "to refuse")

Examples

17

[ t a ̤ (a) ḁ ]

Narrow band spectrogram (window 0.015s) of Taa /taa̤/ "to refuse" for one male speaker. Formant contours in red, intensity contour in white.



Sou

nd p

ress

ure

leve

l (dB/

Hz)

0

20

40

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

18


Time (s)77.01 77.620

5000

Freq

uenc

y (H

z)

TWb130316-0110

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

TWb130316-0110TWb130316-0110

77.218

Strident vowel /a̳/ (/a̳a/ "porridge")

Examples

18

[ ʔ a̳ a ḁ ]

Narrow band spectrogram (window 0.015s) of Taa /a̳a/ "porridge" for one male speaker. Formant contours in red, intensity contour in white.



Sou

nd p

ress

ure

leve

l (dB/

Hz)

-20

0

20

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

19

Vowels of Taa (West ǃXoon) First results: Phonetic properties

19

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

4006008001000120014001600180020002200240026002800

F1

F2

Vowels in C__ __ context (with formant quality of V1 = V2): F1 vs. F2 for male speaker 278-FT

i

ih

i'

e

a

o

u

aqhaq

e'

ah

> 5 phonetic clustersby F1 x F2 > modal and non-modalphonations similar

20


Same procedure for a second speaker

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

600800100012001400160018002000220024002600280030003200

F2

F1

Vowels in C__ __ context (with formant quality of V1 = V2): F1 vs. F2 for female speaker 276-JT

> similar contrasts> mid vowels more closed

21


> [i:], [e:], [a:], [o:], [u:], [ i̤:], ... in the context of C_ _#• complementary distribution (front vowel) monophtongs – diphtongs:

after coronal egressives, after uvular egressives,dental and palatal clicks bilabial, alveolar and lateral clicks(e.g., t__, s__, ǀ__, ǂ__, ...) (e.g., q__, χ__, ʘ__, ǃ__, ǁ__, ...)

[i:] ✓ −[ai] − ✓

[e:] ✓ −[ae] − ✓

aber:[a:] ✓ ✓

[o:] ✓ ✓[ao] ✓ ✓ ?

[u:] ✓ ✓[au] ✓ ✓

--> [i:], [ i̤:], [iʼ:], [e:], [e':]analysable as /ai/, /a̤/, /a'i/, /ae/, /a'e/(previously known)

22


22

-25

-20

-15

-10

-05

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

A1-

H1

H1

ah

a'

aq

aqh

a

--> good separation ofdifferent phonationqualities by H1 x A1-H1!

23


Vgl. Spektra:


Sou

nd p

ress

ure

leve

l (dB/

Hz)

0

20

40

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

-10

0

10

20

30

40

[a:]


Soun

d pr

essu

re le

vel (

dB/

Hz)

0

20

40

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

[aˁ:]


Soun

d pr

essu

re le

vel (

dB/

Hz)

0

20

40

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

[aˀ:]


Soun

d pr

essu

re le

vel (

dB/

Hz)

0

20

40

-10

0

10

20

30

40

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

[a̤:]

H1

H2

A1

24


A similar arrangement

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

H1 (dB)

S iz e of bubbles represents H2

A1

(d

B)

a

a'

ah

aq

aqh

Open vowels of different phonation qualities in C__ CV context (C1 – all consonants)for male speaker 278-FT

25


Vowels of different phonation qualities in C__ C(V)# contexts (C1 – all consonants) for male speaker 278-FT

Vowels in V1: H1 (dB ) (10th percentile - mean - 90th percentile)

48.3

45.3

51.3

50.4

47.4

53.5

44.2

37.6

49.748.9

43.1

53.7

50.1

45.5

53.8

36.9

31.6

43.1

40.7

36.9

44.3

39.1

33.5

43.4

47.6

43.9

51.051.7

48.7

54.0

53.0

51.5

54.7

34.6

29.8

39.3

30.8

22.5

39.0

30.4

21.3

36.5

34.8

31.8

37.8

36.0

32.4

41.6

38.0

34.9

42.5

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

55.0

60.0

a e i o u a' o' u' ah oh uh aq oq uq aqh oqh uqh

--> good separation of dif-ferent phonation qualities by H1 and related parameters across formant qualities

26

Vowels of Taa (West ǃXoon) First results: Contrast in Ccor

_C(V)

26

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

4006008001000120014001600180020002200240026002800

F1

F2

eo

u

aqaqh

uh

u'

Vowels in C__C(V) context (C1 = anterior egressive or glottal): F1 vs. F2 for male speaker 278-FT

i

a

note: •front vowels only in prefixes (si-), proper names and loans, such as Thenn-Thenn [name] or selfonn

27

Vowels of Taa (West ǃXoon) First results: [a] : [o] : [u] ? in Ccor

_C(V)

[a] : [o] : [u] in Ceggr.cor

__C# (male speaker 278-FT)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

70080090010001100120013001400150016001700180019002000

F2

F1

a

o

u

tendency (native stems):• [o] _m• [u] _n

28


100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

7008009001000110012001300140015001600170018001900200021002200

F2

F1

a(',h)

o(')

u(',h)

First results: [a] : [o] : [u] ? in Ccor

_C(V)

[a] : [o] : [u] in Ceggr.cor

__C# (female speaker 276-JT)

> partial neutralisation [u] ~ [o]?

29

Vowels of Taa (West ǃXoon) First results: [a] : [o] : [u] ? in Ccor

_C(V)

[a] : [o] : [u] in !__C(V)# (male speaker 278-FT)

> partial neutralisation [u] ~ [o]?

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

70080090010001100120013001400150016001700180019002000

F2

F1

30


100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

70080090010001100120013001400150016001700180019002000

F2

F1

neutralisation u - o ?!

(u lowered, fine quality

depending on context)

First results: [a] : [o] : [u] ? in Ccor

_C(V)

[a] : [o] : [u] in !__C(V)# (female speaker 276-JT)

> partial neutralisation [u] ~ [o]!

31

Vowels of Taa (West ǃXoon) References

Acknowledgements to:

• Annika Vosseler (data preparation)

• Sven Grawunder (scripts)

Boden, Gertrud, Tom Güldemann, Roland Kießling & Christfried Naumann. 2008. The Phonological Units of Taa (West ǃXoon dialect). Poster presented at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Leipzig.

Burquest, Donald A. 2006. Phonological Analysis – A Functional Approach. Third edition. Dallas (Texas): SIL.

Güldemann, Tom. In press. “Khoisan” linguistic classification today. In Tom Güldemann & Anne-Maria Fehn (eds.), Beyond “Khoisan”: Historical Relations in the Kalahari Basin. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Miller, Amanda L., Johanna Brugman, Bonny Sands, Levi Namaseb, Mats Exter & Chris Collins. 2009. Differences in airstream and posterior place of articulation among N|uu clicks. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39(2). 129–61. doi:10.1017/S0025100309003867.

Nakagawa, Hiroshi. 2006. Aspects of the Phonetic and Phonological Structure of the Gǀui Language. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand PhD diss.

Nakagawa, Hirosi. 2010. Phonotactics of Disyllabic Lexical Morphemes in G|ui. Working Papers in Corpus-Based Linguistics and Language Education 5. 23–31.

Naumann, Christfried. Forthcoming. The Phoneme Inventory of Taa (West ǃXoon Dialect). In Rainer Vossen & Wilfrid H. G. Haacke (eds.), Essays in Memory of Anthony Traill. Cologne: Köppe.

Naumann, Christfried. In press. Towards a Genealogical Classification of Taa Dialects. In Tom Güldemann & Anne-Maria Fehn (eds.), Beyond “Khoisan”: Historical Relations in the Kalahari Basin. Amsterdam: Benjamins.

Peterson, Gordon E. & Harold L. Barney. 1952. Control Methods Used in a Study of the Vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America24(2). 175–84.

Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2001. "Exemplar Dynamics: Word frequency, Lenition and Contrast." In: Frequency Effects and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure , ed. by Joan Bybee and Paul Hopper, 137-57.

Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2003. "Phonetic Diversity, Statistical Learning, and Acquisition of Phonology." In: Language and Speech (46/2-3), 115-54.

Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2006. "The Next Toolkit." In: Journal of Phonetics (34), 516-30.

Traill, Anthony. 1980. Phonetic Diversity in the Khoisan Languages. In Jan W. Snyman (ed.), Bushman and Hottentot Linguistic Studies 1979, 167–89. Pretoria: University of South Africa.

Voßen, Rainer. 1997. Die Khoe-Sprachen. (Quellen Zur Khoisan-Forschung 12). Cologne: Köppe.

Vossen, Rainer (ed.). 2013. The Khoesan Languages. (Routledge Language Family Series). London: Routledge.

Vowels VVowels of Vowoweellss of of of TaaTaaTaaTaa (West ...

Documents

Transcript of Vowels VVowels of Vowoweellss of of of TaaTaaTaaTaa (West ...