VOLUME 2 HIGHWAY STRUCTURES DESIGN (SUBSTRUCTURES …

November 1994

DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES

VOLUME 2 HIGHWAY STRUCTURESDESIGN (SUBSTRUCTURESAND SPECIALSTRUCTURES),MATERIALS

SECTION 3 MATERIALS ANDCOMPONENTS

PART 7

BA 26/94

EXPANSION JOINTS FOR USE INHIGHWAY BRIDGE DECKS

SUMMARY

This Advice Note gives guidance on the selection andinstallation of expansion joints in highway bridge decks,together with advice on the commonly used type of joint.

INTRODUCTION

1. Remove BA 26/88, which is superseded by thisAdvice Note, from Volume 2 Section 3 and archiveas appropriate.

2. Insert BA 26/94 into Volume 2, Section 3.

3. Archive this sheet as appropriate.

Note: A new contents page is available with BD 33/94.

Expansion Joints for Use inHighway Bridge Decks

Summary: This Advice Note gives guidance on the selection and installation ofexpansion joints in highway bridge decks, together with advice on thecommonly used type of joint.

THE HIGHWAYS AGENCY BA 26/94

THE SCOTTISH OFFICE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

THE WELSH OFFICEY SWYDDFA GYMREIG

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTFOR NORTHERN IRELAND

Volume 2 Section 3Part 7 BA 26/94 Registration of Amendments

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November 1994 PAPER COPIES OF THIS ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT ARE UNCONTROLLED

REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS

Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date ofNo incorporation of No incorporation of

amendments amendments

Volume 2 Section 3Registration of Amendments Part 7 BA 26/94


PAPER COPIES OF THIS ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT ARE UNCONTROLLED November 1994

REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS

Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date ofNo incorporation of No incorporation of

amendments amendments

DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES


November 1994 PAPER COPIES OF THIS ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT ARE UNCONTROLLED

VOLUME 2 HIGHWAYSSTRUCUTRES: DESIGN(SUBSTRUCTURES ANDSPECIAL STRUCTURES),MATERIALS

SECTION 3 MATERIALS ANDCOMPONENTS

PART 7

BA 26/94

EXPANSION JOINTS FOR USE INHIGHWAY BRIDGE DECKS

Contents

Chapter

1. Introduction

2. Description of Joints and Fillers

3. Sealing of Gaps

4. Joint Type Options

5. Drainage

6. Installation

7. Inspection and Maintenance

8. References

9. Enquiries

Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 1Part 7 BA 26/94 Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION

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1.1 This Advice Note provides general informationon the selection and installation of various types of joand should be read in conjunction with BD 33 (DMRB2.3.6).

1.2 Except where a standard specified in this documimplements or is technically equivalent to a HarmonisEuropean Standard adopted for use within the EuropEconomic Area after 31 December 1985, anyrequirements for products or materials to comply withthe specified standard shall be satisfied by compliancwith

i. a relevant standard or code of practice a national standards institution orequivalent body of any member state ofthe European Economic Area

or ii. a relevant international standardrecognised in any member state of theEuropean Economic Area

or iii. a relevant specification acknowledgedfor use as a standard by a publicauthority of any member state of the European Economic Area

or iv. traditional procedures of manufacture oa member state of the EuropeanEconomic Area where these are thesubject of a written technical descriptionsufficiently detailed to permit assessmeof the goods or materials for the usespecified

or v. a European Technical Approval (ETA)issued in accordance with theConstruction Products Directive 89/106/EEC (or, until procedures areavailable for the issue of ETAs, aspecification sufficiently detailed topermit assessment) for goods ormaterials of an innovative nature orsubject to innovative processes ofmanufacture and which fulfil the purposprovided for by the specified standard

provided that the proposed standard, code of practicetechnical specification, technical description, or ETA

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November 1994 PAPER COPIES OF THIS ELECTRON

provides in use levels of safety, suitability and fitneint for purpose equivalent to those required by the sp

standard in so far as they are not inconsistent with "Essential Requirements" of the Construction Product

entedean

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of

Directive 89/106/EEC.

Scope

1.3 This document is advisory in nature and amplifiemany of the principles and methods given in BD 33(DMRB 2.3.6). It gives guidance on the selection andinstallation of the most commonly used bridge deckexpansion joints including buried, asphaltic plug,nosing, elastomeric and cantilever type joints.

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Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 2Part 7 BA 26/94 Description of Joints and Fillers

2. DESCRIPTION OF JOINTS AND FILLERS

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Buried

2.1 One or more components may be used to formthe joint below the surfacing. Materials range fromelastomeric pads to proprietary flashings which suppthe surfacing above the deck joint gap (see figure 1).

Asphaltic Plug

2.2 There are a number of proprietary joint systemincluded in this description. The joint is normallyconstructed in layers using a mixture of flexiblematerial and aggregate to provide not only thehomogeneous expansion medium but also the runninsurface at carriageway level (see figure 2).

Nosing

2.3 Materials which have been used to form in-situnosings include: steel plates or angle sections boltedanchored to the deck and epoxy mortar. Nosingsnowadays are generally formed using cementitious,polyurethane or polyureide binders (see figure 3).

Reinforced Elastomeric

2.4 These joints are prefabricated units which spanthe deck joint gap and are either an elastomer orelastomer reinforced with metal plates. Different sizeare available to suit various movement ranges (seefigure 4).

Elastomeric in Metal Runners

2.5 There are a number of proprietary joints whichinto this category, either in a single element or multi-element form. A single element joint consists of anelastomeric seal fitted between two metal runners, onfixed to each side of the deck joint gap (see figure 10An example of a multi-element joint is shown in figure5.

Cantilever Comb or Tooth Joints

2.6 These are pairs of mating toothed metal platesindividually bolted to each side of the deck joint gap.They can either be a proprietary system or purposemade for a specific installation (see figure 6).



Transition Strip

2.7 Bituminous or resinous material used to fspace between a prefabricated joint and the cut

ort the surfacing to form a smooth continuous runnsurface.



Surfacing

Flexiblefiller

Flashing Deck joint gap

Elastomericpad

DeckWaterproofing

Protective layer

FIGURE 1 - BURIED

FIGURE 2 - ASPHALTIC PLUG

SurfacingProtectivelayer

Flexiblematerial

DeckWaterproofingPlate

FIGURE 3 - NOSING

Surfacing

Protectivelayer

Nosingmaterial

DeckWaterproofingCompression

seal

Chapter 2 Volume 2 Section 3Description of Joints and Fillers Part 7 BA 26/94


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FIGURE 4 - REINFORCED ELASTOMERIC

Surfacing

Protectivelayer

Transition strips

DeckwaterproofingDrainage

membrane Bedding

Elastomerreinforced withmetal plates

FIGURE 5 - ELASTOMERIC IN METAL RUNNERS

SurfacingElastomeric

elements

DeckWaterproofing Securing

framework

Support beam

Deck joint gap Sliding bearing

Surfacing Transition strip Comb or tooth plates Securing bolts

Bedding

Deckwaterproofing

Deck joint gapDrainage membrane

Plate

FIGURE 6 - CANTILEVER COMB OR TOOTH JOINTS

Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 2Part 7 BA 26/94 Description of Joints and Fillers


November 1994 PAPER COPIES OF THIS ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT ARE UNCONTROLLED 2/3

Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 3Part 7 BA 26/94 Sealing of Gaps



3. SEALING OF GAPS

3.1 Joints with grooves or gaps at surface level mayform a hazard to pedestrians and all such joints infootways should be provided with cover plates. Similarly grooves and gaps orientated generally in thedirection of traffic flow such as can occur with combjoints or heavily skewed joints may form a hazard tocyclists and such installations may require cover platesin the carriageway or depending on the type of joint acompressible insert can be installed to reduce the gapsize at surface level.

3.2 Normally 12 mm thick steel cover plates aresufficiently stiff for most carriageway applications anddo not interfere with ride quality. In footways, althoughthinner plates could be used, it is advisable to use thesame thickness in order to withstand any accidentalwheel loading. The joint itself may need to be set lowerin the footway to accommodate the thickness of anycover plate needed.

3.3 Where compression seals, sealant and filler boardmaterials are used their compressibility may transmitsignificant forces across the gap. The compressibilty ofthe material used in this situation should therefore betaken into account at the design stage.

Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 4Part 7 BA 26/94 Joint Type Options

4. JOINT TYPE OPTIONS

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General

4.1 Joints should be installed which willaccommodate all the vertical and horizontal movemelikely to be encountered in service. The various typeof joint for different ranges of movement are shown iTable 1 in BD 33 (DMRB 2.3.6). However more thanone type of joint may be suitable for a particularmovement range or site location and other factors hato be considered before the final choice of joint is maSee clause 4.4.

Transition Strips

4.2 Where a joint system requires a transition strip, width of the strip should be kept as narrow as possibideally 50-100 mm wide (see figure 4) with the edgethe strip adjacent to the joint chamfered to assist in tdissipation of wheel impact loads. Premature failureof proprietary joints are often associated with unsuitatransition strips which have themselves failed. Whecementitious materials are used, consideration shougiven to the provision of anti-crack reinforcement tieinto the deck.

Very Large Movements

4.3 Specific advice on the design of expansion jointo accommodate movement greater than that providfor by proprietary joint systems is not given in thisdocument, although the basic principles still apply.

Proprietary Joint

4.4 Guidance given in the following sub-clauses othe selection of joints is based on information obtainfrom site inspections, surveys and feedback fromvarious sources. The information compiled has showthat most types of joint perform satisfactorily provide

i. The total joint system is designed towithstand the effects of traffic loading includingimpact and abrasion.

ii. The total movement at the deck joint gais within the capacity of the joint system.

iii. The joint is installed by a competentcontractor familiar with the system.


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4.5 In the past various materials have been usform buried joints eg copper lined bituminous sh

ve quarry tiles, formica or steel plates. All these mde. have had varying degrees of success dependin

horizontal movements and traffic loads imposed. T

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Key factors affecting the choice of a joint are shown Table 1, which has been reproduced from TRRL repLR1104.

Buried Joints

principal problem where rigid plates have been usedthat they are difficult to bed down properly andsubsequent rocking under traffic loading has been amajor cause of premature failure of the joint system.

4.6 For movements up to 10 mm a proprietaryflashing may be appropriate provided there is aminimum of 100 mm surfacing. For movements of 120 mm an elastomeric pad may be installed on top othe flashing to support surfacing 500-600 mm wide. When laid as part of the joint this improves itsflexibility and hence durability.

Asphaltic Plug

4.7 This system was developed during the 1970s awas used initially to cater for small movements. However, although the system coped successfully wthese movements in some cases the joint material wtoo flexible and suffered from tracking and flowingespecially during hot weather. The system wasimproved by increasing the density and stiffness of thmaterial, mainly in the top layers up to carriagewaylevel.

In general asphaltic plug joints are now formulated towork satisfactorily in the movement range given inTable 1 of BD 33 (DMRB 2.3.6) provided the adjacensurfacing is not less than 100 mm thick, the gradientand crossfalls are not too severe and the bridge decknot noticeably lively at the joints. It is difficult todefine limits for the latter two but generally wherepremature failure has occurred one or both of thesefactors have been present.

On significant gradients the joint should be formedusing a stiffer binder to reduce debonding and bulgincaused by binder flow. These joints are normallyinstalled at a nominal 500mm width but, depending othe condition of the surfacing at the time of installatiojoints as wide as 800mm or 1m have been installed.


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Chapter 4 Volume 2 Section 3Joint Type Options Part 7 BA 26/94

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Nosings

4.8 Steel plates or angle sections, bolted or anchoto the deck, were at one time commonly used to formprotective nosings but are seldom used today. Epoxmortar nosings were first used in 1964, for thereplacement of faulty steel nosings, and were the mowidely used type of joint in the early 1970s but did noperform as well as first anticipated. A number offactors influenced the performance including nosingdesign, materials and bad workmanship.

In spite of improvements in the formulations of epoxynosings, which increased their success, they have besuperseded to some extent by cementitious,polyurethane and polyureide binders, which are moretolerant of adverse site conditions and have a bettersuccess rate in service.

Reinforced Elastomeric

4.9 This joint comes in various forms from differentmanufacturers and is supplied in a range of sizes. It been used for many years with a good success rate. larger sizes of elastomeric type joints tend to createmore noise than normal under traffic but this is onlyusually a problem when the installation is adjacent toresidential property. Some manufacturers can providspecial attachment to reduce the noise problem. Faiof this type of joint has been from failed transition stri(see clause 4.2) and splitting or excessive wear of thrubber and subsequent exposure of the metal plates occurred in a few cases. Failure by exposure of themetal plates has also been recorded where lateral fohave caused accelerated wear of the covering rubbeat exits from roundabouts. Elastomeric joints arenormally supplied in unit lengths and fixed to the decusing bolts or resin anchors. Where possible tensioncast in bolts should be used to anchor these joints orsite drilled installations are used the holes should beunder-reamed prior to fixing of the bolts. In either caan adequate length of bolt should be debonded so thany relaxation over the bolt length does not result in complete loss of tension in the bolts. Resistance towater penetration can be improved by ensuring thateither the joint is manufactured and supplied in onecontinuous length or the units are vulcanised togetheon site to form one continuous length.

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d element in a range of sizes. Generally the joints in using formed recesses in the deck concrete. Hdepending on the type of joint used, fixings can b

similar to those used in elastomeric joints or event bonded to the deck concrete. In consideration of

requirements of paragraph 3.13 from BD 33/94 (DM2.3.6) elastomeric seals are generally of two distinctypes, those which are non-load bearing membranlocated below carriageway level and those which f

adhesive should be applied to the locating ears of en seal which will assist installation and help resist

ingress of dirt, grit and water between the seal anmetal runners.

between the teeth can become very large, especialas skew bridges decks and the orientation of the tee

The also be significant in certain circumstances (see33/94 paragraph 3.16. DMRB 2.3.6).

Elastomeric in Metal Runners

4.10 This type of joint also comes in various formsfrom different manufacturers, either as single or multi-

load bearing seals at carriageway surface level. An

Cantilever Comb or Tooth Joints

4.11 These joints can either be purpose made for aparticular installation or be proprietary joints. The gaps

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Chapter 4

Part 7 B

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Joint Type O

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Joint

Type

Movements at the joint (mm) Traffic over joint

Joint

Design

Materials

Used

Condition

of

Substrate

Installation

temperature EC

In service

weathering

Detritus

and

corrosion

Site

preparation

and

workmanship

Bond

and

anchorage

Thermal Dynamic Frequency/

Lane/Hour

Axle loads (k/N)

Horizontal Horizontal Vertical

0-15 15-50 50+ <0.05 0.05-0.10 >0.10 <2 2-4 >4 <10 10-50 >50 <10 10-40 >40 <10 10-15 >15

Buried M H N/A L M H L M H L M H L M H M-H M-H M-H L M H M-H L H M

Asphaltic

Plug

L M N/A L L L L L M L** L** M** L** L** M** L-M M M L L M L L M L

Nosing

(with

sealant)

M H N/A L L M L L M L M H L M H H H H L M H L-M L-M H H

Reinforced

Elastomeric

L* L* L* L L M L L M M M H L L M M-H L-M M-H L L L L M-H H H

Elastomeric

in Metal

Runners

L L L L L L L L L L L M L L L M-H M N/A L L L L M M H

Comb or

Tooth

Joints

L* L* L* L L M L L M L L M L L M M-H L-M M-H L L L L H M H

TransitionStrip

L L L L L M L L M L M H L M H M M-H H L M H L L-M H H

* Assuming joint in correct design range ** Assuming correct binder type N/A = Not applicable

L = Low ) M = Moderate ) effect on performance H = High )

Note: This table is based on a similar table from TRRL Report LR1104, but has been modified and takes into account current information on joint performance

Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 5Part 7 BA 26/94 Drainage

5. DRAINAGE

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Seals

5.1 Where seals of the type described in BD 33clause 3.8 (DMRB 2.3.6) are installed these should bwatertight. Seals will also assist in the exclusion of gand dirt which would otherwise find its way into thejoint drainage system. An additional membrane shoalso be incorporated with certain joint types as showFigures 4 and 6.

Sub-surface Drainage

5.2 Water trapped within the road surfacing on thehigh side of a deck joint can, through hydraulic pressfrom wheel loading, cause failure of the bond or seabetween the joint and the waterproofing systems. Tmay result in water leakage into the deck joint gap ahence into the adjacent concrete. To prevent this frooccurring a transverse and through deck sub-surfacedrainage system may be provided, as illustrated inFigures 7 and 8, which illustrate some of the forms tsub-surface drainage may take. Although in-situnosings have been illustrated the drainage details areasily adapted for different types of joint.

5.3 Fig 7 is typical of current practice in France anGermany and certain UK systems. The buriedgalvanised steel or aluminium slotted drain tube mayeither circular or rectangular in cross section anddischarge water via a suitable connection to the briddrainage system. Transverse drainage systems shobe as large as possible,located in such a manner thaflow area is not interrupted and detailed to permitjetting through of the drainage tubes.

Longitudinal drainage systems have been used, maiwith Asphaltic Plug Joints, where longitudinal pipes alaid across the width of the joint providing a pressurerelief system from one side of the joint to the other.

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5.4 Fig 8 shows another detail developed in Italy. The down pipes are spaced at intervals to suit thebearing and jacking point positions. The trough is fillewith surfacing which is sufficiently permeable to permthe passage of water. The pipes should be carefullypositioned in order that drips from the outlets do notdamage the face of adjacent concrete. Through deckdrainage should be installed at the low points in thedeck and the deck surface adjacent to the joint shouldbe cast with a backfall to ensure that sub-surface watdrains towards the cast in pipes. For advice relating tthe waterproofing and drainage of bridge decksreference should be made to BA 47 (DMRB 2.3.5).

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Expansion Joint

FIGURE 7

Road Surfacing

WaterproofingMembrane

Fall 1:100

SlottedTube

BridgeDeck

Expansion Joint

FIGURE 8

Road Surfacing

BridgeDeck

Downpipecast in deck

500 mm

130 mm

100 mm

DrainageTrench

WaterproofingMembrane

Trapezoidal drainagechannel width at invert100mm : min depth 15mm

Fall

1:100

Chapter 5 Volume 2 Section 3Drainage Part 7 BA 26/94



Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 6Part 7 BA 26/94 Installation



6. INSTALLATION

Fixing of Joints

6.1 Joints are fixed to the deck concrete by one of thefollowing means:

i. Bondii. Bolts or resin anchored studsiii. Anchor bars.

For methods i. and ii. the deck joint gap andwaterproofing are normally covered either withhardboard or thin plywood over a width equal to that ofthe joint installation and the surfacing then laidcontinuously over the top. The required width ofsurfacing is subsequently sawn and removed to the topsurface of the waterproofing system. Thewaterproofing is then carefully cut back to expose theconcrete surface which should be prepared to receivethe expansion joint system (see figure 9). It is veryimportant that deck waterproofing is carefully detailedin the vicinity of the joint to ensure the continuity of thewaterbarrier, eg either by bond or lap. For method iii.the joint system is installed before the surfacing is laid. The joint anchor bars lapping or interlocking with thedeck reinforcement are cast into boxed out recesses inthe concrete deck using small aggregate concrete. When the concrete has cured the surfacing is normallylaid to within 15-20 mm of the metal edge of the joint. This 15-20 mm groove is then filled with bitumasticmaterial (see figure 10).

6.2 The installation procedures in clause 6.1 aregeneral descriptions and are not intended to representany particular type of joint system. For the procedureapplicable to a specific system, reference should bemade to the relevant manufacturer's installationinstructions. However in all cases the requirements ofBD 33 (DMRB 2.3.6) must be satisfied.

FIGURE 9 - TYPICAL INSTALLATION PROCEDURE(i) Bond(ii) Bolts or resin anchored studs

2. Surfacing laid over joint.

Masking stripDeck Waterproofing

Protective layerSurfacing

4. Surfacing and masking strip removed and exposed concrete prepared and cleaned. Sawn edges primed with waterproof sealer.

Sawn edges sealed

1. Expansion gap covered with masking strip (hardboard or plywood) with wood fillet engaging in expansion gap with sufficient clearance to allow for thermal movements.

Masking strip

Deck joint gap

Deck Waterproofing

Width of joint

3. Saw cut each side of masking strip.

Masking strip

Saw cuts

5a. For a bonded system the joint material can now be installed.

5b. For a system using bolts or resin anchored studs their position has to be marked and holes drilled before the joint is installed.

Asphaltic Plug

Elastomeric

Reference should always be made to therelevant manufacturers installationinstructions.

NOTE :

Chapter 6 Volume 2 Section 3Installation Part 7 BA 26/94



1. Concrete deck cast with boxed out recesses suitable for joint to be installed.

Boxed outrecesses

FIGURE 10 - TYPICAL INSTALLATION PROCEDURE(iii) Anchor bars or studs

2. Joint profile welded to anchor bars or studs cast into recesses using small aggregate concrete.

3. Waterproofing system and surfacing laid and joint seal inserted.

Reference should always be made to the relevant manufacturersinstallation instructions

NOTE :

Deckreinforcement

Deck joint gap

Anchorbars

Small aggregateconcrete

Finish carriageway level

Jointseal

Bitumasticsealant

Surfacing

Protectivelayer

Deckwaterproofing

Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 6Part 7 BA 26/94 Installation



Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 7Part 7 BA 26/94 Inspection and Maintenance



7. INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE

7.1 Failure of an expansion joint can create a serioushazard for traffic therefore it is strongly recommendedthat expansion joints are regularly inspected to ensurethat they continue to operate in accordance with all therequirements of BD 33 (DMRB 2.3.6).

7.2 An expansion joint will not usually have the samelength of working life as the bridge itself. Indeed manyof the materials used in certain types of joint are knownto have much shorter lives and such items as splitcompression seals or detached sealants will needreplacement, asphaltic plug joints may need levelling-up and elastomeric joints may need partial replacementor resetting. These operations can usually be carriedout quickly during off-peak periods of traffic flow.

7.3 It is important also that faults such as blockeddrainage or silted-up gaps are detected at an early stagesince water leakage containing chlorides can have verydamaging effects of reinforced concrete or steelelements in the bridge structure. Silted up gaps canpermit the transmission of high forces into the jointfixing system.

7.4 Replacement of expansion joints is relatively veryexpensive because of the substantial costs of trafficmanagement and the indirect costs of traffic delayswhich are additional to the costs of merely replacing thejoint. Therefore when carriageway resurfacingoperations are planned, any bridge joints which areaffected should be examined carefully so that ifnecessary they can be replaced at the same time. Insome cases it may be preferable to replace joints beforethey have reached the end of their useful lives if thework can be combined with other maintenanceactivities.

Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 8Part 7 BA 26/94 References



8. REFERENCES

1. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB)

Volume 2: Section 3 Materials and Components

BD 33 Expansion Joints for Use in HighwayBridge Decks (DMRB 2.3.6)

BA 47 Waterproofing and Surfacing of ConcreteBridge Deck (DMRB 2.3.5)

2. LR 1104. The performance in service of bridgedeck expansion joints. A R Price. TRRL.

Volume 2 Section 3 Chapter 9Part 7 BA 26/94 Enquiries



9. ENQUIRIES

All technical enquiries or comments on this Advice Note should be sent in writing as appropriate to:-

Head of Bridges Engineering DivisionThe Highways AgencySt Christopher HouseSouthwark Street A J PICKETTLondon SE1 0TE Head of Bridges

Engineering Division

The Deputy Chief EngineerThe Scottish Office Industry DepartmentRoads DirectorateNew St Andrew's House J INNESEdinburgh EH1 3TG Deputy Chief Engineer

Head of Roads Engineering (Construction) DivisionWelsh OfficeY Swyddfa GymreigGovernment BuildingsTy Glas Road B H HAWKERLlanishen Head of Roads EngineeringCardiff CF4 5PL (Construction) Division

Assistant Chief Engineer (Works)Department of the Environment for Northern IrelandRoads Service HeadquartersClarence Court10-18 Adelaide Street D O'HAGANBelfast BT2 8GB Assistant Chief Engineer (Works)

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