Layers of the Earth and

Plate Tectonics

Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Earth History: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Key Concept: Earth’s surface is

constantly changing. Essential Question:

After comparing the causes and effects of volcanoes and earthquakes, evaluate if one is worse than the other. Support your answer with evidence that is reliable, including any counter arguments.

 

Science Argument

“Earthquake vs Volcano . . . Which is Worse?” Argument Writing Prompt

Your father has been hired by a company that has two locations. One location is the big island of Hawaii and the other location is San Francisco, CA. He can work at the location of his choice, but must make a decision soon.

At first you are excited about the prospect of living in either of the two locations! But, your friends had different opinions about living in a place that has an active volcano or a place where earthquakes can occur. This lead to a debate about which is worse: a volcanic eruption or an earthquake.

In your opinion, which is worse?

TURN and TALK: A’s talk to B’s

In your opinion . . .

Which is worse, an earthquake or a volcanic eruption?

Activating Prior Knowledge

What do you know about the earths interior?▪Draw a diagram using your iPad to represent what you think the interior of the earth looks like?▪What are the layers composed of ?

Building Background Knowledge

Layers of the Earth Flip Book1) Fold each page of the flip book on the slash

lines.2) Arrange the folded pages one inside the other

so that the circles match at the bottom. 3) Check to see if the pages are in order by the

numbers in the upper right corners.4) Staple close to the edge on the fold in three

places: middle and on each end.5) Use the resources at your desk to write 4 facts

about each layer of the earth. Color in each layer as you get to that page.

General Information

Scientists think that the Earth was created about 5 billion years ago. At first, the Earth was just a ball of molten rock and gasses. As it began to cool, dense materials like iron sank down into its core. Lighter materials like compounds of oxygen and water rose toward the surface. That's why the Earth is made up of different layers -- as you can see in the cross section on the next slide.

The Crust

Hard and rigid, the crust is the outermost layer of the Earth

The crust is also the most narrow of the layers of the Earth. Measuring only an average of 20 miles deep under the continents.

There are two types of crust: oceanic crust and continental

crust.

Song Lyrics: The Layers of The Earth (The Crust)

The continental crust’s surface is where we breatheA lot of rock up to 25 miles deep.The oceanic crust is next doorIt’s 3-5 miles thick just below the ocean floor.

Earth’s surface: 70% H20.Where do you get all that water? Salty sea flow,fresh water’s in the glaciers, ice caps, and snow.

ChorusThrow your hands up for the layers of the earthThrow ‘em up for what’s below the surfaceThrow your hands up, and let’s discussThe inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust

The Lithosphere

Found between The Crust and The Mantle

Made up of The Crust and a little bit of The Upper Mantle

Divided into several constantly (slowly) moving plates of solid rock from which the continents and oceans are formed.

The Mantle

Is divided into two regions. The Upper Mantle, and the Lower Mantle.

This layer is dense, hot and made of hot, semisolid rock.

Found directly below the crust About 1,800 miles thick.

Asthenosphere

A section of the upper mantle on which the Lithosphere (tectonic) plates float Plate shown on next slide

Made of a hot semi-liquid material

TECTONIC PLATES

Song Lyrics: The Layers of The Earth (The Mantle)

ChorusThrow your hands up for the layers of the earthThrow ‘em up for what’s below the surfaceThrow your hands up, and let’s discussThe inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust

Verse IIThe mantle layer is the largest of the class.About half of our planet’s mass.The mantle is composed of very hot dense rocks,That move and flow, always on the go, they never lock,

Never stop, and they’re responsible for tectonic shiftPlease believe the Earth’s plates are adriftIt’s pretty thick and the heat is awesome1,600 at the top, 4,000 at the bottom

The Core

The core is divided into two regions. The Outer Core

The only liquid layer of the Earth A sea of metal: iron and nickel 1,800-3,200 miles below the Earth’s surface 1,400 miles thick

The Inner Core Extremely hot solid ball found in the center of the Earth 3,200-3,925 miles below the Earth’s surface 750 miles in diameter – about the size of the moon

Song Lyrics -The Layers of The Earth (The Core)

ChorusThrow your hands up for the layers of the earthThrow ‘em up for what’s below the surfaceThrow your hands up, and let’s discussThe inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust

Verse IThe layer we’ll discuss firstIs the central inner core, in the center of the earthA solid ball buried below the dirtWe believe it’s primarily metallic iron

You could never take a trip to the inner core, right?The heat will burn you up, 9,000º Fahrenheit4,000 miles below the Earth’s crustOne down three to go y’all.

1,800 miles from the tip topThe outer core is hard at work and it don’t stop.It’s busy spinning around the inner core, and listen,This steady movement causes Earth’s magnetism.

Ranging from 4 to 9,000 degrees,It contributes 1/5 of the heat flowin’ to you and me.It’s liquid metals that violently flowSo let it settle… and when you’re ready let me know. Just…

To think about . . .

How do scientists know that

the earth is made up of different layers?

Demo: Vibrations (Seismic) waves in a Basin

The question now is….What is causing the tectonic plates to move?

Plate Tectonics Vocabulary

Plate tectonics: the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that

glide over the mantle Tectonic plates:

large plates of rock that make up the foundation of the Earth's crust and the shape of the continents. The tectonic plates comprise the bottom of the crust and the top of the Earth's mantle

How is the energy for moving the large land masses that make up Earth’s crust created?

Most of Earth's heat is stored in the mantle and there are four sources that keep it hot. First, there's the heat left over from when gravity first condensed a planet from the cloud of hot gases and particles in pre-Earth space. As the molten ball cooled, some 5 billion years ago, the outside hardened and formed a crust. The mantle is still cooling down. Read more at: http://phys.org/news62952904.html#jCp

Convection CurrentsAdd arrows to your mantle layer to show the convection currents formed as molten rock in the mantle is heated and rises, then sinks as it becomes cooler.

How Does it Happen?

Convection currents: Video Clip

Plate boundarieshttps://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kg_UBLFUpYQ

Convection Currents

Convention currents are everywhere:https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=liKcJKjvFcY

The convection currents in the molten rock of the mantle work the same as convection currents in boiling water and many other situations.Convection currents in boing water:https://search.yahoo.com/search?fr=mcafee&type=A111US739&p=Simple+demonstration+of+convection+for+Heather+and+Keirahttps://

www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=WEDUtS0IMws

TECTONIC PLATES

Arrows show the direction of the plate movement. Length of the arrow show the rate of movement.

Plate Boundaries

Boundary The border between two tectonic plates.

There are three different types of boundariesSome boundaries are Collision

ZonesThe place where a collision between two continental plates crunches and folds the rocks at the boundary, lifting them up and leading to mountain formation.

Different Plate Boundaries

As you view each of the following slides, complete the concept map similar to the one below:

Earth’s PlatesMovementof Plates

Boundary Nameandillustration

Effects

Examples

Floating Plates on the Earth 2002©www.BeaconLearningCenter.com 6/4/2002 Notes on Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics states that the Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections, called plates. These plates move around the mantle. Plates are composed of the crust and a part of the upper mantle, these two parts together are called the lithosphere. The layer below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. The lithosphere floats or moves around on the asthenosphere. Three ways the plates can move. 1. move apart 2. move together 3. move past each other Name of the three types of boundaries. 1. Divergent boundary 2. Convergent boundary 3. Transform fault boundary Effects of each type of boundary on the earth's surface 1. seafloor spreading - when magma from the Earth's mantle rises to the surface at mid-ocean ridges and cools to form new seafloor, which new magma slowly pushes away from the ridge. 2a. subduction zone- forms when ocean floor plate collideswith a less dense continental plate, the ocean plate sinks under the less dense continental plate. This is where volcanoes tend to occur. 2b. subduction zone- forms when two ocean plates collide, one plate bends and slides under the other. Volcanic arcs forms at this type of boundary. 2c. mountain ranges- When two continental plates collide, they crumple up and form mountain ranges. Earthquakes are common at these boundaries. 3. When two plates slide past each other, either in opposite directions or in the same direction at different speeds. Earthquakes occur at transform fault boundaries. Floating Plates on the Earth 2002©www.BeaconLearningCenter.com 6/4/2002 Example of the effects of each type of boundary. Divergent 1. North American plate moving away fromthe Eurasian and the African plates causing the Mid Atlantic ridge 2. Great Rift Valley in eastern Africa Convergent 1. Andes Mountains of South America formed at the convergent boundary of the Nazca and the South American plates.

2. Himalayan Mountains in Asia were formed when the Indo-Australian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate Transform Fault Boundary 1. The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault boundary and has been the site of many earthquakes. Floating Plates on the Earth 2002©www.BeaconLearningCenter.com 6/4/2002

Divergent Plate Boundary

The boundary that occurs where two plates are moving apart from each other.

Effects: Ridges and Seafloor Spreading

Convergent Plate Boundary

The boundary that occurs where two plates are pushing toward each other.

Effects: volcanoes, earthquakes and mountains

Subduction Zone

The Himalayas

Examples of subduction zone volcanoes: Mt. St Helens,Krakatau (Indonesia), Ambrym (Vanuatu), Usu (Japan)

Transform plate boundary

The boundary that occurs where two plates slide past each other.

Effect: earthquakesSan Andres Fault in CA

Animations of the plate boundaries http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization

Plate Tectonics Lab

DO NOT EAT THE COOKIE! Sliding Plate Over Asthenosphere

▪ Use your cookie to demonstrate what this looks like.

What does the white cream filling represent in the model?

Plate Tectonics Lab

DO NOT EAT THE COOKIE!

Divergent Plate Boundary▪ Use your cookie to demonstrate what this looks

like.

Plate Tectonics Lab

DO NOT EAT THE COOKIE!

Convergent Plate Boundary▪ Use your cookie to demonstrate what this looks like.

Plate Tectonics Lab

DO NOT EAT THE COOKIE!

Transform Plate Boundary▪ Use your cookie to demonstrate what this looks like.

Plate Tectonics Lab

EAT THE COOKIE! Numnumnumnum…

And draw what the different boundaries look like in your notebook.

Vocabulary Continued

FaultA crack or fracture in Earth's crust where two tectonic plates grind past each other in a horizontal direction.

RiftA dropped zone where two tectonic plates are pulling apart.

Layers of the Earth Rap

Here we go again…

Make sure to listen to the details in the song’s lyrics

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

What do the layers in the earth’s interior and tectonic plate

boundaries have to do with earthquakes and volcanoes?

Turn and Talk: 1’s talk to 2’s and 3’s talk to 4’s

REVIEW of the Types of Plate Boundaries

Review of the tectonic plate boundaries

Pacific Ring

of Fire

World Volcano Distribution

A closer look at Volcanoes

Go to the following link on your iPad http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/volcano

es-101Volcanoes 101 – Viewing GuideVolcanoes are openings or _________________ into the hot interior of the planet.About __________ volcanoes around the world or classified as active.Nearly 90% of these active volcanoes are located in a band around the Pacific Ocean called the ___________ ___ ___________.The location is no accident. Explain why. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Not all lava is the same, so it creates different types of volcanoes:

Shield volcanoes - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Composite volcanoes - ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Kailua in Hawaii is a _________________ volcano which means that ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A pyroclastic flow of super-heated _______ , poisonous _________, and __________is far more dangerous than a lava flow. Mt. Vesuvius is an example of such an eruption that buried Pompeii claiming the lives of 2000 people.Explain what is meant when it is said that volcanoes are both creators and destroyers? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

On your Own: Volcanoes

Kids Discover Magazine: VOLCANOES

As you read the article in the magazine - take notes – What’s worse???

Include in your notes:▪any benefits (pros) that come from ▪Any negative aspects (cons) of volcanoes

Look for any counter arguments that you need to address?

A closer look at Earthquakes

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101-videos/earthquake-101

Earthquakes 101 - Viewing Guide  1. In ________, California had a massive earthquake along the __________________ _________, shaking for

_____ seconds.2. Explain why the disaster is only beginning after the trembling stops?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. An __________________ is the trembling of the ground when masses of rock suddenly shift below the earth’s surface.

4. Though hundreds of earthquakes take place every day, most pass __________________. 5. Earthquakes usually take place along lines called ________________ where the plates grind against each

other. 6. __________________ builds up when the movement is blocked and then finally the fault gives way.7. Released energy gives way in the form of seismic WAVES that travel through the earth.8. These waves can be _________________ on a machine called a seismograph.9. The size of an earthquake can be graded using the Richter ____________ . 10. Every year about ________________ earthquakes occur that are hard enough to be felt, but only about

1000 are strong enough to damage property.11. The greatest earthquake to hit North America measured a _________ on the Richter scale in

________________ in 1964.12. What is a question you have that was not answered in the video?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Go to the following link on your iPad

On your own

Kids Discover Magazine: EARTHQUAKES

As you read the article in the magazine - take notes – What’s worse???

Include in your notes:▪ any benefits (pros) that come from ▪ Any negative aspects (cons) of volcanoes

Look for any counter arguments that you need to address?

DO NOWOn a sheet of loose-leaf paper, put a complete heading for an Entrance Ticket:

Science Name in CursiveDrawing Conclusions Date ___ Core ___

Analyzing Data/Drawing Conclusions

Entrance Ticket Question using the two tables:

What conclusion(s) can be drawn from the data about

the largest earthquakes and volcanoes.

Take a stance…Make a claim…

At the beginning of the unit, you discussed what your first thought was about which is worse…

A volcanic eruption or an earthquake?

Now… Which do you think is worse???

Your research will now focus on finding three reasons why you think __________ are worse.

In your notebook/FOLDER, Take notes and/or use the graphic organizers.

Writing your Argument . . .

A universal method for writing an argumentative essay is the five-paragraph approach. This is, however, by no means the only formula for writing such essays.

http://essaypro.org/argumentative-essay-format/

6-Paragraph Essay 1. Introduction, with thesis 2-3-4 Arguments (at least three)

Volcanoes . . .▪ Facts▪ Examples

Volcanoes….▪ Facts▪ Examples

Volcanoes…▪ Facts▪ Examples

5. Counter argument(s) addressed 6. Conclusion

Structure of an Argumentative Essay

In the first paragraph of an argumentative essay, the writer must establish a clear, concise, and defined thesis statement. Set the background by reviewing the topic in a general way in the introduction. Next, the writer should state why the topic or issue being argued is important or why the readers must care to read about it. This section of the essay is important if you are to compose an effective argument in the later parts of the essay.

What is a Thesis Statement?

The thesis statement is that sentence or two in your text that contains the focus of your essay and tells your reader what the essay is going to be about. A solid thesis statement provides a paper with direction and lays the foundation for what you plan to argue and support. To be effective, your thesis statement must answer a question.

The thesis statement usually appears near the beginning of a paper. It can be the first sentence of an essay, but that often feels like a simplistic, unexciting beginning. It more frequently appears at or near the end of the first paragraph.

http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/tips-writing-good-thesis-statement-middle-school-level-14596.html

Thesis StatementIs this a good example of a thesis statement?

Pollution is harmful for the atmosphere

The above statement is not considered as a debatable thesis statement. Why so? Because pollution itself means something that is not good or negative. Furthermore, pollution is taken as a problem for the whole world. In that case, nobody would possibly agree or argue upon pollution being something positive or good. Let’s have a look at the vice versa of this non debatable statement

Outline Development

Without a logical development of thought, the reader is unable to follow the essay’s argument.

Using clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion will hold the essay together. Transitions should wrap up the design of the previous part and introduce the idea that is to follow in the next paragraph.

Paragraphing Format

Every paragraph should be restricted to the discussion of one broad idea. This will allow for clarity throughout the essay. Additionally, such conciseness creates readability for the audience. It is central to note that every paragraph in the body of the essay must have some reasonable connection to the thesis statement in the opening paragraph. The body paragraphs will directly support the thesis statement with evidence collected during research. It is also important to clarify how and why the facts support the thesis.

Adding Contradicting Perspectives

On the other hand, argumentative essays should also reflect on and explain contradictory points of view concerning the topic. Depending on the length of the essay, students should set aside one or two paragraphs of an argumentative essay to discussing conflicting opinions on the subject matter.

Conclusion

This portion of the essay will leave an immediate idea on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it must be effective and logical. Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion; rather, summarize the information presented in the body of the essay. Paraphrase why the topic is important, evaluate the main points, and review your thesis.