1. Voluntary2. Involuntary3. Ecological4. Illegal

Types of Migration

• VOLUNTARY MIGRATION – decision to move made by own free will

• Included in this group are people: looking for better jobs, trying to unit a family or for studying purposes

• Economic migration –Moving from poor to rich countries - eg. For every American worker who moves to Mexico 6 Mexican workers move to the US

• Ontario residents moving to British Columbia for a perceived more relaxed way of life and climate

VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON

SEASONAL MIGRATION – movement of people from their home, for a definite or temporary period of time, for employment or recreation.

Snowbirds (Canada to Florida in the winter) Students studying abroad Migrant workers on Canadian farms in the

summer Young people working at ski resorts

(Whistler). TEMPORARY MIGRATION – a short term movement of

people reacting to a stressor or perceived stressor in their lives. Eg. Afghan refugees fleeing Kabul or Kandahar or Hong Kong residents leaving the country in anticipation of political change in 1999.

• INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION – movement of people against their will

• Ex. slavery to fulfill European objectives, late nineteenth-century labor movements from China and India to European-controlled plantations

• Ethnic cleansing occurred during the post-1938 movement of Jewish population in areas controlled by the Nazi Germany populations

• Human trafficking

INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

• Movement due to deterioration of natural environment (1900-2000 --> 60 million people forced to move due to deterioration of land)

• War, persecution, human rights abuses• 2001 --> 50 million refugees and displaced

persons

INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

World Refugees by Continent - 2005

North America4.1%

Africa22.5%

Europe15.0%

Asia57.6

Sourth America0.3%

Oceania0.6%

ORIGIN OF REFUGEES

Involves movement of people because something they depend upon for life disappears or moves out of their environmentEx. degrading soil, disappearing vegetation, drought, rising sea levels, natural disaster

ECOLOGICAL MIGRATION

Movement of people without approval of immigration laws

People want to improve economic opportunities and from the desire of a country to limit access (illegal immigration exists only if there are laws to prevent migration)

Most migrants move from developing countries to developed countries (better standard of living)

Most migrants migrate to cities (50 million have already moved from rural areas to cities, 1.5 million people migrate to world’s largest cities each year

ILLEGAL MIGRATION

For example, migrants from China have tried to enter Canada illegally (some hidden in hulls of decaying cargo ships)Mexicans have avoided border patrols and illegally entered the southern U.S. (6-12 million illegal aliens in U.S. from Mexico)People from Bangladesh have crossed the border into India for better standard of living

ILLEGAL MIGRATION