Von Neumann’s Automaton and Viruses Most slides taken from Weizmann Institute of Science and...
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![Page 1: Von Neumann’s Automaton and Viruses Most slides taken from Weizmann Institute of Science and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d7a5503460f94a5e64c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Von Neumann’s Von Neumann’s Automaton and Automaton and
VirusesVirusesMost slides taken fromWeizmann Institute of Science andRensselaer Polytechnic Institute
![Page 2: Von Neumann’s Automaton and Viruses Most slides taken from Weizmann Institute of Science and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d7a5503460f94a5e64c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The General Question
What kind of logical organization is
sufficient for an automaton to control
itself in such a manner that it
reproduces itself?
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Von Neumann Neighborhood
2
3 1 5
4
State of the cell at time t+1is calculable from its state and its
four non-diagonal neighboring cellsat time t.
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States in Von Neumann Automaton
• Each cell is capable of 29 different states.• Each state is excited or unexcited.• Movement of data on the cellular lattice is determined
by the changes of unexcited and excited states in cell. • Cells change at discrete times according to the
transition rule.
000 000
000 000
0 0000 0
unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited
0 0signal 001 0
t
excited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited
000 0
t+1
10
unexcited excited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited
000 0
t+2
10
unexcited excited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited
000 0
t+3
10
unexcited unexcited excited unexcited unexcited unexcitedunexcited unexcited unexcited excited unexcited unexcited
000 0
t+4
0 1
unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited excited unexcited
100 0
t+5
0 0
unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited excited
000 1
t+6
0 0 000 0
t+7
0 0 1
unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited
000 0
t+8
0 0 0
unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited unexcited
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Ordinary Transmission States
4 unexcited states 4 excited states
signal
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Quiescent State
Cells in the quiescent state U
have to be excited with more
than one signal directed to them.
signal
cell in the
quiescent state cell in the ordinary
transmission state
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Confluent States
C 0 0
u n e xc ite d s ta te
C 0 1
e xc ite d s ta te
C 1 0
e xc ite d s ta te
C 1 1
e xc ite d s ta te
C X Y
X sp e c ify in g th e cu r re n t s ta teY th e n e x t s ta te
C000
1C00
C01
C100
1
C11
C000
1
C01
C100
1
C11
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C10 and C01
C00
t C10
t+2
C01
t+1 C00
t+3
Cell in confluent state directs signal to theneighboring cells not pointing to it.
C000
1C00
C01
C100
1
C11
C000
1
C01
C100
1
C11
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C00
t
C00
C00
t+1 C00
t+2 C00
t+3
All of the cells in ordinary transmission states pointing to cell in confluent state have to be
excited.
A not excited cell at the input of a confluent cell
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C11
C01
t
C01
t C11
t+1 C10
t+2 C00
t+3Two dots inside
The number of dots in = the number of dots out
C000
1C00
C01
C100
1
C11
C000
1
C01
C100
1
C11
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Pulser
A pulser P(i1, i2 ,…, in) is used to encode a sequence of signals so that a single excited signal
entering the input cell will produce the sequence i1, i2 ,…, in at the output cell.
input
output
at time t
at time t+ through t+ +n
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C
Pulser(10101)
C
C C
t+5
excited signal 01
tt+1
10
t+2t+4
10
t+3
01
t+6
01
t+7
01
10
t+8
10
t+14
1
t+12
1
t+10
1
t+11
0
t+13
0
t+9
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Decoder(1x1x1)A decoder produces a single signal if the sequence
it receives has signals in specified positions.
C C C
C C C 01
t
excited signal 10
t+1
excited signal
t+201
t+310 01excited signal
t+41001
t+50110
t+610 01
01
t+701 10
10
t+801
01
10
t+910
1001
t+1001
t+1110
10 01
t+12
10
t+13
01
t+14
10
t+15t+16
01
t+17
10
t+18
1
t+19
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Repeater
C signal 01 10
1 10 01
1
Repeater repeats the sequence of signals untilit is turned off.
destruction processconstruction process
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Special Transmission States
4 unexcited states 4 excited states
They are similar in operation to ordinarytransmission states, but they convertconfluent states to quiescent state.
Special transmission states are denoted by double arrow notation
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The Destruction Process
The destruction process transforms unexcited
and excited states into the quiescent state in
single step.
C10
t t+1
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Sensitive States
S 0 S 0 S 1 S 0 0 S 0 1 S 1 1 S 0 0 0
S
They are intermediary states converting quiescent state into one of the 9 unexcited states
C00
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The Sensitized Tree
S0
1
0
10
1S11
01
0
1
U S0
S1
S10
C00
0
1
S00
S0110
S0000
0
1
1
U S0
S1
S10
quiescent state
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The Construction Process
t
S10
t+3
S100
t+4
t+5
S0
t+1
t+2
S1
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t
S10
t+3
S100
t+4 t+5
S0
t+1 t+2
S1
S0
10
10
1 S1
1
01
0
1
U S0
S1
S1
0
C0
0
01
S0
0S0
1
10
S00
00
0
1
1
U S0
S1
S1
0quiescent state
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Periodic Pulser
P(11111)
RepeaterP(10101)
C
C
C
C
C C C C C C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C C
C
C
C
C C
C 1
C
C 0
C
C 1
C
C
S0
C
S1S11S111
C
C signal
signal
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Coded Channel
D=decoder
P=pulser
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Transition And Output Table
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Automaton
o0=s0, etc
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Finite Automaton
![Page 26: Von Neumann’s Automaton and Viruses Most slides taken from Weizmann Institute of Science and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d7a5503460f94a5e64c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Constructing Arm
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Horizontal Advance
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Horizontal Advance of Constructing Arm
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Vertical Advance of Constructing Arm
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Horizontal Retreat of Constructing Arm
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Vertical Retreat of Constructing Arm
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Injection of Starting Stimulus
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Reading Loop
![Page 34: Von Neumann’s Automaton and Viruses Most slides taken from Weizmann Institute of Science and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d7a5503460f94a5e64c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Constructing Arm
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Universal Computer
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Universal Constructor
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Automata Self-reproduction
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Automata Self-reproduction
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Automata Self-reproduction
![Page 40: Von Neumann’s Automaton and Viruses Most slides taken from Weizmann Institute of Science and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d7a5503460f94a5e64c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Cellular Automata vs Viruses
Cellular Artificial Life
![Page 41: Von Neumann’s Automaton and Viruses Most slides taken from Weizmann Institute of Science and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081516/56649d7a5503460f94a5e64c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Virus: Definition
• A simple computer program that attaches itself to a legitimate executable program, and reproduces itself when the program is run.
• Trojan Horse: no self-replication• Worm: infects through security hole, then self-
replicates through idle memory
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Virus Types
• Boot sector viruses– Infects boot sector on diskette– Replaces it with replicated copy of virus– Hides in memory, infects all new disks
• Executable Viruses– Resident, direct action or a combination– Resident remains in memory and attacks every
program run– Direct action may search for a new file to infect
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Virus Categories
• Parasitic: spread on program execution through storage and transmission medium
• Multipartite: infects both boot sector and executables
• Stealth: hidden in memory to infect or redirect interrupts
• Polymorphic: uses encryption to change signature for each replica
• Dropper: places boot sector infector on disk
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Computer vs. Biology
• String of genetic material vs. instruction set• Neither capable of self-replication outside of a
host• Takes over cell and uses it to spread virus• Unexpected and uncontrollable replication
makes viruses (of either type) dangerous
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Virus vs. Alife
• Patterns in space-time• Self reproduction• Information storage of self representation• Metabolism• Functional interaction with environment• Interdependence of parts• Stability under perturbations• Growth• Evolution < major flaw in theory
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References• J. Beuchat, J. Haenni, Von Neumann’s 29-State
Cellular Automaton: A Hardware Implementation, IEEE Transactions On Education, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2000.
• A.W.Burks, Von Neumann Self-Reproducing Automata, Essay 1 from Essays on Cellular Automata.
• J.Signorini, How a SIMD machine can implement a complex cellular automaton? A case study: von Neumann’s 29-state cellular automaton, IEEE Proc. Supercomput.,1989.