Obesity and Overweightknown as adiposity

byDr. Seema Kohli

Head, Pharmacy, KN Polytechnic College, Jabalpur

Content• Introduction

• Overweight and Obesity

• Body Mass Index (BMI)

• Some stats about overweight and obesity

• Common Consequences of Overweight and Obesity

• Co-existing under-nutrition and obesity

• Yes: Overweight and obesity can be reduced

• WHO’s role

• India: The Third Most Obese Nation in the World

• Effective Weight Management (EWM)

Introduction

• Globally, there are more than 1 billion overweight adults, at least300 million of them obese.

• Obesity and overweight pose a major risk for chronic diseases,including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension andstroke, and certain forms of cancer.

• The key causes are increased consumption of energy-dense foodshigh in saturated fats and sugars, and reduced physical activity.

Obesity and Overweight

Overweight and Obesityare defined as excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.

• Body mass index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that iscommonly used to classify overweight and obesity in adults.

For adults, WHO defines overweight and obesity as:

• overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 25; and

• obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30.

BMI-most useful measure of overweight and obesity.

However, it should be considered a rough guide.

BMI

Overweight and Obesity

Some stats about overweight and obesity

Some recent WHO global estimates shows:

• In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults aged 18 years and older wereoverweight. Of these over 650 million adults were obese.

• In 2016, 39% of adults aged 18 years and over (39% of men and 40%of women) were overweight.

• Overall, about 13% of the world’s adult population (11% of men and15% of women) were obese in 2016.

• Worldwide obesity nearly tripled between 1975 and 2016.

Some indications on Overweight and Obesity

Common Consequences of Overweight and Obesity

Raised BMI is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as:

• cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart disease and stroke), which were the leading cause of death in 2012; diabetes;

• musculoskeletal disorders (especially osteoarthritis – a highly disabling degenerative disease of the joints);

• some cancers (including endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney, and colon).

The risk for these non-communicable diseases increases, with increase in BMI.

Obesity Vs Overweight

Common Consequences of Overweight and Obesity

• Childhood obesity is associated with a higher chance of obesity,premature death and disability in adulthood.

• But in addition to increased future risks, obese children experiencebreathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, earlymarkers of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance andpsychological effects.

Consequences of Overweight and Obesity

Co-existing under-nutrition and obesity

Many low- and middle-income countries are now facing a "doubleburden" of disease.

• These countries continue facing problems of infectious diseases andundernutrition.

• They also experience a rapid upsurge in non-communicable diseaserisk factors such as obesity and overweight, particularly in urban.

• It is common to find undernutrition and obesity co-existing within thesame country, the same community and the same household.

Co-existing under-nutrition and obesity

• Children in low- and middle-income countries are more vulnerable toinadequate pre-natal, infant, and young child nutrition.

• These children are exposed to high-fat, high-sugar, high-salt, energy-dense, and micronutrient-poor foods.

• These dietary patterns, in conjunction with lower levels of physicalactivity, result in sharp increases in childhood obesity whileundernutrition issues remain unsolved.

fat and slim-friends

Yes: Overweight and obesity can be reduced

Overweight, obesity and related non-communicable diseases, are largelypreventable.• Supportive environments: by making the choice of healthier foods and regular

physical activity the easiest choice.• thereby preventing overweight and obesity.

At the individual level, people can:• limit energy intake from total fats and sugars;• increase consumption of fruit & vegetables, and legumes, whole grains & nuts; • engage in regular physical activity.

Yes: Overweight and obesity can be reduced

• Individual responsibility can only have its full effect where peoplehave access to a healthy lifestyle.

• Therefore, regular physical activity and healthier dietary choicesavailable, affordable and easily accessible to everyone, particularly tothe poorest individuals.

• An example is a tax on sugar sweetened beverages.

Yes: Overweight and obesity can be reduced

Food industry can play a significant role in promoting healthy diets by:

• reducing the fat, sugar and salt content of processed foods;

• ensuring that healthy and nutritious choices are available andaffordable to all consumers;

• restricting marketing of foods high in sugars, salt and fats; and

• ensuring the availability of healthy food choices and supportingregular physical activity practice in the workplace.

WHO’s role

"WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health”

Accordingly, actions needed

• to support healthy diets and regular physical activity.

• to improve diets and physical activity patterns at the population level.

• to reduce unhealthy diet and physical inactivity.

WHO also developed "Global Action Plan for the Prevention andControl of Non-communicable Diseases 2013-2020"

I think, I have little less

India: The Third Most Obese Nation in the World

Effective Weight Management(EWM)

Effective weight management for individuals and groups at risk of developingobesity involves a range of long-term strategies.

• These include prevention, weight maintenance, management of co-morbidities and weight loss.

• They should be part of an integrated, multi-sectoral, population-basedapproach, which includes environmental support for healthy diets andregular physical activity.

Key elements of EWM:

• Creating supportive environment that promote the availability andaccessibility of a variety of low-fat, high-fibre foods, and that provideopportunities for physical activity

EWMPromoting healthy behaviours to encourage, motivate and enable individualsto lose weight by:

• eating more fruit and vegetables, as well as nuts and whole grains;

• engaging in daily moderate physical activity for at least 30 minutes;

• cutting the amount of fatty, sugary foods in the diet;

• moving from saturated animal-based fats to unsaturated vegetable-oilbased fats.

Managing existing burden of obesity and associated conditions throughclinical programmes to ensure to lose weight or avoid further weight gain.

additional dose for you

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References• http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/

• http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/media/en/gsfs_obesity.pdf

• https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/obe