Volunteer needed. Qualifications include…

• Trustworthy, honest and true• Knows how to find Hellems• Can find History Office in HLMS 204• Willing to wait until other students finish

FCQs• Will collect pencils as well as completed

FCQs and transport them to HIST office

Suggested topics to consider for your comments

A. Which books you enjoyed most/leastB. Emphasis on papers, discussions, and

participation over quizzes and midtermsC. Usefulness of terms in syllabus for

preparing for quizzes and finalD. Compared to other large lecturesE. Feedback on TA’s moderation of the

discussions

Print contributed

to the decline of

the prestige of the Church

leaders

Print changed

the reputation

of the ancients by exposing their flaws

Print removed the dependence

on patronage

Print unleashed a

torrent of inaccurate

and misleading

material

Print Encouraged

the Development

of Science

De Revolutionibus

1543

Ptolemy’s Map

Ptolemeic Map

Mappae Mundi

T-O map

Terra Oceana

Genoese Map c. 1457

Waldseemuller’s Map, 1507

Roselli, 1508

Ortelius’ Map, 1597

Compass Diagram c.

1300

Astrolabe

Mariner’s Quadrant

Portuguese Exploration

• Influenced by Arabic knowledge of the stars and navigation, the Portuguese were the premier sailors of Europe c. 1500

Portuguese Caravel c. 1470

Carvel Built or Lapstrake ships allowed for improved tacking

Replica of the Santa

Maria

A Carrack

Carrackc. 1490

The Reformation

Luther & The Reformation• Reaction against

indulgences• Questioning the

practices the medieval Church had developed to sustain its finances

• Based on deep religious conviction

• Not really progressive but tended to be very conservative

Frederick of Saxony, 1463-1525

• Frederick the wise was a powerful prince within the Holy Roman Empire

• Had consistently sought to increase the power of territorial princes at the expense of the Emperor

• Had refused the imperial crown and supported the election of Charles V

• Remained Catholic throughout his life

The Beginning of a New Church – Augsburg 1530

The Augsburg Confession, 1530

• Formal declaration of Lutheran ideas, written by Luther’s aide Philip MelanchthonEndorsed by several princes within the Empire• Included 28 articles of faith

– 21 reaffirmed Catholic doctrines– 7 criticized Catholic practices related to monasticism, clerical celibacy,

mandatory confession, and others• Intended to defend Lutherans from rumors & misrepresentations

of their beliefs and to separate them from the radical sects spreading across the Empire

• A reply from the Church accepted several articles without qualification while questioning others

• Later influenced the Anglican and Methodist declarations of faith

The Spread of the Reformation

Henry VIII

r. 1509-1547

Thomas Cromwell

• Spearheaded widespread suppression of monasteries in 1530s

• Architect of Henry’s break with Rome: Act of supremacy (1534)

Calvinist Worship

The Council of Trent1545-1563

The Roman & Spanish Inquisitions

An Auto da fé

Confessional Map of

Western Christendom

c. 1560

Splintering of Western Christendom